@article {373, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Fire Safety Perspectives}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {167-174}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the occupational safety and health emphasis on fire safety policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of pharmacy practice fire safety policy and procedures. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy occupational safety and health policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. The policy included fire prevention, Emergency Plans, Fire Protection, Safety conditions, and requirements for the pharmacy buildings and medication stores. Results: The fire safety of pharmacy practice policy and procedures in pharmacy practice had various benefits, such as fire safety risk assessment, Usage of fire extinguishers type per each fire at each section of pharmacy services, illustrate the fire safety equipment requirement for pharmaceutical warehouse and pharmacy buildings, and instruction prevention of fire and during fire incident. Conclusion: Fire safety as part of occupational safety and health policy and procedures in pharmacy practice is a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. They will improve the pharmacy safety measurement and better occupational safety and health. In addition, it encourages pharmacy staff to adhere to local and international occupational safety and health regulations and standards. Therefore, The pharmacy occupational safety and health emphasis on fire safety highly recommended policies, procedures, and related risk assessment analysis in the pharmacy businesses in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Fire, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Naif Saleh Alamri and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Rola AL Kenani and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Farida Hamad Alsaiari} } @article {375, title = {KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {179-186}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health as a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The self-assessment is based on guidelines based on occupational safety and health societies{\textquoteright} regulations. In addition to Institution Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) criteria and KSA-Self assessment of pain management drug safety. The policy draft by one member by the second member was reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety specialists. The topic emphasizes self-assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health. Results: The KSA Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health consisted of nine items. That has included Characteristics of Pharmacy Services, Pharmacy and warehouse building, Fire Safety, Crises and Disaster Management. Besides the Medication Information, Pharmacy Safety Practice, Patient/Family Education, Pharmacy staff competency and training, and Total Quality and Risk Management. Each element had various closedended questions scored using the 5-point Likert response scale system. Conclusion: The KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy is a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. The KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy improves the Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health system foundations. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to adhere to Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health regulations in different places in the public and healthcare organizations. Therefore, the KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Occupational health, Pharmacy, Safety, Saudi Arabia, Self-assessment}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.24}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Naif Saleh Alamri and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Rola AL Kenani and Huda Juhaim Alruwaili} } @article {367, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Crisis and Disaster Management}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {129-137}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: To the Crisis and Disaster Management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of pharmacy practice{\textquoteright}s Crisis and Disaster Management policy and procedures. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety and health specialist. The topic emphasizes the Crisis and Disaster Management of the Pharmacy policy. Results: Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice indicates its preparation for an emergency position at a particular time, indicating its assets, competent pharmacy human resources, and related material. The Crisis and Disaster Management consisted of the General concept of crisis and disaster management and the Content of Pharmacy crisis and disaster management (Planning, Implementation, Execution, Training and Education, Exercise and test, Maintenance, and improvement). Conclusion: The Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice policy and procedures is a new initiative project for pharmacy career professionals. Crisis and disaster management in pharmacy practice improve public demand during healthcare emergencies and risk management decisions. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to participate in public voluntary and charitable activities at various places in healthcare institutions. Therefore, the Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice policy and procedures policy is highly recommended for implementation in the pharmacy business in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Crisis, Disaster, Management, Pharmacy, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Naif Saleh Alamri and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Rola AL Kenani and Ammar Ali AlAbdullatif and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Ibrahim Ali Al Mughira} } @article {381, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Quality Perspective}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {208-216}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore quality management policy and procedures of the pharmacy occupational safety and health system in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the pharmacy occupational safety and health system and quality management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy occupational safety and health policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety specialists. The topic emphasizes the occupational safety and health system and quality management policy and procedures. Results: The review for quality management of occupational safety and health system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice has consisted of pharmacy occupational safety and health auditing and quality management performance indicators. Besides, it discusses the techniques of conducting quality management systems for occupational safety and health programs in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The quality management of occupational safety and health system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice demands keeping adherence to occupational safety health standards at an appropriate level, with unnecessary cost control. Besides, monitor key performance indicators of pharmacy occupational safety and health auditing system. Thus, quality management of occupational safety and health system policy and procedures is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals worldwide.

