@article {373, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Fire Safety Perspectives}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {167-174}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the occupational safety and health emphasis on fire safety policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of pharmacy practice fire safety policy and procedures. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy occupational safety and health policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. The policy included fire prevention, Emergency Plans, Fire Protection, Safety conditions, and requirements for the pharmacy buildings and medication stores. Results: The fire safety of pharmacy practice policy and procedures in pharmacy practice had various benefits, such as fire safety risk assessment, Usage of fire extinguishers type per each fire at each section of pharmacy services, illustrate the fire safety equipment requirement for pharmaceutical warehouse and pharmacy buildings, and instruction prevention of fire and during fire incident. Conclusion: Fire safety as part of occupational safety and health policy and procedures in pharmacy practice is a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. They will improve the pharmacy safety measurement and better occupational safety and health. In addition, it encourages pharmacy staff to adhere to local and international occupational safety and health regulations and standards. Therefore, The pharmacy occupational safety and health emphasis on fire safety highly recommended policies, procedures, and related risk assessment analysis in the pharmacy businesses in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Fire, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Naif Saleh Alamri and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Rola AL Kenani and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Farida Hamad Alsaiari} } @article {375, title = {KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {179-186}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health as a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The self-assessment is based on guidelines based on occupational safety and health societies{\textquoteright} regulations. In addition to Institution Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) criteria and KSA-Self assessment of pain management drug safety. The policy draft by one member by the second member was reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety specialists. The topic emphasizes self-assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health. Results: The KSA Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health consisted of nine items. That has included Characteristics of Pharmacy Services, Pharmacy and warehouse building, Fire Safety, Crises and Disaster Management. Besides the Medication Information, Pharmacy Safety Practice, Patient/Family Education, Pharmacy staff competency and training, and Total Quality and Risk Management. Each element had various closedended questions scored using the 5-point Likert response scale system. Conclusion: The KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy is a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. The KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy improves the Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health system foundations. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to adhere to Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health regulations in different places in the public and healthcare organizations. Therefore, the KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Occupational health, Pharmacy, Safety, Saudi Arabia, Self-assessment}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.24}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Naif Saleh Alamri and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Rola AL Kenani and Huda Juhaim Alruwaili} } @article {367, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Crisis and Disaster Management}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {129-137}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: To the Crisis and Disaster Management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of pharmacy practice{\textquoteright}s Crisis and Disaster Management policy and procedures. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety and health specialist. The topic emphasizes the Crisis and Disaster Management of the Pharmacy policy. Results: Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice indicates its preparation for an emergency position at a particular time, indicating its assets, competent pharmacy human resources, and related material. The Crisis and Disaster Management consisted of the General concept of crisis and disaster management and the Content of Pharmacy crisis and disaster management (Planning, Implementation, Execution, Training and Education, Exercise and test, Maintenance, and improvement). Conclusion: The Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice policy and procedures is a new initiative project for pharmacy career professionals. Crisis and disaster management in pharmacy practice improve public demand during healthcare emergencies and risk management decisions. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to participate in public voluntary and charitable activities at various places in healthcare institutions. Therefore, the Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice policy and procedures policy is highly recommended for implementation in the pharmacy business in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Crisis, Disaster, Management, Pharmacy, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Naif Saleh Alamri and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Rola AL Kenani and Ammar Ali AlAbdullatif and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Ibrahim Ali Al Mughira} } @article {336, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {82-91}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the knowledge of pharmacists about CPR medications services in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) drugs, assessment of primary and advanced knowledge, and the resources used for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were carried out with the study. The data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16 were implemented. Results: A total number of 439 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than onethird responded from the Central region (122 (31.69\%)), one Quarter responded from the Eastern region (91 (23.64\%)), and one-fifth responded from the southern part (79 (20.52\%)). Males responded more than females (203 (53.14\%)) versus 179 (46.86\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between all levels (p=0.219). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (152 (39.48\%)) and 46-55 years (134 (34.81\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of pharmacists had training courses in Basic Life Support (BLS) (293 ((77.11\%)), Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) (289 ((76.05\%)), Pediatric Cardiac Life Support (PCLS) (287((75.53\%)), and Neonatal Cardiac Life Support (NCLS) (203 ((53.42\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications was (1.67). The element {\textquotedblleft}know how to prepare and dispense ACLS medications list{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.04). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}there is an official standardized NCLS medications list{\textquotedblright} (1.94), and The element {\textquotedblleft}there is an official standardized PCLS medications list{\textquotedblright} (1.93). The average score of advanced knowledge of pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications was (1.86). The element {\textquotedblleft}know the compatibility of ACLS medications{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.31). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}know the drug - interactions with NCLS medications{\textquotedblright} (2.27), and The element {\textquotedblleft}know the drug - interactions with PCLS medications{\textquotedblright} (2.17). The resources used most about the CPR medications were Medical association literature/guidelines/recommendations 307 (76.56\%), Peer discussions 298 (74.31\%), and Scientific literature 293 (73.07\%). Conclusion: The pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of CPR medication was inappropriate. Therefore, undergraduate education and training of CPR medication is high recommended. Besides, involvement training for postgraduate studies is required to improve pharmacy staff knowledge of CPR services and patient outcomes in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Knowledge, Medications, Pharmacists}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rola AL Kenani and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Wafa Hussain Alshehre and Khawlah Ibrahim Alshahrani} } @article {339, title = {Perception of Pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Pharmacy Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {112-121}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of CPR pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed the perception of Pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) pharmacy service in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, The Perception of pharmacists about a CPR pharmacy service, and barriers, which factors may affecting implementing a CPR pharmacy service. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were carried out with the study. The data analysis of the perception of Pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) pharmacy service is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16 were implemented. Results: A total number of 439 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than onethird responded from the Central region (122 (31.69\%)), one Quarter responded from the Eastern part (91 (23.64\%)), and one-fifth responded from the southern region (79 (20.52\%)). Males responded more than females (203 (53.14\%)) versus 179 (46.86\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between all levels (p=0.219). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (152 (39.48\%)) and 46-55 years (134 (34.81\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of pharmacists had training courses in Basic Life Support (BLS) (293 ((77.11\%)), Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) (289 ((76.05\%)), Pediatric Cardiac Life Support (PCLS) (287((75.53\%)), and Neonatal Cardiac Life Support (NCLS) (203 ((53.42\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about the CPR pharmacy service was (4.32). The element {\textquotedblleft}Pharmacist participation in CPR code led to positive changes{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.50). The pharmacists believe that The hospital promotes itself as an organization that pharmacist responds to CPR codes and other emergency-related issues (4.50). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Factors affected to prevent you to shares in the CPR codes{\textquotedblright} was (3.95). The highest score for the component {\textquotedblleft}Competency/ Clinical knowledge{\textquotedblright} was (3.38). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Shortage of pharmacy staff{\textquotedblright} was (4.41), and level of clinical knowledge makes it difficult to decide whether or not the Pharmacist participates in the CPR team {\textquotedblleft}was (4.39). Followed the element {\textquotedblleft}Uncertain association between the CPR medications and occurrences of Medication Errors (MEs) during CPR code{\textquotedblright} was (4.34), and the element {\textquotedblleft}Fear of legal liability{\textquotedblright} was (4.34). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of CPR code services is appropriate. Eliminating obstacles to CPR services implementation during undergraduate and postgraduate studies is required. The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s role needs to clarify, and periodic education and training are highly critical in pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Perception, Pharmacists, Pharmacy Services.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Wafa Hussain Alshehre and Rola AL Kenani and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Khawlah Ibrahim Alshahrani} } @article {342, title = {Practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {132-140}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {132}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacist practice of CPR services in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, The availabilities of CPR teams, and pharmacist participation in the teams. The hospital{\textquoteright}s specialties had pharmacy personnel participate with the CPR code. Besides activities the pharmacist provides during CPR code, medications are mainly used for CPR code and pharmacy CPR services implementations. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were carried out with the study. The data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16 were implemented. Results: A total number of 439 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (122 (31.69\%)), one Quarter responded from the Eastern part (91 (23.64\%)), and one-fifth responded from the southern region (79 (20.52\%)). Males responded more than females (203 (53.14\%)) versus 179 (46.86\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between all levels (p=0.219). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (152 (39.48\%)) and 46-55 years (134 (34.81\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of pharmacists had training courses in Basic Life Support (BLS) (293 ((77.11\%)), Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) (289 ((76.05\%)), Pediatric Cardiac Life Support (PCLS) (287((75.53\%)), and Neonatal Cardiac Life Support (NCLS) (203 ((53.42\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most pharmacists participated with CPR code with Adults CPR team 317 (81.07\%), Neonates CPR team 236 (59.75\%), and Pediatric CPR team 230 (58.08\%). Most hospital specialties had pharmacy personnel and participated with CPR code: Emergency 339 (86.26\%) and Medical (76.59\%). The activities provided during the CPR code by pharmacists mostly were the Administration of medications 314 (71.69\%), Preparation and dispensing of medications 278 (63.47\%), and Providing drug information 267 (60.96\%). During ACLS, the most used medicines were Amiodarone 326 (77.99\%), Dobutamine 323 (74.94\%), and Procainamide 304 (74.33\%). The average score of implemented items for CPR services was (4.09). The {\textquotedblleft}Mission of CPR{\textquotedblright} element obtained the highest score (4.23). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The vision of CPR including the (ACLS-PCLS-NCLS){\textquotedblright} was (4.18). In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}Policy and procedure of CPR{\textquotedblright} (3.94). The score for the component {\textquotedblleft}The strategic plan of CPR{\textquotedblright} was (4.02), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.009). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s full practice in CPR services is insufficient at most healthcare organizations. Pharmacist participation in the CPR code with whole provides distributive and clinical services that are highly demanded to prevent drug misadventures and improve patient clinical outcomes in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Pharmacists, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Wafa Hussain Alshehre and Rola AL Kenani and Khawlah Ibrahim Alshahrani} } @article {284, title = {Knowledge of Medication Safety among Dentists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study aimed to affirm the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is an analysis of a cross-sectional survey that conferred dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge of medication safety in Saudi Arabia. Selfreported an electronic survey of dentists, comprising dentists from internship to the consultant, dental specialisms in Saudi Arabia. The survey contained respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about dentists and knowledge information of designated medication safety elements, and the resources of knowledge of medication safety elements in dental care. The 5-point Likert response scale system was employed with closed-ended questions. The data analysis of the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety is completed through the survey monkey system. The statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft excel sheet (version 16) were used in the study. Results: The total number of responding dentists was 242, with the mainstream of them coming from the central region 95 (39.26\%) with statistically substantial among the areas (p\<0.05). Of those, 144 (59.75\%) were male, while 97 (40.25\%) were female, with statistically significant between them (p\<0.05). The total average scores of dentist knowledge of medication safety in dental care were 2.78 with high scores element, knowledge of the high alert medication in dental care was 3.48, consider the Medication Errors (MEs) as a sentinel event (3.25), and familiar with medications reconciliation in dental care (3.23). The most resources employed for medication safety for dental care were health practitioners [129 (54.20\%)] and scientific literature [118 (49.58\%)]. The reliability test was evaluated in McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω (0.955) and Cronbach alpha (0.955). Conclusion: The dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety was insufficient in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Targeting training and education of dental medication safety during undergraduate and postgraduates school of dentistry is highly suggested to improve patient{\textquoteright}s safety in dental care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Dentists, Experiences, Knowledge, Medication safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fouzia Abdul Karim Bukhary and Tawfik A. M. Khoja and Rahmah Abdulilah Alsinan} } @article {265, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Clinical Pharmacy Services: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {48-50}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the clinical pharmacy services during the mass gathering hajj period as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering clinical pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on the healthcare system, as described in the review. The continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage illustrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy services during the mass gathering hajj period is a new initiative project in the mass gathering medicine. Multiple clinical pharmacy services can be started during a mass gathering with an emphasison decrease morbidity and mortality; it is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical pharmacy, Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Sultan Mesfer Aljumayi and Hani Mohammed Ali Jumah and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {269, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Community Pharmacies Services: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {87-89}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {87}, abstract = {

