@article {377, title = {Performances and Activities of Virtual Pediatrics Medication Counselling Clinic in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {189-194}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {189}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the activities and performances of a virtual pediatrics medication counseling clinic in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: it was a retrospective analysis of activities and performances of a virtual pediatric medicine counseling clinic operated by the pharmacist at a public pediatric and maternity hospital. The pharmacist documented all the activities, including demographic information of patients visiting the clinic, the reason for the counseling, medication requirements to be counseled, and patient counseling items based on international guidelines. The data analysis was done through SPSS version 20 and Microsoft Excel version 2021; descriptive analysis and logistic regression of factors associated with the reason for counseling. Results: The total number of patients who visited the virtual pediatric medicine clinic through 20 months was 1955, with (97.75) per month. The majority of patients were female in the year 2021, 204 (63.55\%) vs. female 900 (61.19\%) in 2021, compared to male 117 (36.46\%) vs. males in year 2022 628 (38.81\%) with non-significant differences (p=0.149). The majority of patients were diagnosed as Diabetic Miletus in both years, 145 (45.17\%) vs 884 (54.47\%), with statistical significance differences between two 2021 and 2022 (p=0.000). The majority of patients counseled due to high alert medication was 230 (71.65\%) in 2021 vs. 1198 (73.32\%) in 2022, with non-statistically significant difference between them (p=0.539), and chronic diseases such as diabetes and asthma 224 (69.78\%) vs. 901 (55.14\%) in the year 2021 and 2022 respectively with statistical significance differences between both years (p=0.000). Most medication counseled was Insulin Aspart in both years, 121 (21.72\%) vs. 909 (31.92\%), insulin Glargine 104 (18.67\%) in 2021 vs. 555 (19.49\%) in 2022, and Enoxaparin in both years 40 (7.18\%) vs. 205 (7.20\%). Conclusion: The virtual pediatric medicine counseling clinic served many patients, emphasizing pediatric chronic diseases such as Diabetes and Asthma. Future studies are highly recommended to measure the clinical and economic outcomes and patient satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Clinic, Counseling, Medication, Pediatric, Saudi Arabia, Virtual}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.26}, author = {Nouf Musleh Alassadi and Asma Mohammed Alzahrani and Haifa Shabeeb Almutairi and Tahani Mohammed Alotaibi and Mona Yousef Lubbad and Nouf Abdurazaq Alhaza and Raghad Maluoh Alanazi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {62, title = {Adherence Assessment of Medication Errors Reporting System at the Public Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {105-109}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Objective: Medication errors have noteworthy implications in the field of patient safety. Error detection through a dynamic supervision and an efficient error reporting system unveils medication errors and boosts safe practices. The overall goal of this study is to explore the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s adherence to medication errors reporting system in adults and pediatrics at the public hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article describes 9 months retrospective cohort study in year of 2015. A retrospective study was conducted on all inpatients at a 300-bed hospital where all medication procedures in each ward were monitored by a clinical pharmacist. The study was conducted at the Public Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The hospital had medication safety officer with medication safety committee. The program led by trained pharmacist and delivered basic medication safety education programs to all health professional. The medication error report consisted of patient demographic information, qualification of committing mistakes, time of errors occurs, type of medication errors, reasons for medication errors, medications stages involved and errors outcome. Results: The total number of reports were 805. The most common adherence documentation of error involving medications were cost related information (100\%), error related information with an average (90.59\%), patient related information (50.37\%) and drug related information (49.39\%). While the action related information (0.57\%) was harmless. The most common completed of error related information were causes of medication errors 775 (96.3\%) and type of medication errors 770 (95.6\%) followed by outcome of medication errors 764 (94.9\%) and medication process stages involved 711 (88.3\%). While the patient{\textquoteright}s demographic information completed only (50\%) in reports. Conclusion: Despite the medication error reporting is consider new at the public hospital, the number of reporting was high. The system needs more determination to follow completeness medication errors reporting system and that by development of an electronic reporting system, program awareness and positive documentation system feedback changes in pharmacy practice.