}, keywords = {Health, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Policy, Quality management, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.30}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohannad Ali Abu-sabaa and Naif Saleh Alamri and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maram Kamian Al Shammari and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami} } @article {345, title = {Attitudes and Perceptions of Pharmacists About Home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {161-172}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of home healthcare pharmacy services, barriers, which factors may discourage the implementation of home care pharmacy services, and recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of home healthcare pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about home healthcare pharmacy services was (4.33). The element {\textquotedblleft}Electronic prescribing in home healthcare pharmacy has a positive outcome to patients{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.45). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The off-labeling system in home healthcare pharmacy should be implemented to protect the healthcare providers from any liability{\textquotedblright} (4.44). The responders who agreed that they should be authorized and responsible for providing home healthcare pharmacy services to the patient was a pharmacist (4.30), clinical pharmacist (4.27), and Pharmacy technician (4.26), with statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). The average score for {\textquotedblleft}barriers might prevent home healthcare pharmacy services implementation{\textquotedblright} was (4.33). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Fear of legal liability{\textquotedblright} was (4.52), the aspect {\textquotedblleft}Limited number of pharmacists who are specialized in geriatric patients when needed {\textquotedblleft}was (4.46), and the element {\textquotedblleft}Unaware of the need and importance of home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} was (4.46). Conclusion: The attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services are acceptable. All obstacles preventing home care pharmacy services should be removed. Standardized home care pharmacy services are highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitudes, Home care, Perceptions, Pharmacists, pharmacy services, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saad Mashahen Alblawi and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maha Hussein Almadany and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {341, title = {The Home Care Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {122-131}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {122}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the clinical pharmacy in home health care services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing home care clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the workforce{\textquoteright}s pharmacists, Pharmacotherapy classes utilization for home healthcare patients, and therapeutic guidelines implemented in Home Healthcare Pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the home care clinical pharmacy practice is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most responders stated that pharmacy home healthcare workforces were five or more clinical pharmacists (35.14-41.89\%) and full-time pharmacy staff providing home health pharmacy services. Besides, five or more pharmacists (30.89-52.57\%) and five or more pharmacy technicians (31.25-51.09\%) with statistically significant differences between all workforce numbers (p=0.000). Most medications reviewed or dispensed for home healthcare patients include Nutrition support (4.50) and Vitamins and mineral supplements (4.49). They were followed by NSAIDs or Pain killers (4.46) and Antibiotics (4.45), with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of therapeutic guidelines implemented in Home healthcare Pharmacy services was (4.29). The element {\textquotedblleft}The standard considerations of urology disease therapy guidelines{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.44). The element {\textquotedblleft}The standard considerations of acute and chronic kidney disease therapy among geriatric patients{\textquotedblright} was (4.41), and the aspect {\textquotedblleft}The concerns and management of Gastrointestinal therapeutic guidelines{\textquotedblright} was (4.38). Conclusion: Nutrition support and vitamin were most used as pharmacotherapy classes for home healthcare services. The urology and nephrology therapeutic guidelines were most implemented. Future research is needed to determine most home care clinical pharmacy services and identify the role of clinical practitioners in home health care services in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Clinical, Home Healthcare, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghorm Allah Abdullah Aghamdi and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maha Hussein Almadany and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {334, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of High-risk/Alert Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {65-71}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {65}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing pharmacist knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, the High-risk/Alert medications assessment of basic knowledge, and The Resources used about the High risk or high-alert medications. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/ Alert medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of knowledge of pharmacists about High-risk/ Alert medications was (3.71). The pharmacists familiar with prohibited abbreviations during High-risk/Alert prescribing medications obtained the highest score (4.42). The element {\textquotedblleft}heard about the concept of High-risk/Alert medications{\textquotedblright} got the second highest score (4.39), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). Followed by the pharmacists familiar with look-alike sound-alike of Highrisk/ Alert medications (4.30) and know the narcotics and controlled medications (4.27) ), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). The most used resources for High-risk/Alert or high-alert medication information were Drug information resources (Lexi comp-drug information, Micromedex, Epocrates etc. 345 (78.05\%), and Scientific literature 222 (50.23\%). They were followed by Health practitioners 206 (46.61\%) SFDA website 157 (35.52\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications is adequate in Saudi Arabia. However, an expanded basic and advanced understanding of High-risk/Alert areas is needed to improve pharmacy performance, patient safety, and quality of life in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Knowledge, Medications, Pharmacist}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Randa Jaroudi and Faisal Safouq Alanazi and Musleh Samil Reshidi} } @article {337, title = {Practice of High-Risk/Alert Medications by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {92-103}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the pharmacist practice of High-Risk/Alertmedications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of High-Risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and practices, Basic and advanced High-Risk/Alertmedications practice implementation, the High- Risk/Alertdrugs implemented in the following medication stages, and medications considered high alert or high risk at your institution. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of High-Risk/ Alert medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of the practice of pharmacists{\textquoteright} basic of High-Risk/Alertmedications was (3.81). The element {\textquotedblleft}The risk medications is a part of medications safety vision{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.18), and the element {\textquotedblleft}Policy and procedure of High-Risk/ Alertmedications {\textquotedblleft} was (4.18). Followed the {\textquotedblleft}The High-Risk/Alertmedications is a part of medications safety Mission{\textquotedblright} (4.12). The average advanced High-Risk/Alertmedications practice implementation score was (3.62). The element {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist share in medications safety committee for High-Risk/Alertmedications discussion{\textquotedblright} (4.12) and the element {\textquotedblleft}There is documentation of potential impact and outcomes with High- Risk/Alertmedications {\textquotedblleft} was (3.85). The average score of High-Risk/Alertmedications implemented in the medications stages was (3.99). The dispensing stage obtained the highest score (4.21), and the administration stage (4.12). Most drugs considered high alert or high risk at the institutions were antithrombotic agents 332 (77.39\%) and adrenergic agonists 330 (76.92\%). They were followed by insulin 285 (66.43\%) and inotropic medications 284 (65.97\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s practice of High- Risk/Alertmedication is sufficient in Saudi Arabia. However, more expanded training in anesthesia and operation rooms has been successfully implemented. That leads to many preventive drug-related problems and avoids unnecessary economic burdens on the healthcare system.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Medications, Pharmacist, Practice}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Randa Jaroudi and Hussain Mohammed Ibrahim Aareji and Faisal Safouq Alanazi and Maha Hussein Almadany} } @article {338, title = {The Practice of home healthcare services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {104-111}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {104}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the practice of home healthcare services by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed practice at home health care services in Saudi Arabia. The study comprised respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and home healthcare pharmacy services implementation and resources used for home healthcare pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6, were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the practice home healthcare services by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average number of home healthcare prescriptions was (17.46) daily per responder, with a total number (6,861) per day. The highest range number of prescriptions was (26-30) ((33.93\%) daily. Those prescriptions were dispensed to home healthcare (8.34) patients daily per each responder, with the highest range number of patients being (16-18) ((25.95\%) daily per each responder. The average score of the practice of pharmacists about the home healthcare Pharmacy implementations was (4.45). The element {\textquotedblleft}The medication error system is included in home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.60). The pharmacists believe that {\textquotedblleft}The research on home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} (4.57) and {\textquotedblleft}The cost analysis of home healthcare pharmacy services. The most used resources of the home healthcare pharmacy services in practice were Health Practitioners 265 (67.60\%) and Drug Bulletin 246 (62.76\%). They were followed by Internet 241 (61.48\%), Scientific literature 212 (54.08\%). Conclusion: The home care pharmacy practice by pharmacists is appropriate. Each pharmacist provides home care activities based on each type of healthcare organization. The vision, mission, and home care pharmacy strategy should be identified, and the home care pharmacist role must be unified at all healthcare institutions. Besides, further research