Objective: To illustrate the pharmacy indicators during the mass gathering hajj as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering community pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various advantages, including clinical and economic on patients and healthcare services as demonstrated in the review. The continuation of the project assured by risk management elements description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage declared in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering medication safety is a new initiative project is part of the mass gathering medicine. There are various part of medication safety services can be started during mass gathering; it is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Community pharmacy, Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Sultan Mesfer Aljumayi and Hani Mohammed Ali Jumah and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {268, title = {Mass Gathering Hajj Emergency Pharmacy: New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {84-86}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {84}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the mass gathering hajj emergency pharmacy as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering emergency pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits, including clinical and economical on pilgrims, as described in the review. The continuity of the project assured by the risk management model description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the services as demonstrated. The transition to operation project though closing project stage exemplified in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering emergency pharmacy is a new initiative project in the mass gathering medicine. There are various emergency pharmacy services can be started during the mass gathering with clinical emergency pharmacy; it is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Emergency pharmacy, Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Osama Hamad Alahmadi and Majed Mohammd Alluhibi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {264, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Medication Safety Services: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {45-47}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the mass gathering hajj medication safety as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The medication safety services during the mass gathering with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on patients and healthcare services, as described in the review. The extension of the project assured by risk management elements description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated. The conversion of operation project, though closing project stage illustrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering medication safety is a new initiative project that is part of the mass gathering medicine. There is various part of medication safety services can be started during the mass gathering; it is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Medication safety, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Osama Hamad Alahmadi and Majed Mohammd Alluhibi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {270, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Pharmacy Indicators: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {114-116}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {114}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the mass gathering hajj pharmacy indicators as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is inscribed through project management professionals and contained several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pharmacy indicators during the mass gathering with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had several benefits with monitoring the clinical and economic of mass gathering pharmaceutical care, as demonstrated in the review. The continuation of the project guaranteed by the risk management model description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the services as demonstrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage declared in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering pharmacy indicators is new initiative project is part of the mass gathering medicine. There are several sections of pharmacy indicators can be initiated during mass gathering; it is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hajj, Indicators, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia., Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Abdulrahman Safar Alqthami and Fareed Ali Alharpi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {263, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Pharmacy Infection Control: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {5-9}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the pharmacy infection control services during the mass gathering Hajj period as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering pharmacy infection control services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various aids, including clinical and economical on pilgrims, as illustrated in the assessment. The continuation was of the project assured by the risk management model description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project, though closing the project stage, explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering pharmacy infection control services are a new initiative, part of the mass gathering medicine. There are various pharmacy transition care services can be started during the mass gathering with an emphasis on pharmacy personnel, infection control; it is highly suggested to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Control, Hajj, Infection, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Lamees Essa Abdullah Hakami and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Taha Mohamd Rafuden Bakhsh and Nojoud Adnan Khayat and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {262, title = {National Mass Gathering Pharmaceutical Care Program at Healthcare Institution in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the pharmaceutical care services during mass gathering (MG) Hajj at the healthcare organizations in Saudi Arabia (SA). Methods: It is a descriptive analysis of a newly established program at the MOH in SA called MG pharmaceutical care program during Hajj and Umra Seasons, which was analyzed within the Pharmacy Strategic Plan 2012-2020 and update the plan with new Saudi vision 2030. Results: MG pharmaceutical care program is a new program established by the healthcare organizations in the last four years, which amongst to provide pharmaceutical care services in various fields. Conclusion: The mass gathering of pharmaceutical care services is a new initiative, part of the mass gathering medicine. The program should expand after the foundation stage with performance indication monitoring and follow up. Further assessment of the new project is required to validate the clinical and economic outcomes to research the high level of quality and professionalism in the future.

