@article {373, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Fire Safety Perspectives}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {167-174}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the occupational safety and health emphasis on fire safety policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of pharmacy practice fire safety policy and procedures. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy occupational safety and health policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. The policy included fire prevention, Emergency Plans, Fire Protection, Safety conditions, and requirements for the pharmacy buildings and medication stores. Results: The fire safety of pharmacy practice policy and procedures in pharmacy practice had various benefits, such as fire safety risk assessment, Usage of fire extinguishers type per each fire at each section of pharmacy services, illustrate the fire safety equipment requirement for pharmaceutical warehouse and pharmacy buildings, and instruction prevention of fire and during fire incident. Conclusion: Fire safety as part of occupational safety and health policy and procedures in pharmacy practice is a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. They will improve the pharmacy safety measurement and better occupational safety and health. In addition, it encourages pharmacy staff to adhere to local and international occupational safety and health regulations and standards. Therefore, The pharmacy occupational safety and health emphasis on fire safety highly recommended policies, procedures, and related risk assessment analysis in the pharmacy businesses in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Fire, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Naif Saleh Alamri and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Rola AL Kenani and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Farida Hamad Alsaiari} } @article {375, title = {KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {179-186}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health as a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The self-assessment is based on guidelines based on occupational safety and health societies{\textquoteright} regulations. In addition to Institution Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) criteria and KSA-Self assessment of pain management drug safety. The policy draft by one member by the second member was reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety specialists. The topic emphasizes self-assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health. Results: The KSA Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health consisted of nine items. That has included Characteristics of Pharmacy Services, Pharmacy and warehouse building, Fire Safety, Crises and Disaster Management. Besides the Medication Information, Pharmacy Safety Practice, Patient/Family Education, Pharmacy staff competency and training, and Total Quality and Risk Management. Each element had various closedended questions scored using the 5-point Likert response scale system. Conclusion: The KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy is a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. The KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy improves the Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health system foundations. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to adhere to Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health regulations in different places in the public and healthcare organizations. Therefore, the KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Occupational health, Pharmacy, Safety, Saudi Arabia, Self-assessment}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.24}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Naif Saleh Alamri and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Rola AL Kenani and Huda Juhaim Alruwaili} } @article {367, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Crisis and Disaster Management}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {129-137}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: To the Crisis and Disaster Management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of pharmacy practice{\textquoteright}s Crisis and Disaster Management policy and procedures. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety and health specialist. The topic emphasizes the Crisis and Disaster Management of the Pharmacy policy. Results: Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice indicates its preparation for an emergency position at a particular time, indicating its assets, competent pharmacy human resources, and related material. The Crisis and Disaster Management consisted of the General concept of crisis and disaster management and the Content of Pharmacy crisis and disaster management (Planning, Implementation, Execution, Training and Education, Exercise and test, Maintenance, and improvement). Conclusion: The Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice policy and procedures is a new initiative project for pharmacy career professionals. Crisis and disaster management in pharmacy practice improve public demand during healthcare emergencies and risk management decisions. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to participate in public voluntary and charitable activities at various places in healthcare institutions. Therefore, the Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice policy and procedures policy is highly recommended for implementation in the pharmacy business in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Crisis, Disaster, Management, Pharmacy, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Naif Saleh Alamri and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Rola AL Kenani and Ammar Ali AlAbdullatif and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Ibrahim Ali Al Mughira} } @article {379, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Education and Training}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {197-206}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {197}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the occupational safety and health system education and training in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of occupational safety and health policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy occupational safety and health policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety specialists. The topic emphasizes the occupational safety and health system education and training of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The pharmacy occupational safety and health Education and Training consisted of various items. That has included program objectives, admission requirements, teaching and education methodology, and occupational safety and health Education and Training steps in pharmacy practice. The occupational safety and health education and training contained five models. For instance, Fire safety at pharmacy services, Pharmacy Crisis and Disaster Management, and Pharmacy Material Safety Data Sheet. Besides, the Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health Surveillance and Monitoring and Quality Management of occupational safety and health. Each model describes the Module description, Learning Objectives, Module Outlines, and Competency items. Conclusion: The occupational safety and health system education and training in pharmacy practice is a new initiative for pharmacy career professionals. It will improve pharmacy occupational safety and health system skills and encourage all pharmacy staff (clinical, distributive pharmacist, and pharmacy technicians) to comply with occupational safety and health system regulations in different pharmacies in various healthcare organizations. Therefore, the occupational safety and health system education and training policy and procedures are required and mandated for pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Education, Health, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.28}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-sabaa and Naif Saleh Alamri and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami} } @article {381, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Quality Perspective}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {208-216}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore quality management policy and procedures of the pharmacy occupational safety and health system in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the pharmacy occupational safety and health system and quality management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy occupational safety and health policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety specialists. The topic emphasizes the occupational safety and health system and quality management policy and procedures. Results: The review for quality management of occupational safety and health system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice has consisted of pharmacy occupational safety and health auditing and quality management performance indicators. Besides, it discusses the techniques of conducting quality management systems for occupational safety and health programs in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The quality management of occupational safety and health system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice demands keeping adherence to occupational safety health standards at an appropriate level, with unnecessary cost control. Besides, monitor key performance indicators of pharmacy occupational safety and health auditing system. Thus, quality management of occupational safety and health system policy and procedures is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals worldwide.