about home care pharmacy practice is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {healthcare services, Home, Pharmacists, Practice, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Fawaz Abdullah Alrakaf and Fatima Abdulqader Alshamrani and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {265, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Clinical Pharmacy Services: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {48-50}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the clinical pharmacy services during the mass gathering hajj period as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering clinical pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on the healthcare system, as described in the review. The continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage illustrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy services during the mass gathering hajj period is a new initiative project in the mass gathering medicine. Multiple clinical pharmacy services can be started during a mass gathering with an emphasison decrease morbidity and mortality; it is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical pharmacy, Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Sultan Mesfer Aljumayi and Hani Mohammed Ali Jumah and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {269, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Community Pharmacies Services: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {87-89}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {87}, abstract = {

Objective: To illustrate the pharmacy indicators during the mass gathering hajj as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering community pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various advantages, including clinical and economic on patients and healthcare services as demonstrated in the review. The continuation of the project assured by risk management elements description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage declared in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering medication safety is a new initiative project is part of the mass gathering medicine. There are various part of medication safety services can be started during mass gathering; it is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Community pharmacy, Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Sultan Mesfer Aljumayi and Hani Mohammed Ali Jumah and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {233, title = {The Physician Order for Standardized Concentration of Adult{\textquoteright}s Electrolyte Replacement Therapy: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {208-210}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

The electrolyte replacement therapy consternation considered one of the high alert drugs. Most of the medication safety organizations have established preventive guidelines for the prescription of electrolyte therapy. The General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care at the Ministry of Health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia also has established guidelines for the preparation and administration of electrolyte replacement for adult patients. This new initiative is regarding the standardized concentration of electrolyte preparation and administration for adult patients. The electrolyte therapy may be prescribed via a physician order form, which may be easily converted as computerized physician order entry. This from is designed to prevent all electrolyte-related errors and improve patient outcomes. This project is a new tool implemented for electrolyte safety at the Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Electrolyte, Ministry of Health, Physician order, Saudi Arabia, Standardized Concentration}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.46}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal Mansour Al Nemari and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nahedh Rashed Alotaibi and Mona Mustafa Jadkarim} } @article {89, title = {Comparative Study of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin in Combination with Fenofibrate in Mixed Hyperlipidemia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {25-31}, type = {Research Articles}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Aim: To compare the effects of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin in combination with fenofibrate in patients with mixed Hyperlipidemia. Materials and Methods: It was an open label, randomized, parallel group, comparative, prospective clinical study. A total of 70 subjects diagnosed with mixed hyperlipidemia were screened and were randomly allocated into two groups of thirty each. Initial readings of lipid levels like TC, TG, HDL, LDL and VLDL for both the groups were taken as baseline values. Then, Group I received Tab Atorvastatin 10 mg + Fenofibrate 160 mg and Group II received Tab Rosuvastatin 10 mg+ Fenofibrate 160 mg once a day at night for 12 weeks. Patients were assessed after 12 weeks and their Lipid profile was done. Results: Patients who received a combination of atorvastatin with fenofibrate had a reduction of Total cholesterol by 39\%, Triglycerides by 47\%, LDL-C by 50\% and VLDL-C by 35\% respectively. In group treated with combination of rosuvastatin with fenofibrate there was a decrease in TC by 54\%, TGs by 58\%, LDL-C by 52\% and VLDL-C by 56\% respectively. At the same time, HDL-C levels were increased by 14\% in the group treated with rosuvastatin with fenofibrate as compared to atorvastatin with fenofibrate treated group which increased the HDL-C levels by 6\%. Conclusion: Both the treatment regimens significantly decreased TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, but the reduction was more and statistically significant in Rosuvastatin and fenofibrate combination group when compared with atorvastatin and fenofibrate treated group at the end of 12 weeks.