}, keywords = {Healthcare, Institution, Mass Gathering, National, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Hameed AL-Muwallad and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Taha Mohamd Rafuden Bakhsh and Nojoud Adnan Khayat and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {271, title = {Pharmacy Transition Care Services during Mass Gathering Hajj in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {117-119}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the pharmacy transition care services during the mass gathering hajj period as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering pharmacy transition care services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on pilgrims, as demonstrated in the review. The extension of the project assured by risk management elements description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated. The conversion of operation project, though closing project stage, demonstrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The pharmacy transition care services during the mass gathering is a new initiative, part of the mass gathering medicine. Various pharmacy transition care services can be started during mass gathering; it is highly recommended to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services, Transition Care}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Naif Olaythah Alharbi and Fareed Ali Alharpi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {71, title = {A Questionnaire Based Study Regarding the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Self-Medication Among Second Year Undergraduate Medical Students}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Self-medication is becoming very common in our routine life which is an unhealthy and risky practice.Present study was done to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among second year undergraduate medical students of a private medical college in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Material and methods: A pre-validated questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the students.Data was collected and analysed using Microsoft Excel and the results expressed as counts and percentages. Results: Total 139 students participated in the study voluntarily and most common reason for taking Self-medication was that there was no need to visit the doctor for minor illness. In maximum students, source of information of the drugs used for Self-medication was previous prescription and source of the drugs was medical store. Only 39\% MBBS students accepted the fact, that they always visited a qualified practitioner whenever they fell ill. Most of the students took Self-medication for headache followed by cough, cold and fever. Out of total 139 students, most of the students took NSAIDS as Self-medication followed by lozenges. Conclusion: This study showed that students of second year MBBS after studying pharmacology became more aware about the drugs and hence do not hesitate in taking Self-medication which is a wrong practice.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Knowledge, Practice, Questionnaire, Second Year MBBS, Self-medication}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.6.1.1}, author = {Rajanish Kumar Sankdia and Mehul Agrawal and Parabathina Bindu Rekha and Nitin Kothari} } @article {93, title = {Evaluation of Changes in Bleeding Time in Hypertensive Patients on Amlodipine - A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {45-48}, type = {Research Articles}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Background: Platelet hyperactivity is a risk factor in hypertensive patients that paves the way to atherothrombosis causing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Counteracting platelet aggregation is an established step in preventing thrombotic events. Calcium channel blockers are one among the recommended antihypertensive agents according to 2013 ESH/ESC (European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology) guidelines. In addition to lowering blood pressure they are known to have antiplatelet activity. Dihydropyridine class of L-type calcium channel blockers are the most potent group and shares this activity. Anti-platelet aggregatory effect of these agents could supplement its anti-hypertensive property and could prove to be desirable in the treatment of hypertensives with high risk of atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk. So the present study aims to explore the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine. Objectives: To evaluate the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine in hypertensive patients. Methods and Materials: Sixty subjects were enrolled in the study. Test group comprised of thirty patients with essential hypertension, who were prescribed Tab Amlodipine at doses 5 mg or 10 mg once daily orally. Patients included in study group were regularly on Amlodipine for at least one month. 30 normotensive subjects, who are not on any drug affecting platelet function like Aspirin, dipyridamole, statins etc. acted as control group.Duke method of Bleeding time estimation was used to assess changes in Bleeding time. Statistical analysis: Student{\textquoteright}s unpaired t-test was used to compare Amlodipine test group with the normotensive control group. Results were expressed as Mean bleeding time {\textpm} SEM. SPSS software version 20 was used for statistical calculations. Results: The mean bleeding time of Amlodipine group was 2.214 minutes {\textpm} 0.028 SEM. The control group had a mean bleeding time of 1.998 minutes {\textpm} 0.036 SEM. The result gave a statistically significant p value of \<0.001. Average duration of treatment was 3.683 years. Conclusion: The statistically significant bleeding time observed in Amlodipine group suggest that it has anti-platelet activity.

}, keywords = {Amlodipine, Antiplatelet activity, Bleeding time, Hypertension}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.2}, author = {Pallavi Mahadeva Kamath and Suresh Surappla Rudrappa and Arun Suresh and Narendranath Sanji and Shashikala Gowdara Hanumanthareddy and Imran Maniyar} } @article {88, title = {Phytochemical Standardization of Serankottai nei (a Siddha Drug from Milk Extract of Semecarpus Anacardium nuts) and its in-vitro Antitubercular Activity against H37Rv Strain}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {17-24}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Background: Serankottai nei is a popular Siddha drug, used in the treatment of lung infections including tuberculosis, autoimmune joint diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative osteoarthritis), cancers and neurological pain. Objective: To standardize serankottai nei and to screen its in-vitro antitubercular activity of in H37Rv strain. Materials and Methods: Serankottai nei, a medicated ghee preparation was procured from the SKM Siddha and Ayurveda Co India Ltd, Erode, Tamil Nadu. Unsaponifiable matter (USM) from the ghee preparation was separated and preliminary phytochemical screening was done. Further, USM was dissolved in 10 ml of chloroform and 3 and 6 μl of the above sample was applied for HPTLC fingerprint, which was developed in toluene: ethyl acetate (9.0:1.0). The developed plates were scanned under UV 254 nm, 366 nm, 540 nm and 620 nm post derivatization. Rf, colour of the spots and densitometric scan were recorded. Different doses of USM were screened for in-vitro antitubercular activity against H37Rv strain using Alamar Blue Dye method. Results: Phytochemical screening of 8\% w/w USM obtained from serankottai nei showed presence of alkaloid, phenol, steroid and terpenoid. In HPTLC, there were 15, 5 and 7 peaks at 254 nm, 366 nm and 620 nm respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against H37Rv strain of pyrazinamide, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin were 3.125, 6.25 and 3.125 μg/ml respectively. Whereas, the MIC of serankottai nei was 1.6 μg/ml, which was almost 25 to 50\% of standard drugs. Conclusion: Serankottai nei has shown promising antitubercular activity in in-vitro study. Thus, Semecarpus anacardium could be a suitable candidate for a new herbal based antitubercular drug.