}, keywords = {Health, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Policy, Quality management, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.30}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohannad Ali Abu-sabaa and Naif Saleh Alamri and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maram Kamian Al Shammari and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami} } @article {321, title = {Research Policy of the Investigational Drugs in the Clinical Trial}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {03-08}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {03}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to explore the research policy of investigational drugs in the clinical trial as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term encompasses all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the research policy for investigational drugs in the clinical trial. Results: A general policy was established for investigational drugs in clinical trials, which included defining clinical trials and addressing related issues. Clinical trial approval policy, the role of the Institutional Review Board, the clinical responsibilities of the research team, and patient informed consent. Apart from that, clinical trials require patient records and auditing. Conclusion: The research policy for investigational drugs in a clinical trial is a novel initiative within pharmaceutical care research and development. The research policy for investigational drug in clinical trials protects patient rights and safety. Additionally, encourage pharmacy services to implement and conduct clinical trials in pharmacy practice at healthcare institutions of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical trial, Drug, Investigational, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha HusseinAlmadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {263, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Pharmacy Infection Control: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {5-9}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the pharmacy infection control services during the mass gathering Hajj period as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering pharmacy infection control services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various aids, including clinical and economical on pilgrims, as illustrated in the assessment. The continuation was of the project assured by the risk management model description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project, though closing the project stage, explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering pharmacy infection control services are a new initiative, part of the mass gathering medicine. There are various pharmacy transition care services can be started during the mass gathering with an emphasis on pharmacy personnel, infection control; it is highly suggested to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Control, Hajj, Infection, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Lamees Essa Abdullah Hakami and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Taha Mohamd Rafuden Bakhsh and Nojoud Adnan Khayat and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {198, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Antibiotic Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s7-s10}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s7}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study to explore the cost analysis of selected pediatrics antibiotics formularies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted of selected four antibiotics (Nitrofurantoin, Oseltamivir, Chloroquine and Clindamycin). The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost, Costs fixed including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of anti-hypertension pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Nitrofurantoin per each preparation was (14.13 USD) which consisted of standard cost (0.31 USD) and the direct cost was (13.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Oseltamivir per each preparation was (16.95 USD) which consisted of standard cost (0.33 USD) and the direct cost was (16.62 USD). The average estimated cost of Chloroquine per each preparation was (6.645 USD) which consisted of standard cost (4.36 USD) and the direct cost was (6.645 USD). The average estimated cost of Clindamycin per each preparation was (14.478 USD) which consisted of standard cost (2.018 USD) and the direct cost was (12.46 USD). Conclusion: There are varieties in the cost analysis between selected pediatric formulation and manufactured ready-made products. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them. The cost analysis of pediatrics formulation was used for health insurance coverage and to meet the updated pharmacy strategic plan and Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.37}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz Bahadig and Mohammad Jabir Al Harbi and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {77, title = {Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Technique with Conventional Landmark Technique for Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Nerve Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgery}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Brachial plexus blockade is a time tested anesthetic technique for upper limb surgeries. Among the various approaches of brachial plexus block, supraclavicular block, once described as the {\textquotedblleft}spinal of the arm,{\textquotedblright} offers dense anesthesia of the brachial plexus for surgical procedures at or distal to the elbow. Landmark technique has been traditionally used for performing this block. But blind technique often requires multiple trial-and-error needle attempts, resulting in increase in procedure time, procedure-related pain and complications including pneumothorax, which is very risky. In developing countries like India, ultrasound is a relatively new technique and is increasingly being used for performing nerve blocks for acute as well as chronic pain procedures. Objective: We performed this study to evaluate safety and clinical usefulness of ultrasound technology for supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks. Methods: We included 60 adult patients of either sex undergoing surgeries for fracture of lower end of humerus or fracture of forearm bones. Patients were divided into two groups. In one group, surface landmark technique was used while in other group, supraclavicular nerve block was performed under ultrasound guidance by double injection technique. All patients received 10 ml each of 2\% lignocaine with adrenaline, 10 ml 0.5\% bupivacaine and 10 ml of saline. Surgery was started after confirming adequacy of block. Ineffective blocks were replaced with general anesthesia and insufficient pain control during surgery was supplemented with fentanyl. Results: There was no significant difference between patient groups with regard to demographic data. Supraclavicular plexus nerve block was placed in all 60 patients. Block failure was seen in 5 patients in landmark technique group and in one patient in USG group. The time of onset of sensory and motor block was shorter in USG group than landmark technique group. Intra-op analgesic was required in 5/30 patients in blind group and 3/30 patients in USG group. Post-op analgesia was for longer duration in USG guided group as compared to blind group. Conclusion: Ultrasound guidance is clinically very useful for supraclavicular brachial plexus block. It allows visualization of underlying structures, movement of needle and direct spread of local anesthetic and thus making the procedure safer and more effective.

}, keywords = {Landmark, Nerve block, Supraclavicular brachial plexus block, Ultrasound, Upper limb surgery}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.1}, author = {Punam Raghove and Karampal Singh and Susheela Taxak and Mangal Ahlawat and Sarla Hooda} } @article {93, title = {Evaluation of Changes in Bleeding Time in Hypertensive Patients on Amlodipine - A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {45-48}, type = {Research Articles}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Background: Platelet hyperactivity is a risk factor in hypertensive patients that paves the way to atherothrombosis causing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Counteracting platelet aggregation is an established step in preventing thrombotic events. Calcium channel blockers are one among the recommended antihypertensive agents according to 2013 ESH/ESC (European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology) guidelines. In addition to lowering blood pressure they are known to have antiplatelet activity. Dihydropyridine class of L-type calcium channel blockers are the most potent group and shares this activity. Anti-platelet aggregatory effect of these agents could supplement its anti-hypertensive property and could prove to be desirable in the treatment of hypertensives with high risk of atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk. So the present study aims to explore the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine. Objectives: To evaluate the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine in hypertensive patients. Methods and Materials: Sixty subjects were enrolled in the study. Test group comprised of thirty patients with essential hypertension, who were prescribed Tab Amlodipine at doses 5 mg or 10 mg once daily orally. Patients included in study group were regularly on Amlodipine for at least one month. 30 normotensive subjects, who are not on any drug affecting platelet function like Aspirin, dipyridamole, statins etc. acted as control group.Duke method of Bleeding time estimation was used to assess changes in Bleeding time. Statistical analysis: Student{\textquoteright}s unpaired t-test was used to compare Amlodipine test group with the normotensive control group. Results were expressed as Mean bleeding time {\textpm} SEM. SPSS software version 20 was used for statistical calculations. Results: The mean bleeding time of Amlodipine group was 2.214 minutes {\textpm} 0.028 SEM. The control group had a mean bleeding time of 1.998 minutes {\textpm} 0.036 SEM. The result gave a statistically significant p value of \<0.001. Average duration of treatment was 3.683 years. Conclusion: The statistically significant bleeding time observed in Amlodipine group suggest that it has anti-platelet activity.