}, keywords = {Atherosclerosis, Cholesterol, Heart, Lipoprotein, Statins}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.5}, author = {Rohit Dixit and Shankar Jagan} } @article {115, title = {Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Extract of Andrographis paniculata in Wistar Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {113-11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Background: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into six groups with six rats in each group. First group was taken as control, and received 0.9\% normal saline 10 ml/kg body weight orally. Second group was taken as CCl4 control group and treated with normal saline (10 ml/ kg, p.o.) and CCl4: olive oil (1:1, 2 ml/ kg, i.p. on 2, 5 and 8th day) daily for 20 day. The third group rats was treated with Liv 52- 100 mg/kg orally and CCl4: olive oil (1:1, 2 ml/ kg, i.p. on 2, 5 and 8th day) for 20 days .The fourth and fifth groups were taken as test groups and they received crude extract of Andrographis paniculata orally once daily for 20 days at the dosage of 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. CCl4: olive oil was given i.p on 2, 5 and 8th day. On the 21st day, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture method. The blood samples were used to estimate biochemical parameters like serum SGOT,SGPT, ALT, bilirubin and cholisterol and the liver was preserved for histopathological examination. Results: It was found that the Andrographis paniculata exhibited moderate protective effect by lowering the serum levels of SGOT,SGPT,ALT, bilirubin and cholisterol (P\<0.001). Histology of liver section of animal treated with the extracts showed the hepatic cell regeneration. Conclusion: Andrographis paniculata has dose dependant hepatoprotective activity.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Carbon Tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective Activity, Herbals, Liver disease}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.4}, author = {Naveen Alasyam and Venkatanarayana Narapogu and Premendran John and Shaik Ubedulla and Naveen Pokala} } @article {90, title = {Pediatric Liver Diseases and its Management by Herbals: A Traditional Siddha Medicine Treatise}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {32-40}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Siddha medicine is one of the oldest (5000 years old, pre vedic period) well-documented Indian traditional medicines, compared to Ayurveda, Unani, and traditional Chinese medicine, by way of keen observation and experimentation. It mentions 108 diseases that occur in childhood, which are further classified and described into various subtypes based on the clinical features and different stages of a particular disease. The objective of this review was to collect literature details on pediatric liver diseases and its management as per Siddha medicine. We have referred all the published Siddha books related to the pediatric practice. There were 37 Siddha literature deals pediatric diseases and they use the term kaamaalai or chenkamaari to describe the liver diseases. Most of the literature classifies liver disease into 3 types, but few texts describe 5-6 subtypes. Thus, a total of 9 subtypes of liver diseases in pediatric age group have been described in Siddha literature with a list of herbals to be used for each type. Mostly, the drug therapy is polyhedral formulations of internal and/or external application. A total of 113 herbals, 6 animal products (including black chicken liver, dairy products, donkey{\textquoteright}s dung, honey) and 7 mineral based products (including iron, rock salt) were listed as potential agents to treat liver diseases. The safety and efficacy of all the above mentioned herbal/mineral products have not been fully explored in children, but may be a great potential for clinical development.

