@article {73, title = {Self-Medication Practices with Antibiotics among Second Year Medical Students of Government Medical College, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {15-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background: Self medication practice especially using antibiotics has tremendously increased in the society that leads to unwanted consequences such as drug resistance. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the self-medication practices with antibiotics among the second year medical students of Government Medical College, Raigarh. Materials and Methods: It was a questionnaire based descriptive study. A prevalidated questionnaire, which contained both open and close ended questions were given to the second year medical students. Data were analyzed using Excel sheet and results were expressed as counts and percentages. Results: Females outnumber males in this study, 27 versus 20. The most common indication for which self-medication was opted was fever with cough and cold. The information about the antibiotic was obtained from a past prescription from a physician. The most common antibiotic that was used by most of students was azithromycin. Conclusion: There was a high level of self-medication with antibiotics in our study, but this high level of self-prescription seen is also having some disadvantages, as improper duration of use might lead to development of resistance.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Azithromycin, Co-Prescription, Drug Resistance, Self-medication}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.6.1.3}, author = {Pramood Kumar Gupta and Presenjit Raut} } @article {96, title = {ABCB1 C3435T Genetic Polymorphism and Response to Glibenclamide Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {12-15}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Background: Glibenclamide is a substrate and an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein which is coded by the gene ABCB1. Objective: To study the influence of ABCB1 C3435T gene polymorphism on the therapeutic effect of glibenclamide, its plasma levels and hypoglycemic adverse effects. Materials and Methods: The study was done in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of South India (n=80) who were on treatment with glibenclamide as a single agent or along with metformin. From a venous blood sample, ABCB1 C3435T genetic polymorphism and plasma levels of glibenclamide were determined. The parameters were compared between genotype groups. Patient characteristics across genotypes were analyzed using one way ANOVA and the association between glycemic status and genotype was studied using Chi Square test. The association between genotypes and parameters such as C/D values, hypoglycemic episodes were compared using Kruskal Wallis Test. Results:There were no significant differences in age, body mass index and duration of treatment between the genotype groups ABCB1 CC, CT and TT. There was no significant association between glycemic status of type 2 diabetes and presence of variant genotypes ABCB1 CT and TT. There were no statistically significant differences in plasma concentration of glibenclamide, number and severity of adverse effects between the genotype groups. Conclusion: ABCB1 C3435T genetic polymorphism did not produce any significant influence on the therapeutic response to glibenclamide, plasma glibenclamide levels and the occurrence of adverse events in South Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

}, keywords = {ABCB1 C3435T, Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Transporters, Glibenclamide, MDR1, Personalized Medicine, Pharmacogenetics}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.2.1}, author = {Surendiran A and Pradhan SC and Subrahmanyam DKS and Aparna Agrawal and Umamaheswaran G and Rajan S and Adithan C} } @article {91, title = {A Study to Compare the Stability of Proseal Laryngeal Mask Airway and Standard Laryngeal Mask Airway in Different Head and Neck Positions}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {March 2015}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Classic (CLMA) and Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Proseal (PLMA) are commonly used supraglottic devices for different kind of surgeries. We compared oropharyngeal leak pressure, intracuff pressure and anatomical position for LMA-Proseal and LMA-classic in four different head and neck positions: neutral, flexion, extension and left lateral rotation. Materials and Methods: LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic were inserted randomly in 100 adult patients. Oropharyngeal leak pressure, intracuff pressure and anatomical position of the airway were recorded in four head and neck positions (neutral first, then flexion, extension and left lateral rotation). Results: Compared with neutral position, oropharyngeal leak pressure for both LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic was higher in flexion and left lateral rotation but lower in extension (all p values \<0.005). Changes in head-neck position did not alter the anatomical position of the airway. Oropharyngeal leak pressure was always higher for LMA-Proseal than for LMA-Classic (p value \< 0.001). Conclusion: The anatomical position of LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic is stable in different head-neck positions, but head-neck flexion and left rotation are associated with an increase and head-neck extension is associated with a decrease in oropharyngeal leak pressure and intracuff pressure as compared to neutral position. LMA-Proseal forms a better seal than LMA-Classic in all the different head and neck positions.

}, keywords = {Classic Laryngeal Mask Airway, Laryngeal Mask Airway, Oropharyngeal Leak Pressure, Proseal, Supraglottic Devices}, author = {Taxak S and Rani S and Ahlawat G and Singh K and Raghove P} } @article {145, title = {Hemobilia - A Sporadic Cause of Hematemesis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {79-82}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

A multitude of reasons contribute to gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hemobilia being less frequent. Here we present a case of hematemesis who was later found to have bleeding from the biliary tract that was due to pseudo-aneurysm arising from the hepatic artery. The diagnosis was supported by angiogram. He underwent coil embolization post which bleeding stopped. We present this case since hemobilia is a rare event and classical finding of blood clot on the ampulla on endoscopy is rare as seen in our case.