}, keywords = {Amlodipine, Antiplatelet activity, Bleeding time, Hypertension}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.2}, author = {Pallavi Mahadeva Kamath and Suresh Surappla Rudrappa and Arun Suresh and Narendranath Sanji and Shashikala Gowdara Hanumanthareddy and Imran Maniyar} } @article {87, title = {Prevalence and Severity of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in Patients Subjected to Different Anti-psychotic Drugs in an Out-Patient Department of a Psychiatry Hospital in Kashmir; A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {12-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Background: Adverse effects are usually dose dependent and can be influenced by patient characteristics including age and gender and these confounding factors should be considered in clinical practice and in the interpretation of research data. Selection of an antipsychotic drug should be on an individual patient basis. Patients should be involved in prescribing decisions and this should involve discussion about adverse drug reactions and their severity. Objective: Current study was carried out with the aim to look into the severity with which the adverse drug reactions were associated with various antipsychotics used in our day to day practice. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted over a period of one year in the Outpatient Department of Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IMHNS), Government Medical College Srinagar. An assessment of severity was done using modified Hartwig and Siegel scale. Results: A total of 100 ADRs of different types were observed in 77 patients out of total 177 patients included in our study, with an overall prevalence of about 43.5\%. Most (83.0\%) of the ADRs were mild in severity while ADRs moderate in severity were found in only 17 (17.0\%) according to modified Hartwig and Siegel scale. None of the reported ADRs belonged to {\textquoteleft}severe{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteleft}lethal{\textquoteright} category. There was no statistically significant relationship between development of ADRs with age (p=0.8) or sex (p=0.6) of the patients included in the study. Conclusion: Although with the utilization of antipsychotics, the prevalence of ADRs in our study was as high 43.5\%, most of them (83\%) were mild in nature and only 17\% of them were of moderate severity and none of our patients showed the development of any severe ADR which would lead them to discontinue the therapy.

}, keywords = {ADR prevalence, ADR reporting, ADR severity due to Antipsychotics, Antipsychotics and ADRs, Modified Hartwig and Siegel scale}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.3}, author = {Afkat Ahmad and Arshad Hussain and Samina Farhat and Shagufta Parveen and Vineeta Sawhney and Zubair Ashai} } @article {101, title = {A Study of Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients Treated with Penicillins in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {41-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are rated as the fifth leading cause of death among all diseases. Approximately 5-8\% of all hospitalization worldwide is due to ADR. Objectives: The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the pattern of Adverse Drug Reactions occurring from penicillins, their manifestations and severity. Methods: A non interventional observational prospective study was conducted over 2 years from Jan 2014 to Dec 2015 in KIMS Narketpally. The red boxes for dropping the filled yellow adverse drug reactions forms were installed in all the wards and outpatient departments. Additional information and missing data was obtained personally by either consulting the physician or through case sheets. Results: The most common penicillin implicated in causation of adverse drug reactions was combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (54\%), followed by Piperacillin (21\%). Most of the reactions were of moderate severity. The most commonly observed adverse drug reactions were dermatological reactions (37\%). Majority of the adverse drug reactions belonged to probable category (71\%) according to WHO scale. Conclusion: Dermatological reactions are the most common adverse drug reactions occurring due to penicillin and combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was the most common causative penicillin. The health care providers should make an attempt for early detections of ADRs and be vigilant about safety profile monitoring of the prescribed medicines. This will not only decrease the morbidity and mortality but also the health care cost.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Amoxicillin, Penicillin, Pharmacovigilance}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.1}, author = {Shivaraj Basavaraj Patil and Shrinivas R Raikar and Bhaskar HN and M Janardhan and Y Venkata Rao and Vahila} } @article {103, title = {A Retrospective Study of Drugs Prescribed During Conservative Management of Isolated closed Fracture of Upper Limb in a Tertiary care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {48-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Background: Fractures are common presentation in the emergency department. Patient related factors and site of fracture play an important role in planning the management of fracture pain. This study was done to assess drugs prescribed during conservative management of closed isolated upper limb fractures. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. The case records of patients who visited the tertiary care hospital with closed isolated fracture of upper limb following trauma and were managed conservatively was analysed. The results were expressed as percentage. Results: Out of the 100 patients, 79 were adults and 21 children. Pain score was recorded in 83\% of the patients. All patients received analgesics. The commonly prescribed oral analgesic in children and adults were ibuprofen (85.71\%) and aceclofenac (60.75\%), respectively. The commonly used opioid was tramadol, orally as well as parenterally, in both adults and children. Analgesic combinations accounted for 62.8\% of the total analgesics prescribed. Propofol-fentanyl was commonly used during fracture reduction. Conclusion: Initial assessment of pain contributes to adequate management of acute pain. Use of analgesics and early reduction significantly reduce pain and improve outcome.