}, keywords = {Antitubercular, Semecarpus anacardium, Serankottai nei, Siddha Medicine, Tuberculosis}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.4}, author = {G Senthilvel and Arul Amuthan and KN Sunil Kumar} } @article {104, title = {Prescription Trend of Topical Corticosteroids in Outpatient of Dermatology in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Tumakuru, Karnataka}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {77-82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {77}, abstract = {

Background: Skin diseases amounts for a large fraction of patients attending the outpatient of dermatology and topical corticosteroids (TCS) are being commonly prescribed, the data related to drug usage patterns of TCS in skin conditions are particularly lacking. Hence it is vital to study the drug prescribing patterns of TCS in skin diseases. Objective: To study the demographic details and drug prescription pattern of TCS in patients with skin diseases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in the Dermatology Department, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, over a period of 2 months. The patients with skin diseases who were prescribed TCS were included. The data was collected by direct observation in a specially designed proforma containing relevant detail such as demography, skin conditions and drug used. The data were analyzed as counts and percentages. Result: Majority of the patients were under the age of less than 20 years (38\%) followed by those between the age of 21 years to 40 years (36\%). .Female patients (61\%) were more and majority were from rural areas (69\%). Clobetasol propionate (46\%), mometasone furoate (15\%) and betamethasone dipropionate (12\%) were the commonly prescribed TCS. Fixed dose combinations (FDC) of TCS were commonly with fusidic acid, gentamicin and salicylic acid. Average drug per prescription was 2.09. None of the prescriptions used generic names. Conclusion: Prescription pattern provides critical feedback to prescribing physician by focusing on rationalizing drug therapy. FDC of TCS with gentamicin, salicylic acid and fusidic acids are rational and approved by CDSCO.

}, keywords = {Dermatology, Prescribing pattern, Rational, Skin disease, Topical corticosteroids}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.3.3}, author = {Purushotham K and Eesha BR} } @article {124, title = {Anti-Fibrotic Effect of Irbesartan via Attenuation of Endoplasmic Reticulum stress in Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {76-82}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Background: Angiotensin receptor blockers are the new class of compounds used for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate cardioprotective effect of irbesartan in isoproterenol induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, which results in myocardial fibrosis. Materials and Methods: Thirty wistar rats were assigned to study, 6 rats in a group. Myocardial fibrosis was induced by isoproterenol (5 mg/kg, s.c. for 15 days) which can cause cardiac toxicity. Irbesartan (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered for 15 days after administration of isoproterenol. Post-treatment with irbesartan, cardiac functional measurements and the left and right ventricular weight indices were analyzed. Pathological alteration of levels of soluble collagen was determined. Results: The administration of irbesartan resulted in a significant (p\<0.01) improvement in cardiac function and reduced levels of soluble collagen. Irbesartan also showed decrease in the level of malondialdehyde and an increase in defensive antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH) thus, exerts antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Irbesartan possesses anti-fibrotic activity and offers protection against myocardial fibrosis, due to regulation of angiotensin II activity through blockade of AT1 receptors which might attenuate the endoplasmic reticulum stress and thus inhibit myocardial fibrosis via inhibition of oxidative stress. The regulation of antioxidant defensive enzymes may be involved in anti-fibrotic effect of irbesartan

}, keywords = {Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Irbesartan, Isoproterenol, Myocardial Fibrosis, Oxidative Stress, Soluble Collagen}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.2}, author = {Vandana Shamrao Nade and Pranita Pradip Dharmadhikari and Laxman Ashok Kawale} } @article {110, title = {Effect of Kungiliya Vennai and Kalchunna Thailam on Excision Wound Healing in Albino Wistar Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Background: Kungiliya vennai and Kalchunna thailam are the two indigenous herbal formulation being used for healing of wounds in siddha medicine. Objectives: The objective of our study was to evaluate the wound healing property of topical application of kungiliya vennai (KV) and kalchunna thailam (KT) on excision wound in Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: Four groups of eight Sprague dawley female rats in each group were used for the study. Under anesthesia, excision wound of 300mm2 size was created using scissors. Group 1 served as control with no drugs applied. Group 2, 3 and 4 were applied with mupirocin, KV and KT respectively daily until wound was completely healed. Parameters observed were \% wound contraction rate and epithelialization period. Biopsy of wound for histology was taken on day 12 as well as the healed wound was taken after the wound was healed. Results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey{\textquoteright}s test by keeping p\<0.05 as statistically significant. Results: Kalchunna thailam has increased wound contraction rate only during initial days, but not statistically significant. Kungiliya vennai treatment has increased vascularity with presence of tissue eosinophils when compared to control rats. There was a regeneration of adnexal skin structures in the Kungiliya vennai treated rats, which is not seen in other groups. The epithelialization period was significantly (p\<0.001) hastened in Group 3 (15.83 days) and 4 (15.17 days) compared to control group (21.33 days). Conclusion: The topical application of kungiliya vennai and kalchunna thailam promoted wound healing in rats. Kungiliya vennai has the additional property of regenerating adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands.

}, keywords = {Calcium, Kungiliya Vennai, Shorea Robusta, Siddha Medicine, Wound}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.4}, author = {Vishal Bhat and Arul Amuthan and Barizah Binti Mohamed Rosli and Nur Amirah Binti Khairuddin and Fatin Shahira Binti Md. Isa} } @article {103, title = {A Retrospective Study of Drugs Prescribed During Conservative Management of Isolated closed Fracture of Upper Limb in a Tertiary care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {48-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Background: Fractures are common presentation in the emergency department. Patient related factors and site of fracture play an important role in planning the management of fracture pain. This study was done to assess drugs prescribed during conservative management of closed isolated upper limb fractures. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. The case records of patients who visited the tertiary care hospital with closed isolated fracture of upper limb following trauma and were managed conservatively was analysed. The results were expressed as percentage. Results: Out of the 100 patients, 79 were adults and 21 children. Pain score was recorded in 83\% of the patients. All patients received analgesics. The commonly prescribed oral analgesic in children and adults were ibuprofen (85.71\%) and aceclofenac (60.75\%), respectively. The commonly used opioid was tramadol, orally as well as parenterally, in both adults and children. Analgesic combinations accounted for 62.8\% of the total analgesics prescribed. Propofol-fentanyl was commonly used during fracture reduction. Conclusion: Initial assessment of pain contributes to adequate management of acute pain. Use of analgesics and early reduction significantly reduce pain and improve outcome.