}, keywords = {Agastyar, Ayurveda, Herbals for Children, Liver disease, Traditional Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.6}, author = {G Senthilvel and Arul Amuthan and Shiny Jasphin} } @article {101, title = {A Study of Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients Treated with Penicillins in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {41-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are rated as the fifth leading cause of death among all diseases. Approximately 5-8\% of all hospitalization worldwide is due to ADR. Objectives: The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the pattern of Adverse Drug Reactions occurring from penicillins, their manifestations and severity. Methods: A non interventional observational prospective study was conducted over 2 years from Jan 2014 to Dec 2015 in KIMS Narketpally. The red boxes for dropping the filled yellow adverse drug reactions forms were installed in all the wards and outpatient departments. Additional information and missing data was obtained personally by either consulting the physician or through case sheets. Results: The most common penicillin implicated in causation of adverse drug reactions was combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (54\%), followed by Piperacillin (21\%). Most of the reactions were of moderate severity. The most commonly observed adverse drug reactions were dermatological reactions (37\%). Majority of the adverse drug reactions belonged to probable category (71\%) according to WHO scale. Conclusion: Dermatological reactions are the most common adverse drug reactions occurring due to penicillin and combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was the most common causative penicillin. The health care providers should make an attempt for early detections of ADRs and be vigilant about safety profile monitoring of the prescribed medicines. This will not only decrease the morbidity and mortality but also the health care cost.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Amoxicillin, Penicillin, Pharmacovigilance}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.1}, author = {Shivaraj Basavaraj Patil and Shrinivas R Raikar and Bhaskar HN and M Janardhan and Y Venkata Rao and Vahila} } @article {106, title = {Ulcer Protective Action is Improved by Washing Fresh Aloe vera Gel: A Comparative Study with Unwashed Gel in Indomethacin and Ethanol Induced Ulcers in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {83-89}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Introduction: The Aloe vera and its components has been widely suggested for its ulcer protective action. Traditional Indian Siddha medical literature claims that washing the fresh Aloe vera gel (FAVG) has improved ulcer protective action due to the removal of bitter yellow latex. In this study, we compared the ulcer protective effect of unwashed as well as washed fresh Aloe vera gel in rats. Methods: We prepared washed and unwashed FAVG. Albino rats were fed with normal saline, ranitidine suspension, washed and unwashed FAVG for 8 days. Drugs have been tested in two ulcer models, in which indomethacin (20mg/kg) and ethanol (80\%) were used for the induction of ulcer after animals were fasted for 24 hours. The animals were sacrificed and stomach was cut open to calculate mean ulcer index and a section was sent for histopathological examination. One Way ANOVA was done for analysis. Results: In indomethacin induced ulcer model, the mean ulcer index in control, ranitidine, washed and unwashed FAVG treatment groups were 7.67 {\textpm} 1.51, 1.92 {\textpm} 1.12, 2.17 {\textpm} 1.16 and 4.0 {\textpm} 1.09 respectively. The percentage of ulcer protection in washed FAVG treatment (71.71\%) is comparable with ranitidine treatment (74.97\%), whereas the unwashed FAVG showed only 47.84\% ulcer protection. In ethanol induced ulcer model, the mean ulcer index in control, ranitidine, washed and unwashed FAVG treatment groups were 7.83 {\textpm} 1.51, 1.83 {\textpm} 0.82, 2.33 {\textpm}1.37 and 4.17 {\textpm} 1.47 respectively. The percentage of ulcer protection in washed FAVG treatment (70.24\%) is comparable with ranitidine treatment (76.63\%), whereas the unwashed FAVG showed only 46.74\% ulcer protection. In both the above ulcer models, washing the FAVG showed statistically significant (p\<0.05) reduction in ulcer index and improved ulcer protection. Conclusions: Washed fresh Aloe vera gel has shown higher ulcer protective activity compared to unwashed gel.