}, keywords = {Analgesics, Fractures, Opioids, Pain, Sedation}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.3}, author = {Shenoy Smita and Patil Navin and Ganeriwala Aditya and Chetty Shashikanth and Avinash Arivazhahan and Sushil Kiran Kunder and Shah Hitesh and Jha Anusha} } @article {133, title = {A Review on Drug-Drug and Drug-Food Interactions in Patients During the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {98-105}, type = {Review articles}, chapter = {98}, abstract = {

Drug interaction is defined as the modification of the effects of a drug (object drug) by the prior and/or the concomitant administration of another drug (precipitant drug). Drug interaction may either increase or decrease the intended effect of one or both drugs. It may transform the diagnostic, preventive or therapeutic activity of any drug. Drug-interactions can be an extremely main contributory factor for the incidence and occurrence of adverse drug reactions and adverse drug events. The rate of occurrence and incidence of drug interactions is much higher in patients receiving combinations of drugs or poly-pharmacy or suffered from co-morbidity of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcer, fungal infections and neurodegenerative disorders, which require prolong and multi treatments and the risk of drug interaction will increase as they are treated with multi-therapies. It is concluded that diabetic patients are at higher risk for drug interaction as receiving a combination of therapies for diabetic complications as well, so that the rate of occurrence of drug interaction is rapidly amplifying. Diabetes mellitus has been considered as a foremost public health challenge around the world because of its high prevalence and associated increase in morbidity and mortality. The main objective of this review study is to highlights the various drug interactions likely drug-drug and drug-food interactions as well as reports unwanted effects of other treatment associated with antidiabetic agents in the diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Interaction, Drug-drug Interaction, Drug-food Interaction, Polypharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.6}, author = {Sonu and Gopal Sharma and SL. Harikumar and Silvia Navis} } @article {123, title = {Comparison of Two Zidovudine Based HAART Regimens used in Treatment of HIV Infection}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Background: India has third highest number of HIV patients. Zidovudine based regimens are the first line of treatment in these patients. This study was undertaken to compare three prognostic markers with this treatment in patients infected with HIV. The objective of the study was to compare the changes in the CD4 counts, hemoglobin and weight between HIV infected patients receiving zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine (ZLN) against those receiving zidovu-dine, lamivudine and efavirenz (ZLE). Materials and Methods: Retrospective data was collected from the ART centre, Chigateri Hospital, Davangere. Patients who were on the study regimens for atleast six months were considered for analysis. Changes in CD4 counts, hemoglobin levels and weight were analyzed with paired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test for intra group variation and unpaired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test for inter-group variation. Results: CD4 counts were analyzed in 339 patients and in both the groups the counts improved significantly (ZLN: n=252, ZLE: n=87 and p \< 0.001 in both groups) after six months of treatment but the improvement was much better in patients who received ZLN regimen (p = 0.005). 281 patients were analyzed with respect to hemoglobin and improve-ment was seen in ZLE group (n=77, p = 0.001) but not in ZLN group (n=204, p = 0.36) with treatment and intergroup analysis was in favor of ZLE (p = 0.03). Weight was analyzed in 356 patients and it improved significantly in both ZLN group (n=264, p = 0.001) and ZLE group (n=92, p = 0.001) but the intergroup comparison did not reveal any signifi-cance (p = 0.21). Conclusion: A regimen consisting of zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz is better in treating a HIV patient with decreased hemoglobin. So this regimen can be preferred in anemic patients with HIV.\ 

}, keywords = {Efavirenz, HAART, Lamivudine, Nevirapine, Zidovudine}, author = {Narendranath Sanji and Dinakar KR and Vaneet Aggarwal and Navin A Patil and Somashekar HS and Keerthisagar J and Reshma SR} } @article {131, title = {Gastroprotective Activity of Asystasia gangetica Stem Aqueous Extract Against Pylorus Ligated Gastric Ulcer in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {53-60}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {53}, abstract = {

Background: Asystasia gangetica, a medicinal plant commonly known as Maithal Kadi available in Udupi district in India. It is used as a fresh juice to treat gastric ulcers, rheumatism, inflammation, swelling by the folklore practitioners. The present studies were aimed to investigate the antiulcer activity of aqueous extract of Asystasia gangetica stem to provide scientific validation for its folklore use. Materials and Methods: Healthy Wistar albino rats were divided into three different groups of six rats each. The rats were pre-treated with group specific drugs. Group I assigned as control, group II received the standard drug omepra-zole 20 mg/kg, group III received aqueous extract of stem of the plant Asystasia gangetica 400 mg/kg once daily for seven consecutive days. On seventh day, one hour after drug administration, the gastric ulcer was induced by ligation of the pyloric part of the rat{\textquoteright}s stomach. This was followed by the macroscopic examination of the stomach, quantifica-tion of gastric juice, total and free acidity, peptic activity and histological examination of stomach tissue were performed. The test extract were subjected for preliminary phytochemical analysis as per standard methodology. Results: The test drug treated group showed that there is a significant reduction in the total acidity and marked reduction in ulcer index, the volume of gastric juice and the effect was comparable with that of omeprazole. Histologi-cal examination revealed a normal cytoarchitecture with reduced gastric lesions in group III compared to group I. Conclusion: The present finding suggests that Asystasia gangetica promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by the comparative decreases in total acidity, gastric lesions and peptic activity.