}, keywords = {Analgesics, Fractures, Opioids, Pain, Sedation}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.3}, author = {Shenoy Smita and Patil Navin and Ganeriwala Aditya and Chetty Shashikanth and Avinash Arivazhahan and Sushil Kiran Kunder and Shah Hitesh and Jha Anusha} } @article {91, title = {A Study to Compare the Stability of Proseal Laryngeal Mask Airway and Standard Laryngeal Mask Airway in Different Head and Neck Positions}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {March 2015}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Classic (CLMA) and Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Proseal (PLMA) are commonly used supraglottic devices for different kind of surgeries. We compared oropharyngeal leak pressure, intracuff pressure and anatomical position for LMA-Proseal and LMA-classic in four different head and neck positions: neutral, flexion, extension and left lateral rotation. Materials and Methods: LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic were inserted randomly in 100 adult patients. Oropharyngeal leak pressure, intracuff pressure and anatomical position of the airway were recorded in four head and neck positions (neutral first, then flexion, extension and left lateral rotation). Results: Compared with neutral position, oropharyngeal leak pressure for both LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic was higher in flexion and left lateral rotation but lower in extension (all p values \<0.005). Changes in head-neck position did not alter the anatomical position of the airway. Oropharyngeal leak pressure was always higher for LMA-Proseal than for LMA-Classic (p value \< 0.001). Conclusion: The anatomical position of LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic is stable in different head-neck positions, but head-neck flexion and left rotation are associated with an increase and head-neck extension is associated with a decrease in oropharyngeal leak pressure and intracuff pressure as compared to neutral position. LMA-Proseal forms a better seal than LMA-Classic in all the different head and neck positions.

}, keywords = {Classic Laryngeal Mask Airway, Laryngeal Mask Airway, Oropharyngeal Leak Pressure, Proseal, Supraglottic Devices}, author = {Taxak S and Rani S and Ahlawat G and Singh K and Raghove P} } @article {125, title = {Chelation of Lanthanum (La3+) by Various Thiols - an in vitro Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {34-38}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

In the present study the interaction of various thiols (L-glutathione, L-cysteine, N-acetyl cysteine and D-penicillamine) with LaCl3 was studied in vitro by modified Ellman{\textquoteright}s method. Experiments carried out at various concentrations inferred gradual decrease in thiol concentration with the increase in La3+ concentration in aqueous solutions. Maximum interac-tion between thiols and La3+ was observed at pH 7.5 and 35{\textdegree}C as indicated by the lowest values of residual thiol con-centration. The order of reactivity was DPA\>GSH\>NAC\>Cys, where reactivity increased with increasing pKa of their thiol group. The possible products of reaction are proposed to be La(RS)3 complex or oxidized form with disulfide bond (RSSR).

}, keywords = {Chelation, Ellman{\textquoteright}s modified method, Lanthanum, Thiols}, author = {Muhammad Yaqoob and Muhammad Farid Khan and Muhammad Tausif Chaudhry and Izhar Ahmad Shaikh} } @article {129, title = {Comparative Study of Psychomotor Performance Amongst Fixed Dose Combinations of First and Second Generation H1 Antihistaminics in Adult Healthy Volunteers}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {46-52}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

Background: Fixed dose combination (FDC) of first and second generation H1 antihistaminics with paracetamol and phenylephrine are widely used and are the most frequent form of self-medication. Though previous studies have shown that H1 antihistaminics cause psychomotor and cognitive impairment, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have utilized the FDC of antihistaminics to evaluate their effect on psychomotor performance. This study was planned to observe the effects of such combinations on CNS. The mainstay of the study was to compare the psychomotor perfor-mance upon administration of fixed dose combination of 1st and 2nd generation H1 antihistaminics along with paracetamol and phenylephrine in adult healthy volunteers. Materials and Methods: This was double blind cross over study conducted in 12 adult healthy volunteers. Following single dose of FDC of the 1st (chlorpheniramine maleate) and 2nd (cetrizine) generation anti-histaminics with paracetamol and phenylephrine, volunteers were subjected to perform a battery of validated tests to evaluate their cognitive and psychomotor performance (simple reaction time, arithmetic ability test, digit substitution test, digit cancellation test, immediate and delayed recall rests and a Stanford drowsiness scale) 2 hrs post dose. Data was analysed using anal-ysis of variance test with Tukey{\textquoteright}s Multiple Comparison Test. A p value of \< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\ Results: FDC containing cetrizine did not show significant difference from the other FDC containing chlorpheniramine maleate in any of the tests which had been performed, except for a mildly sedative action of cetirizine containing FDC.\ Conclusion: FDC of antihistaminics do not cause impairment of cognition and psychomotor performance. Also, 2nd generation antihistaminics are not free from adverse effect like sedation. The possible reasons behind the obtained results are addition of paracetamol and low doses of antihistaminics in FDCs, laxity of tests and single dose administration.

}, keywords = {Anti-histaminics, Cetrizine, Chlorpheniramine, Fixed dose combinations, Psychometric test}, author = {Yogita S Karandikar and Sharma Apoorva} } @article {134, title = {Comparison of Safety, Efficacy and Cost Effectiveness of Intravaginal Misoprostol and Intracervical Dinoprostone for Induction of Labour}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {68-72}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {68}, abstract = {

Background: Misoprostol is more efficacious than dinoprostone for induction of labour. But the adverse effects pro-duced by misoprostol were different. The aims of this study was to compare the safety, efficacy, cost effectiveness of intravaginal misoprostol and intracervical dinoprostone for induction of labour and their effects on intrapartum complications, mode of delivery and neonatal outcome. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized, parallel, two tailed, prospective, open label comparative trial. Sixty pregnant women were included in the study and it was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics, Government General Hospital, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool during the period Dec. 2009 - June 2010. Out of 60 patients, 30 received miso-prostol 25 mcg intravaginally and 30 received dinoprostone 0.5 mg intracervically. Analysis and comparison of various parameters like induction- delivery interval, mode of delivery, neonatal outcome, foeto-maternal complications and cost of the drug were done. Mean and standard deviation of all observations were calculated and tabulated with the help of {\textquoteleft}Microsoft Excel{\textquoteright}. Comparison was done by applying student{\textquoteright}s t -test. Statistical significance was assigned at P\<0.05. Results: Misoprostol is more efficacious for cervical ripening and labor induction than dinoprostone. Misoprostol group had more number of vaginal deliveries, lesser requirement of oxytocin for labor augmentation, more number of vaginal deliveries within 12 hrs, less induction failures and was cost effective. However, it was reported to have slightly higher incidence of uterine contractility abnormalities and foetal complications. Conclusion: Misoprostol is more efficacious than dinoprostone. However uterine contraction abnormalities, fetal com-plications should be carefully assessed by close monitoring of labor by intrapartum cardiotocography and partogram.