}, keywords = {Aloe latex, Aloe vera gel, Ayurveda, Ethanol, Gastric Ulcer, Indomethacin, Siddha}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.3.4}, author = {Jyoti Tara Manandhar Shrestha and Roanak Shrestha and Maya Shrestha and Saurab Raj Joshi and Merina Rajbhandari} } @article {117, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Anticonvulsant Induced Cases of Steven Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {March 2014}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) constitute a spectrum of severe, potentially life threatening, mucocutaneous adverse drug reactions. Antimicrobial agents and anticonvulsants are the most commonly implicated drugs. This study was aimed to compare and analyse the differences in the incubation peri-od, clinical presentation and outcome in patients of SJS/TEN caused by the antimicrobials and anticonvulsants. Materials and Methods: Patients of SJS, TEN and SJS/TEN overlap admitted in the dermatology ward of our hospi-tal, in whom an antimicrobial agent or an anticonvulsant were found to be probable causative agent by Naranjo score were assigned to Group A and B respectively. Inpatient records of the selected patients were studied to compare the differences. Results: Total of forty patients (twenty each of Group A and B) were included in the study. Fluoroquinolones followed by chloroquine were the most commonly implicated antimicrobials. The anticonvulsants most commonly implicated were phenytoin followed by carbamazepine. Incubation period in the antimicrobial group was significantly shorter [Group A (7.32 {\textpm} 5.4 days) vs Group B (28.58 {\textpm} 19.35 days)] with p value \< 0.001. The duration of stay, in the derma-tology ward, was significantly longer (p value\< 0.05) in the cases of TEN caused by antimicrobials (20.1 {\textpm} 7.49 days) as compared to those caused by anticonvulsants (14.5 {\textpm} 5.36 days). Three patients in Group A and one patient in Group B expired. Conclusion: A shorter incubation period and a higher morbidity and mortality were seen in the antimicrobial induced cases as compared to the anticonvulsant group.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsants, Antimicrobials, Steven Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis}, author = {Surabhi Dayal and Brahmita Monga and V. K. Jain and Kamal Aggarwal and Anuradha} } @article {123, title = {Comparison of Two Zidovudine Based HAART Regimens used in Treatment of HIV Infection}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Background: India has third highest number of HIV patients. Zidovudine based regimens are the first line of treatment in these patients. This study was undertaken to compare three prognostic markers with this treatment in patients infected with HIV. The objective of the study was to compare the changes in the CD4 counts, hemoglobin and weight between HIV infected patients receiving zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine (ZLN) against those receiving zidovu-dine, lamivudine and efavirenz (ZLE). Materials and Methods: Retrospective data was collected from the ART centre, Chigateri Hospital, Davangere. Patients who were on the study regimens for atleast six months were considered for analysis. Changes in CD4 counts, hemoglobin levels and weight were analyzed with paired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test for intra group variation and unpaired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test for inter-group variation. Results: CD4 counts were analyzed in 339 patients and in both the groups the counts improved significantly (ZLN: n=252, ZLE: n=87 and p \< 0.001 in both groups) after six months of treatment but the improvement was much better in patients who received ZLN regimen (p = 0.005). 281 patients were analyzed with respect to hemoglobin and improve-ment was seen in ZLE group (n=77, p = 0.001) but not in ZLN group (n=204, p = 0.36) with treatment and intergroup analysis was in favor of ZLE (p = 0.03). Weight was analyzed in 356 patients and it improved significantly in both ZLN group (n=264, p = 0.001) and ZLE group (n=92, p = 0.001) but the intergroup comparison did not reveal any signifi-cance (p = 0.21). Conclusion: A regimen consisting of zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz is better in treating a HIV patient with decreased hemoglobin. So this regimen can be preferred in anemic patients with HIV.\ 

}, keywords = {Efavirenz, HAART, Lamivudine, Nevirapine, Zidovudine}, author = {Narendranath Sanji and Dinakar KR and Vaneet Aggarwal and Navin A Patil and Somashekar HS and Keerthisagar J and Reshma SR} } @article {160, title = {Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Activities of Tamarindus indica Fruit Pulp in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {33-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {33}, abstract = {