}, keywords = {Asystasia gangetica, Gastro protection, Leukocyte, Omeprazole, Pylorus ligation, Ulcer index}, author = {Lalith Kumar and Ravi M and Shridhara Bairy and Chaithra Hebbar and Ravi Shankar B} } @article {160, title = {Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Activities of Tamarindus indica Fruit Pulp in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {33-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {33}, abstract = {

Background: Tamarindus indica belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae. Fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica is believed to have antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and many other medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to investigate antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 6). Normal and diabetic control groups received normal saline and alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) respectively. Animals were made diabetic by injection of single dose of alloxan in three test groups and after that they were treated with ethanolic extract of fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica 300 and 500 mg/kg/body weight orally and metformin 150 mg/kg body weight orally respectively for 14 days. Antidiabetic activity was estimated by measuring serum glucose and lipid profile; and hepatoprotective activity was measured by estimating serum liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in liver tissues. Results were analyzed by One way ANOVA followed by Scheffe multiple comparison tests (p\<0.01). Results: The two dose levels of Tamarindus indica significantly altered alloxan induced changes in serum glucose, lipid profile and serum enzyme levels. But in liver histopathology, higher dose (500 mg/kg) of plant showed complete regeneration whereas lower dose (300 mg/kg) showed only partial improvement in liver histopathology profile. Conclusion: Present study revealed that Tamarindus indica possesses antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotection, Tamarindus indica}, author = {Narendar Koyagura and V. Hemanth kumar and M.G Jamadar and Shobha V Huilgol and Nagendra Nayak and Saeed M Yendigeri and Mohd Shamsuddin} } @article {156, title = {Effect of Flunarizine on Blood Glucose Levels in Normal Albino Rats Through Oral Glucose Tolerance Test}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {19-24}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Background: Flunarizine is commonly used for migraine prophylaxis. It is a calcium channel blocker which blocks the L-type, T-type and N-type of calcium channels of pancreatic beta cells and other cells. It is believed to cause alterations in blood glucose levels secondary to its effect on calcium channel dependent insulin secretion. Objective: To evaluate the effect of flunarizine on blood glucose levels in normal albino rats through oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) Materials and Methods: Flunarizine and distilled water were given orally for 5 days to the test (T) and control (C) groups of 6 normal albino rats respectively (N = 6). OGTT was conducted on both the groups on the 5th day and blood glucose levels were analyzed at 0, 60 and 150 minutes. Data was analyzed with one way ANOVA and independent samples t -test. Results: Flunarizine caused hyperglycemia at all durations of the OGTT with a maximum difference of 26\% at 0 hour. The extent of worsening was maximum at 60 - 0 minute interval in both the instances i.e. test group value compared with control (T-C) and control values compared with itself (C-C). The comparison of extent of hyperglycemia revealed that T-C showed 17\% (47mg/dl) more hyperglycemia than the C-C (40 mg/dl). Conclusion: Flunarizine has hyperglycemic effects in normal albino rats when given for 5 consecutive days orally even at the dose used for prophylaxis of migraine in human beings. A word of caution is thus advised when using flunarizine in impaired glucose tolerance or diabetic subjects.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose level, Flunarizine, Hyperglycemic, Oral glucose tolerance test}, author = {Suresha RN and Ashwini V and Pragathi B and Kalabharathi HL and Satish AM and Pushpa VH} } @article {183, title = {A Prospective Single Arm Open Pilot Trial to Study the Antioxidant Property of Ayurvedic Massage Therapy in Healthy Individuals}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {121-125}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Ayurveda, the kernel of the ancient Indian wisdom, reckons abhyanga as a daily regimen owing to its univocal properties like jaraapaha (~delaying ageing process) pushtirit (nourishing), shramahara (removing tiredness) pushtya-yu (~ bestowing longevity) etc. Hence, this study was envisioned to show the antioxidant property of abhyanga on healthy individuals. Recruited voluntary healthy individuals both male and female between eighteen to seventy years of age were given Ayurvedic oil massage with simple gingili oil every day in empty stomach for forty five minutes for a period of seven days. The fasting blood samples of the subjects were collected before and after the study. The study was explicated utilizing the method of Koracevic et al method for the determination of total antioxidant status (TAS) and spectrophotometric method for accomplishing the thiol assay. The mean value with respect to the TAS was 0.88 before the treatment and 0.92 after the treatment and that of thiol was 317.39 and 311.66 before and after the therapy respectively. In TAS, p- value was 0.016 which is \< 0.05 and there was a decrease in serum thiols which was not statistically significant. However, the study establishes the antioxidant property of abhyanga and necessitates further comprehension of the same.