}, keywords = {Cervical ripening, Induction - delivery interval, Induction failure, Labor induction, Tachysystole}, author = {Dara Aruna Kumari and Gujjala Radhika} } @article {123, title = {Comparison of Two Zidovudine Based HAART Regimens used in Treatment of HIV Infection}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Background: India has third highest number of HIV patients. Zidovudine based regimens are the first line of treatment in these patients. This study was undertaken to compare three prognostic markers with this treatment in patients infected with HIV. The objective of the study was to compare the changes in the CD4 counts, hemoglobin and weight between HIV infected patients receiving zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine (ZLN) against those receiving zidovu-dine, lamivudine and efavirenz (ZLE). Materials and Methods: Retrospective data was collected from the ART centre, Chigateri Hospital, Davangere. Patients who were on the study regimens for atleast six months were considered for analysis. Changes in CD4 counts, hemoglobin levels and weight were analyzed with paired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test for intra group variation and unpaired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test for inter-group variation. Results: CD4 counts were analyzed in 339 patients and in both the groups the counts improved significantly (ZLN: n=252, ZLE: n=87 and p \< 0.001 in both groups) after six months of treatment but the improvement was much better in patients who received ZLN regimen (p = 0.005). 281 patients were analyzed with respect to hemoglobin and improve-ment was seen in ZLE group (n=77, p = 0.001) but not in ZLN group (n=204, p = 0.36) with treatment and intergroup analysis was in favor of ZLE (p = 0.03). Weight was analyzed in 356 patients and it improved significantly in both ZLN group (n=264, p = 0.001) and ZLE group (n=92, p = 0.001) but the intergroup comparison did not reveal any signifi-cance (p = 0.21). Conclusion: A regimen consisting of zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz is better in treating a HIV patient with decreased hemoglobin. So this regimen can be preferred in anemic patients with HIV.\ 

}, keywords = {Efavirenz, HAART, Lamivudine, Nevirapine, Zidovudine}, author = {Narendranath Sanji and Dinakar KR and Vaneet Aggarwal and Navin A Patil and Somashekar HS and Keerthisagar J and Reshma SR} } @article {121, title = {Design of Drug Dosage Regimen for Valproate: Exploring Modeling and Simulation Based Approach}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {22-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {22}, abstract = {

Background: Population pharmacokinetic studies attempt to explain the variability in pharmacokinetics among study subjects and explore the role of covariates on the pharmacokinetics. The present study was planned to evaluate by simulation, the various dosage regimens of valproate and their predicted relevance to achieve desired therapeutic ranges and to see the effect of various covariates. Materials and Methods: This study utilized the previous database of therapeutic drug monitoring data of valproate available in the department and population pharmacokinetic models developed by a group in the department. From the database, 93 patients{\textquoteright} details have been used in this study. The simulation studies were carried out for various dosage regimens such as 400mgQ12Hr, 500mgQ12Hr, 800mgQ12Hr, 1000mgQ24Hr for 100 simulated patients using NON-MEM software package. Results: 500mg BID dosage regimen was found to be more advantageous as more number of simulated patients were having the Css within the therapeutic range and the effect of covariates like sex and concomitant phenytoin use were found to be insignificant but with 1000mg OD regimen in females, the number of individuals with Css within the therapeutic range were found to be less with which we could say that the induction effect of phenytoin on valproate metabolism in females could be more than that of males. Conclusion: The present study was able to predict steady state concentrations for various dosage regimen scenarios with possible pharmacokinetic and therapeutic outcomes. This study underscores the relevance of population pharma-cokinetic based simulations in dosage regimen design.

}, keywords = {Dosage regimen, NONMEM, Population pharmacokinetics, Simulations, Valproate}, author = {Shiv sagar K and Nithya Duggirala and Chintan Y Patel and Leelavathy D Acharya and Surulivelrajan Mallayasamy} } @article {131, title = {Gastroprotective Activity of Asystasia gangetica Stem Aqueous Extract Against Pylorus Ligated Gastric Ulcer in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {53-60}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {53}, abstract = {

Background: Asystasia gangetica, a medicinal plant commonly known as Maithal Kadi available in Udupi district in India. It is used as a fresh juice to treat gastric ulcers, rheumatism, inflammation, swelling by the folklore practitioners. The present studies were aimed to investigate the antiulcer activity of aqueous extract of Asystasia gangetica stem to provide scientific validation for its folklore use. Materials and Methods: Healthy Wistar albino rats were divided into three different groups of six rats each. The rats were pre-treated with group specific drugs. Group I assigned as control, group II received the standard drug omepra-zole 20 mg/kg, group III received aqueous extract of stem of the plant Asystasia gangetica 400 mg/kg once daily for seven consecutive days. On seventh day, one hour after drug administration, the gastric ulcer was induced by ligation of the pyloric part of the rat{\textquoteright}s stomach. This was followed by the macroscopic examination of the stomach, quantifica-tion of gastric juice, total and free acidity, peptic activity and histological examination of stomach tissue were performed. The test extract were subjected for preliminary phytochemical analysis as per standard methodology. Results: The test drug treated group showed that there is a significant reduction in the total acidity and marked reduction in ulcer index, the volume of gastric juice and the effect was comparable with that of omeprazole. Histologi-cal examination revealed a normal cytoarchitecture with reduced gastric lesions in group III compared to group I. Conclusion: The present finding suggests that Asystasia gangetica promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by the comparative decreases in total acidity, gastric lesions and peptic activity.

}, keywords = {Asystasia gangetica, Gastro protection, Leukocyte, Omeprazole, Pylorus ligation, Ulcer index}, author = {Lalith Kumar and Ravi M and Shridhara Bairy and Chaithra Hebbar and Ravi Shankar B} } @article {145, title = {Hemobilia - A Sporadic Cause of Hematemesis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {79-82}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

A multitude of reasons contribute to gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hemobilia being less frequent. Here we present a case of hematemesis who was later found to have bleeding from the biliary tract that was due to pseudo-aneurysm arising from the hepatic artery. The diagnosis was supported by angiogram. He underwent coil embolization post which bleeding stopped. We present this case since hemobilia is a rare event and classical finding of blood clot on the ampulla on endoscopy is rare as seen in our case.