}, keywords = {Coil embolization, Hemobilia, Pseudoaneurysm, Right hepatic artery}, author = {Nagesh Kamath and Venkatakrishnan Leelakrishnan and Rajendiran Gopalan and Shiran Shetty} } @article {182, title = {Management and Treatment Outcome of Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in a South Indian Tertiary Care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {113-120}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Background: Chronic diseases are emerging as one of the leading cause of death nowadays. Among them, the prev-alence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing because of the increased incidence of diabetes and hypertension which are the main cause of CKD. The rate of progression of CKD to end stage renal disease (ESRD) can be reduced by the early detection and management of risk factors and complications associated with it. The present study aims to study the complications, treatment pattern and associated outcome in hospitalized CKD patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from October 2012 to March 2013 in the nephrology unit of Kasturba hospital, Manipal. Adult patients (\> 18 years old) who were diagnosed with CKD were included. Patient demographics, clinical, pharmacological management and laboratory data were collected in a spe-cially designed form for this study purpose. Demography of the patients, complications and medications used for the management etc. were documented and evaluated using SPSS version 16.0. Results: 312 CKD patients were included in the study.. Maximum number of patients was in the age group of 46-60 years and study showed male predominance (77.6\%). Anemia was the most observed complication in the study popu-lation ( 81.7 \%). Monotherapy or combinations of drugs like nebulisation albuterol, insulin with glucose and sodium polystyrene sulfonate was used for the management of hyperkalemia. Anemia is managed by oral and parenteral iron products, erythropoietin and by blood transfusions. Average length of hospital stay was found to be 7.34 {\textpm} 4.89 days. Serum creatinine, creatinine clearance rate, serum urea, serum sodium and serum potassium had improved signifi-cantly (p \< 0.001) from the base line. Total serum calcium was also improved after treatment. Conclusion: Present study highlights the complications, treatment pattern and outcomes in CKD patients from a tertiary care hospital in South India which may help in targeting the major causes of CKD and treatment pattern for the renal failure population. Early identification of patients who are at risk and strategies to decrease the rate of progres-sion of CKD will help to reduce the prevalence and mortality associated with CKD in future.

}, keywords = {Chronic Kidney Disease, Complications, Mortality, Outcome, Treatment pattern}, author = {Sumy George and Leelavathi D Acharya and Ravindra Prabhu A and Surulivelrajan Mallayasamy} } @article {170, title = {Wound Healing Property of Topical Application of Ethanolic Extract of Michelia champaca Flowers in Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {67-74}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {67}, abstract = {

Background: The plant Michelia champaca (MC) is widely used in the treatment of inflammation, constipation, dysmenorrhea, ulcers, wounds, fever and cough. The objective of the study was to evaluate the wound healing property of topical application of ethanolic extract of MC flowers in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Materials and Methods: Wound healing activity was assessed by incision and excision wound models. Five groups of 10 rats each were used for each of incision and excision wound model. Group I rats, non-diabetic control and group II rats diabetic control, were anointed topically with ointment base. The diabetic rats in test groups III, IV and V were anointed with topical MC extract ointment of 2.5\%, 5\% and 10\% respectively. Parameters observed were breaking strength of incision wound and wound contraction, epithelialization, hydroxyproline content of excision wound respec-tively. Results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey{\textquoteright}s post hoc test. Results: Breaking strength, rate of wound contraction and hydroxyproline content were significantly increased and period of epithelialization was significantly reduced in Group IV and V rats respectively. Conclusion: The topical application of ethanolic extract of Michelia champaca promotes wound healing in diabetic rats. Hence further study in humans is suggested.

}, keywords = {Diabetic Rats, Excision wound, Hydroxyproline, Incision wound}, author = {Amoolya Gowda and Venkatesh Shanbhag and Smita Shenoy and Eesha Rao Bangalore} } @article {189, title = {Case of Fosphenytoin Induced Acute Cerebellar Dysfunction and Pituitary Bleed Causing Central Diabetes Insipidus in a Case of AML M2 during Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {111-114}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {111}, abstract = {

Neuroprotectors such as phenytoin, fosphenytoin, clonazepam or levetiracetam are often used prior conditioning regimen to prevent seizures caused due to busulfan, during bone marrow transplant. Fosphenytoin and levetiracetam are used instead of phenytoin as they are readily soluble and do not need a vehicle such as polyethylene glycol or ethanol which increases risk of tissue and cardio toxicity. We report a case of acute toxicity in the form of cerebral bleed during intravenous administration of fosphenytoin and its subsequent management in patient undergoing busulfan treatment prior to allogenic transplant.

}, keywords = {Bone Marrow Transplantation, Busulfan, Conditioning Regimen, Fosphenytoin, Levetiracetam, Neuroprotector, Phenytoin}, author = {Eriat Govind and Radheshyam Naik and Srinivas BJ and Intezar Mehdi} } @article {179, title = {Retigabine (Ezogabine) for Management of Partial onset Seizures: A Mini Review}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {85-90}, type = {New Drug Information}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Epilepsy, a neurological disorder is currently the target of many drug research companies who are constantly involved in the development of new therapies with novel mechanism of actions as the current plethora of anti epileptics have not been successful in achieving full control of the seizures. Retigabine (Ezogabine) is a new paradigm in the treatment of epilepsy, as it is first of its kind of a drug that targets neuronal voltage gated potassium channels (Kv7) and facili-tates them, thus decreasing the repetitive firing of neurons. It has been approved by European Medicine Agency and USA Food and Drug Administration as an add on therapy for use in patients 18 years and above suffering from partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalization.

}, keywords = {Ezogabine, Kv7 Channels, Partial onset Seizures, Retigabine}, author = {Deepika Tikoo and Meenakshi Gupta} }