Background: Tamarindus indica belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae. Fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica is believed to have antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and many other medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to investigate antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 6). Normal and diabetic control groups received normal saline and alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) respectively. Animals were made diabetic by injection of single dose of alloxan in three test groups and after that they were treated with ethanolic extract of fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica 300 and 500 mg/kg/body weight orally and metformin 150 mg/kg body weight orally respectively for 14 days. Antidiabetic activity was estimated by measuring serum glucose and lipid profile; and hepatoprotective activity was measured by estimating serum liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in liver tissues. Results were analyzed by One way ANOVA followed by Scheffe multiple comparison tests (p\<0.01). Results: The two dose levels of Tamarindus indica significantly altered alloxan induced changes in serum glucose, lipid profile and serum enzyme levels. But in liver histopathology, higher dose (500 mg/kg) of plant showed complete regeneration whereas lower dose (300 mg/kg) showed only partial improvement in liver histopathology profile. Conclusion: Present study revealed that Tamarindus indica possesses antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotection, Tamarindus indica}, author = {Narendar Koyagura and V. Hemanth kumar and M.G Jamadar and Shobha V Huilgol and Nagendra Nayak and Saeed M Yendigeri and Mohd Shamsuddin} } @article {163, title = {Introduction of Integrated Lecture Module: Performance and Perception of II Year Medical Students}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {47-54}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Background: Integration of subjects, facilitates acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes to {\textquoteleft}theoretical{\textquoteright} subjects in a clinical context in comparison to traditional teaching. The utility of integrated lecture modules (ILM) was accordingly planned and the objective of the study was to evaluate the performance and to document the perception of year II MBBS students exposed to both the integrated and didactic lecture modules. Materials and Methods: The project was executed on 140 consented year II MBBS students who were randomly divided into 2 groups; group I (n=70) was exposed to didactic lecture (DLG), group II (n=70) to integrated lecture (ILG). The didactic lectures were taken by Pharmacology faculty, while integrated lectures by Pharmacology, Preventive and Social Medicine and Pediatrics faculty. Before the session, students appeared for a pretest consisting of 20 MCQs. Following the post test, the evaluation of the perception of students regarding this study was done by administering an 18 item feedback questionnaire. The agree and disagree comments from the respondents was expressed in percent-age and the pre and post test scores were analysed using the t test. Results: The mean pretest MCQ score in the DLG was 6.95 {\textpm} 1.38, which increased to 13.84 {\textpm} 3.79 in posttest. Similarly, the mean pre and post test scores of ILG were 6.17 {\textpm} 1.54 and 17.64 {\textpm} 2.68 respectively. In the feedback questionnaire 96\% students opined that ILM improved their understanding (versus 77\% for DLG) and 83\% students stated that the knowledge gained in ILM will help them in clinical practice (versus 73 \% in DLG). Conclusion: Implementation of vertical integration among pre, para and clinical subjects is beneficial as observed by the improved performance of students when exposed to ILM and as indicated by their response in the feedback.

}, keywords = {Didactic lecture, Student feedback, Vertical integration}, author = {Raakhi Tripathi and Pankaj Sarkate and Sharmila Jalgaonkar} } @article {152, title = {Trends in Prescribing Antimicrobials in an ENT Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {15-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background: The drug utilization study identifies the problems that arise from drug usage in healthcare delivery system and highlights the current approaches to the rational use of drugs. Objective: To study the trends in prescribing antimicrobials in an ENT outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Materials and method: An observational study was conducted in the OPD of ENT at Bapuji Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India from May to July 2011. Prescriptions of all patients were collected; relevant information entered in a preformed proforma and analyzed using the drug utilization 90\% [(DU-90\%)] method. The results were presented in percentages and analyzed using DU-90\% method. Result: A total of 300 prescriptions were analyzed. The common cases for which antimicrobials prescribed were infections like pharyngitis, acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), tonsillitis, laryngitis. It was noted that 142 patients (47.33\%) received amoxicillin alone, 52 patients (17.33\%) received combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, 43 patients (14.33\%) received cefixime, 40 patients (13.33\%) received cefuroxime and 23 patients (7.66\%) received azithromycin, levofloxacin and other antimicrobials. Conclusion: The present study showed that among the various antimicrobials used, only four antimicrobials figured in DU-90\% segment which were amoxicillin, combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and cephalosporins like cefixime and cefuroxime. Though azithromycin and levofloxacin are also frequently used drugs in upper respiratory tract infections, in this study they did not figure in the DU-90\% segment.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobials, DU-90\%, ENT, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection}, author = {K.Ramachandra and Narendranath Sanji and H.S. Somashekar3 and Abhishek Acharya and Keerthi Sagar J and Susheela Somappa Halemani} }