}, keywords = {Coil embolization, Hemobilia, Pseudoaneurysm, Right hepatic artery}, author = {Nagesh Kamath and Venkatakrishnan Leelakrishnan and Rajendiran Gopalan and Shiran Shetty} } @article {160, title = {Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Activities of Tamarindus indica Fruit Pulp in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {33-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {33}, abstract = {

Background: Tamarindus indica belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae. Fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica is believed to have antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and many other medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to investigate antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 6). Normal and diabetic control groups received normal saline and alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) respectively. Animals were made diabetic by injection of single dose of alloxan in three test groups and after that they were treated with ethanolic extract of fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica 300 and 500 mg/kg/body weight orally and metformin 150 mg/kg body weight orally respectively for 14 days. Antidiabetic activity was estimated by measuring serum glucose and lipid profile; and hepatoprotective activity was measured by estimating serum liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in liver tissues. Results were analyzed by One way ANOVA followed by Scheffe multiple comparison tests (p\<0.01). Results: The two dose levels of Tamarindus indica significantly altered alloxan induced changes in serum glucose, lipid profile and serum enzyme levels. But in liver histopathology, higher dose (500 mg/kg) of plant showed complete regeneration whereas lower dose (300 mg/kg) showed only partial improvement in liver histopathology profile. Conclusion: Present study revealed that Tamarindus indica possesses antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotection, Tamarindus indica}, author = {Narendar Koyagura and V. Hemanth kumar and M.G Jamadar and Shobha V Huilgol and Nagendra Nayak and Saeed M Yendigeri and Mohd Shamsuddin} } @article {151, title = {Efficacy and Safety of Levofloxacin and Cefuroxime axetil in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis: A Comparative Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {1-8}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB) is a commonly encountered clinical problem and those suspected to be due to bacterial infections require antibiotic therapy. Objective: The study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two commonly used antibiotics levofloxacin, a second generation fluoroquinolone, versus cefuroxime axetil, an oral second-generation cephalosporin, for the treatment of mild to moderately severe cases of AECB. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective, open labeled randomized study involving a total of 60 adult subjects diagnosed with chronic bronchitis with clinical symptoms suggestive of an Anthonisen type II acute exacerbation (any two of the following criteria - increased dyspnea, cough, sputum purulence). Forty eight patients who fulfilled the selection criteria were randomized to receive either levofloxacin 500 mg once daily or cefuroxime axetil 250 mg twice daily orally for 7 days. The primary outcome measure was clinical success rate at day 14 visit and the secondary out-come measures were changes in Clinical Global impression (CGI) scales and incidence of adverse events (AEs). Results: The clinical success rates were comparable (82.6\% in levofloxacin group versus 77.3\% in cefuroxime group) and no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. AEs were mild, self-limiting and few (two in levofloxacin and three in cefuroxime arm) and tolerability was also good. Conclusion: A 7-day course of levofloxacin was convenient with once daily dose, was found to be economical and therapeutically comparable to cefuroxime in terms of both clinical effectiveness and safety for the treatment of AECB patients

}, keywords = {Cefuroxime, Dyspnoea, Levofloxacin, Spirometry}, author = {Bhanu Prakash Kolasani and Sudheer Diyya and Sridevi Kandavalli} } @article {173, title = {Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Among Doctors in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in South India}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {82-88}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Background: A fundamental determinant to medical drug safety surveillance is voluntary adverse drug reaction [ADR] reporting ; but there exists substantial under-reporting which is the main drawback of the system. The objective of the study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of ADR reporting among doctors in a tertiary health care center. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted on doctors in a tertiary health care center. Participants were selected randomly and those not willing to participate were excluded from the study. Collected data was assessed by frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 13.0. Results: 75\% (45) of respondents were aware of the existence of ADR reporting system in India; on the contrary only (11.7\%) of respondents were aware of regional center for ADR reporting. All respondents (100\%) felt that seriousness of the ADR event, unusual reaction (95\%), reaction to new drug (98.33\%), and the certainty of ADR reaction (91.66\%) would encourage them to report an ADR event. However, only 15 out of 60 respondents (25\%) have reported ADRs. Conclusion: Though the level of knowledge about ADR reporting and the attitude towards ADR reporting were adequate, our study has shown that the actual practice of ADR reporting is unsatisfactory. This indicates that there is a need to create an awareness of the importance of ADR reporting through continuous medical education and training of ADR reporting among doctors.

}, keywords = {ADR reporting, Adverse drug reaction}, author = {Tanya Mary Thomas and Padmaja Udaykumar and Scandashree K} } @article {183, title = {A Prospective Single Arm Open Pilot Trial to Study the Antioxidant Property of Ayurvedic Massage Therapy in Healthy Individuals}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {121-125}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Ayurveda, the kernel of the ancient Indian wisdom, reckons abhyanga as a daily regimen owing to its univocal properties like jaraapaha (~delaying ageing process) pushtirit (nourishing), shramahara (removing tiredness) pushtya-yu (~ bestowing longevity) etc. Hence, this study was envisioned to show the antioxidant property of abhyanga on healthy individuals. Recruited voluntary healthy individuals both male and female between eighteen to seventy years of age were given Ayurvedic oil massage with simple gingili oil every day in empty stomach for forty five minutes for a period of seven days. The fasting blood samples of the subjects were collected before and after the study. The study was explicated utilizing the method of Koracevic et al method for the determination of total antioxidant status (TAS) and spectrophotometric method for accomplishing the thiol assay. The mean value with respect to the TAS was 0.88 before the treatment and 0.92 after the treatment and that of thiol was 317.39 and 311.66 before and after the therapy respectively. In TAS, p- value was 0.016 which is \< 0.05 and there was a decrease in serum thiols which was not statistically significant. However, the study establishes the antioxidant property of abhyanga and necessitates further comprehension of the same.

}, keywords = {Abhyanga, Antioxidant, Ayurveda, Massage, Panchakarma}, author = {K.J.Malagi and Shripathi Adiga H and Anjali Rao and Revathi Shenoy and Madhusudhan Kamath and A. Sapna Devi} } @article {190, title = {Chylothorax : a Aase Report}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {115-117}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Chylothorax, an accumulation of chyle in the pleural cavity, is a rare complication of penetrating or blunt trauma to the neck. It could result from damage to or obstruction of thoracic duct. Though rare in incidence, chylothorax can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. A milky fluid with high level of triglycerides in pleural fluid confirms diagnosis. This report is about a rare case of left chylothorax secondary to bull horn injury in the right side of neck and its manage-ment. A 48 year old male patient presented with bull horn injury on right side of neck with left side chylothorax. Initial management was conservative with pleural drainage. Later because of persistent chylous pleural fluid more than 1500- 2000/day for more than 5 days, we explored and ligated the thoracic duct in the neck. Post operative period was uneventful and patient was symptom free at 6 months follow up. Isolated thoracic duct injury in trauma cases is even rarer. Early diagnosis and timely surgical management saves the patient.