}, keywords = {Abhyanga, Antioxidant, Ayurveda, Massage, Panchakarma}, author = {K.J.Malagi and Shripathi Adiga H and Anjali Rao and Revathi Shenoy and Madhusudhan Kamath and A. Sapna Devi} } @article {162, title = {Evaluation of Gastroprotective Role of Alpha-tocopherol in Indomethacin Induced Peptic Ulcer in Albino Rats}, journal = {nternational Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {39-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background:\ Oxidative free radicals induce gastric injury in animal models of peptic ulcer. Hence antioxidants may provide gastroprotection.\ Objectives:\ The present study was undertaken to evaluate the gastroprotective role of antioxidant alpha-tocopherol in indomethacin induced gastric ulceration in albino rats.\ Materials and methods:\ Animals were diveded into 3 groups (n=6) group 1 (control which received distilled water), group11 (alpha-tocopherol 12.5 mg/kg) and group 111 ( omeprazole 3.6 mg/kg). Each group received the corresponding 4 hours, animals were sacrificed and their stomachs were studied for ulcerationm, adherent mucin content, and ulcer index was calculated. The results of alpha-tocopherol were compared with those of control and omeprazole treated groups and data was analyzed manually using Student t test. A p Value of \< 0.05 was considered as satistically significant.\ Results:\ Alpha-tocopherol administrative reduce ulceration and ulcer index compared to control group (t cal5.2\>tab 2.23 at 5\% level of significance, p\<0.05). Omeprazole treatment also reduced ulcer index and ulceration in comparison to control group (tcal 6.2\>ttab 3.16 at 1\% level of significance, p\<0.01). Thus results of test drug were similar to omeprazole treated group.\ Conclusion:\ Alpha-tocopherol treatment provides gastroprotection in indomethacin induced gastric ulceration.

}, keywords = {Alpha-tocopherol, Antioxidant, Gastroprotection, Indomethacin}, author = {Shobha V Huligol and V. Hemanth kumar and K. Narendar} } @article {152, title = {Trends in Prescribing Antimicrobials in an ENT Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {15-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background: The drug utilization study identifies the problems that arise from drug usage in healthcare delivery system and highlights the current approaches to the rational use of drugs. Objective: To study the trends in prescribing antimicrobials in an ENT outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Materials and method: An observational study was conducted in the OPD of ENT at Bapuji Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India from May to July 2011. Prescriptions of all patients were collected; relevant information entered in a preformed proforma and analyzed using the drug utilization 90\% [(DU-90\%)] method. The results were presented in percentages and analyzed using DU-90\% method. Result: A total of 300 prescriptions were analyzed. The common cases for which antimicrobials prescribed were infections like pharyngitis, acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), tonsillitis, laryngitis. It was noted that 142 patients (47.33\%) received amoxicillin alone, 52 patients (17.33\%) received combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, 43 patients (14.33\%) received cefixime, 40 patients (13.33\%) received cefuroxime and 23 patients (7.66\%) received azithromycin, levofloxacin and other antimicrobials. Conclusion: The present study showed that among the various antimicrobials used, only four antimicrobials figured in DU-90\% segment which were amoxicillin, combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and cephalosporins like cefixime and cefuroxime. Though azithromycin and levofloxacin are also frequently used drugs in upper respiratory tract infections, in this study they did not figure in the DU-90\% segment.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobials, DU-90\%, ENT, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection}, author = {K.Ramachandra and Narendranath Sanji and H.S. Somashekar3 and Abhishek Acharya and Keerthi Sagar J and Susheela Somappa Halemani} }