}, keywords = {Chylothorax, Post Operative Day, Thoracic Duct Injury}, author = {Priti P Shah and Shahaji Deshmukh and Tulshibagwala and Ravi Kharat} } @article {162, title = {Evaluation of Gastroprotective Role of Alpha-tocopherol in Indomethacin Induced Peptic Ulcer in Albino Rats}, journal = {nternational Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {39-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background:\ Oxidative free radicals induce gastric injury in animal models of peptic ulcer. Hence antioxidants may provide gastroprotection.\ Objectives:\ The present study was undertaken to evaluate the gastroprotective role of antioxidant alpha-tocopherol in indomethacin induced gastric ulceration in albino rats.\ Materials and methods:\ Animals were diveded into 3 groups (n=6) group 1 (control which received distilled water), group11 (alpha-tocopherol 12.5 mg/kg) and group 111 ( omeprazole 3.6 mg/kg). Each group received the corresponding 4 hours, animals were sacrificed and their stomachs were studied for ulcerationm, adherent mucin content, and ulcer index was calculated. The results of alpha-tocopherol were compared with those of control and omeprazole treated groups and data was analyzed manually using Student t test. A p Value of \< 0.05 was considered as satistically significant.\ Results:\ Alpha-tocopherol administrative reduce ulceration and ulcer index compared to control group (t cal5.2\>tab 2.23 at 5\% level of significance, p\<0.05). Omeprazole treatment also reduced ulcer index and ulceration in comparison to control group (tcal 6.2\>ttab 3.16 at 1\% level of significance, p\<0.01). Thus results of test drug were similar to omeprazole treated group.\ Conclusion:\ Alpha-tocopherol treatment provides gastroprotection in indomethacin induced gastric ulceration.

}, keywords = {Alpha-tocopherol, Antioxidant, Gastroprotection, Indomethacin}, author = {Shobha V Huligol and V. Hemanth kumar and K. Narendar} } @article {159, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Plectranthus Amnoinicus Against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {32-38}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Background:Plectranthus amboinicus, belonging to the genus Plectranthus, is widely used for medicinal purposes. Its leaves have been used traditionally as a heatoprotective.\ Objectives:\ The present study was aimed at evaluating the heapatotective activity of ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus against paracetamol induced heapatotoxicity in rats.\ Materials and Methos:\ Sic groups wistar rats were used in the study. The two control groups received gum acacia and paracetamol orally respectively. The three test groups were treated orally with paracetamol followed by 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of pletranthus amboinicus respectively. The sixth group (standard hepatoprotective) received paracetamol followed by N-aceltylcysteine 100 mg/kg orally. The hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by estimating serum alanine aminotransferase, asparatate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, tissue malondialdehyde levels and by histopathological analysis of the liver tissue. Results were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test.\ Results:\ Plectranthus amboinicus in doses of 600 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg siginificantly (p\<0.05) altered paracetamol induced changes in the serum and tissue enzyme levels to near normal values. It also improved the liver histopathology profile.\ Conclusion:\ The results of the study indicate that the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus, possesses hepathoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

}, keywords = {Hepatoprotective, N-acetylcysteine, Paracetamol, Plectranthus Amboinicus}, author = {Smita Shenoy and Hemanth Kumar and Thashma and Veena Nayak and Krishnananda Prabhu and Priya Pai and Indu Warrier and Somayaji and Venu Madhav and KL Bairy and Anoop Kishore} } @article {188, title = {Rationality of Prophylactic Antibiotic use in Genitourinary Surgery in a Tertiary care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {106-110}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {106}, abstract = {

Antimicrobial prophylaxis is the periprocedural systemic administration of an antibiotic, used to reduce the risk of postprocedural local and systemic infections. The present retrospective study was done in 100 patients who had undergone elective genitourinary surgery in a tertiary care hospital to investigate the rationality of prophylactic use of antibiotics in genitourinary surgery according to the American Urological Association recommendations 2011. All patients undergoing genitourinary surgery had received antibiotics. Injectable antibiotic was administered within 1 hr before surgery in 95\% cases and 1-2 hrs before surgery in 5\% cases. Preoperatively single antibiotic was used in 92\%, two in 7\% and three in 1\% cases whereas postoperatively single antibiotic was used in 91\%, two in 7\% and three in 2\% cases. Most commonly administered antibiotic group preoperatively as well as postoperatively was a second generation cephalosporin, cefuroxime along with a beta lactamase inhibitor, sulbactam (90\% cases) followed by the combination of cefuroxime and an aminoglycoside, amikacin (4\% preoperatively and 5\% cases postoperatively). The number and group of antibiotic used preoperatively and postoperatively were quite identical. The average duration of antibiotic use was 3-10 days. The prophylactic use of antimicrobials in genitourinary surgeries in this hospital was rational with respect to time of administration and choice of antibiotic group. However, the duration of antimicrobial use was highly irrational which must be controlled to prevent the emergence of resistance strains and decrease the adverse effects and cost of health care to the patient.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Genitourinary, Prophylactic, Rational}, author = {Rakesh Kumar and Jagminer Kaur Bajaj and Sukhbir Singh and Megha Sood} } @article {181, title = {Tetracycline induced mucosal ulceration: A Rare Drug Reaction}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {82-84}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Although the side effect of tetracycline like GIT disturbance, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity and staining of teeth are fairly common but dermatological reaction is rare. In this article, we report a case of tetracycline induced intraoral lesions as well lesions on the glans penis which subsided after the discontinuation of tetracycline.

}, keywords = {Actinobacillus, Actinomycetemcomitants, Pericoronitis, Tetracycline}, author = {Rakesh Kumar and Vivek Sharma and Sukhbir Singh and Hardeep} } @article {171, title = {Undergraduate Medical Srtudent{\textquoteright}s Perceptions Regarding Personal Drug Selection Exercise}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {61-67}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Background:\ Right drug for the right patient in the right dose for the right duration is the aim of rational prescribing. The foundation for rational prescribing can be laid if prescribing doctors are sensitized to this concept during undergraduate studies. The knowledge of personal drug (P-drug) selection process is an important step towards rational prescribing.\ Objectives:\ This study was done to analyse tje student{\textquoteright}s opinions and the difficulties they faced in the process of P-drug selection. Materials and Methods: In first phase of this study, fifth sesmester students of MBBS course were taught the process of selecting a P-drug in pharmacology practical classes. In seconf phase. students were given questionnaire to put forth their views on selection process of P-drug. The qunatitative data was expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR).\ Results:\ Majority of the students were in favor of introducing the process of selection of P-drug in udergraduate pharmacology curriculum [4 (4-5), scale 1-5]. The students were of the opinion that such exercise will given in-depth knowledge of various groups used and highlight the intragroup differences. Student{\textquoteright}s also opined that P-drug knowledge of various groups of durgs used and highlight the intragroup differences. Student{\textquoteright}s also opined that P-drug exercise also enable them to remember various aspects of the drugs for long period. Students also felt that the P-drug selection process will help them to understand hoe drug selection been for the treatment of various disease conditions.\ Conculsion:\ P-drug selection exercise helps students to understand the differences between various drugs used for the treatment of one disease condition. This may serve as a strong foundation for developing rational prescribing skills.

}, keywords = {P-drug, Pharmacology, Prescription Writing, Undergraduate Curriculum}, author = {Lalit Mohan and Bharti Chogtu and Shalini Adiga and K.L Bairy and Anoop Kishore} }