}, keywords = {Adherence, Medication errors, Ministry of Health, Public, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nisreen Al-Shubaar and Nadia Lubad and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {198, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Antibiotic Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s7-s10}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s7}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study to explore the cost analysis of selected pediatrics antibiotics formularies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted of selected four antibiotics (Nitrofurantoin, Oseltamivir, Chloroquine and Clindamycin). The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost, Costs fixed including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of anti-hypertension pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Nitrofurantoin per each preparation was (14.13 USD) which consisted of standard cost (0.31 USD) and the direct cost was (13.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Oseltamivir per each preparation was (16.95 USD) which consisted of standard cost (0.33 USD) and the direct cost was (16.62 USD). The average estimated cost of Chloroquine per each preparation was (6.645 USD) which consisted of standard cost (4.36 USD) and the direct cost was (6.645 USD). The average estimated cost of Clindamycin per each preparation was (14.478 USD) which consisted of standard cost (2.018 USD) and the direct cost was (12.46 USD). Conclusion: There are varieties in the cost analysis between selected pediatric formulation and manufactured ready-made products. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them. The cost analysis of pediatrics formulation was used for health insurance coverage and to meet the updated pharmacy strategic plan and Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.37}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz Bahadig and Mohammad Jabir Al Harbi and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {199, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Anticonvulsant Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s11-s14}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s11}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the cost analysis of pediatrics anticonvulsant formulations in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through of providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted of selected four anticonvulsant medications. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost, Costs fixed including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of anticonvulsant pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD. The average estimated cost of Levetiracetam per each one preparation was (53.313 USD). The total annual cost of Levetiracetam was (18,126.42 USD). The average estimated cost of Topiramate per each one preparation was (22.66 USD). The total annual cost of Topiramate was (1,087.68 USD). The average estimated cost of Rufinamide per each one preparation was (29.342 USD), while the total annual cost of Rufinamide was (293.42 USD). Conclusion: This is the first study about cost analysis of anticonvulsant pediatrics formulations in KSA and Middle East. There are some differences in the cost analysis between the pharmacy preparations and manufactured related to internal and external reasons. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them the preparations. The cost analysis of pediatrics formulation meets the Saudi vision 2030 strategic plan in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsant, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.38}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz A. Bahadig and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal and Khulud Khalid Alnami} } @article {197, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Antihypertensive of Pediatric Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s2-s6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s2}, abstract = {

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to explore cost analysis of pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective study of cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-bed pediatric and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section of this hospital receives the specific formulation from the physician. Then, the expert pharmacist applied the international standard for clinical compounding and provides services to the healthcare staff and patients over 8 hr per day for 5 days per week. The pediatric formulations consisted of but not limited to antibiotics, anti-tuberculosis (TB) medications and anti-hypertensive medications. The cost analysis included the variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost and fixed expenses such as direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs used have been analyzed in US dollar currency. In this study, we analyzed the cost of antihypertensive medications for pediatric use through the Microsoft Excel software (version 10). Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was 53.82 USD and consisted of 58.58\% (31.53 USD) for personal cost, 25.14\% (13.53 USD) for overhead cost, 3.34\% (1.8 USD) for material and supply cost and 12.93\% (6.96 USD) for the non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of Propranolol, Captopril, Methyldopa, Amlodipine and Hydralazine per each preparation was (8.27 USD, 2.37 USD, 6.88 USD, 17.385 USD) and (49.44 USD), respectively. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which demonstrated the cost analysis of antihypertensive pediatric formulation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The pediatric formulations with cost analysis can involve health insurance coverage. Targeting the cost analysis of all pediatric formulation is highly recommended to fit with Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Antihypertensive, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Pediatric, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.36}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Fouad Al Doughan and Faiz A. Bahadig and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {200, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Anti-tuberculosis Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s15-s18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s15}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we explored the cost analysis of selected pediatric antituberculosis formulations available at the pharmacy of a pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective cost analysis study of pediatric anti-tuberculosis formulations conducted at a pediatrics and maternity hospital having 300 beds in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section of this hospital receives the specific formulation from the physician. Then the expert pharmacist provides the clinical compounding services to healthcare staff and patients over 8 hr per day for 5 days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted of selected anti-tuberculosis medications. The cost analysis included variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost. Fixed costs included direct cost, nonsalary cost and overhead cost. All costs were derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs were analyzed in terms of US dollar currency by using the Microsoft Excel software version 10. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric anti-tuberculosis formulations per hour was (53.82 USD), which included 58.58\% (31.53 USD) personal cost, 25.14\% (13.53 USD) overhead cost, 3.34\% (1.8 USD) material and supply cost and 12.93\% (6.96 USD) non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of rifampicin per preparation was (11.36 USD). The total annual cost of rifampicin was (1363.20 USD). The average estimated cost of pyrazinamide per preparation was (6.835 USD). The total annual cost of pyrazinamide was (68.35 USD). The average estimated cost of isoniazid per preparation was (8.515 USD). The total annual cost of isoniazid was (85.15 USD). Conclusion: Two anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulations (rifampicin and isoniazid) were available for various prices, whereas pyrazinamide was not available as pediatric formulation either locally or in USA and UK. The pharmacist should prepare all anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulation when needed. The cost analysis of all anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulations should be determined in order to meet health insurance and the strategies of New Saudi Vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Anti-tuberculosis, Clinical compounding, Cost, Ministry of Health, Pediatric formulations, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.39}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal and Mayssa Ahmed Assiri} } @article {201, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Autoimmune and Gastrointestinal Pediatric Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s19-s23}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s19}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the cost analysis of selected autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective cost analysis study of autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations at a pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The extemporaneous pharmacy section regularly receive prescriptions with specific formulation from physician. The expert pharmacist applies the international standard of clinical compounding for all pediatric formulation related issue over 8 hr per days for 5 days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected autoimmune and gastrointestinal medications. The cost analysis includes variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost and fixed costs includes direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All costs were derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs were considered based on US dollar currency. In this study, we analyzed the cost of autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations through the use of Microsoft Excel software version 10. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of hydrocortisone per preparation was (12.896 USD). The total annual cost of hydrocortisone was (1547.52 USD). The average estimated cost of prednisolone per preparation was (4.6 USD). The average estimated cost of allopurinol per preparation was (6.99 USD) and the average estimated cost of sildenafil per preparation was (25.05 USD). The average estimated cost of omeprazole per each one preparation was (24.07 USD) and the total annual cost of omeprazole was (7221 USD). The average estimated cost of ranitidine per preparation was (5.248 USD) and the total annual cost of ranitidine was (2760.45 USD). The average estimated cost of baclofen per preparation was (21.266 USD) and the total annual cost of baclofen was (7655.76 USD). Conclusion: Based on the cost analysis, the cost of selected pediatric autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations were higher than the ready-made products manufactured by pharmaceutical companies. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them. The cost analysis of pediatric formulation can be used to cover health insurance and meet the updated pharmacy strategic plan and New Saudi Vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Autoimmune, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Gastrointestinal, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.40}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Faiz A. Bahadig and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {204, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Excipients and Vehicles of Pediatric Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s32-s35}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s32}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore cost analysis of excipients of pediatric formulations in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through by providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected excipients of pediatric formulations. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs including direct costs, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of excipients of pediatric formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD and consisted of 58.58 \% (31.53 USD) for personal cost, 25.14 \% (13.53 USD) for overhead cost, 3.34\% (1.8 USD) for material and supply cost, 12.93 \% (6.96 USD) for non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of Simple Syrup per each preparation was (1.974USD). The total annual cost of simple syrup was (426.38 USD). The average estimated cost of methyl cellulose 1\% plus simple syrup per each preparation was (3.721USD). The total annual cost of methyl cellulose 1\% was (759.1USD). The average estimated cost of methyl cellulose 1\% per each preparation was (2.5 USD). The total annual cost of methyl cellulose 1\% was (584.8 USD). The average estimated cost of methyl cellulose 2\% per each preparation was (3.655 USD). The total annual cost of Methyl Cellulose 2\% (438.6 USD). Conclusion: This is the first of cost analysis of excipients of pediatric formulations in Saudi Arabia. Most of excipients of pediatric formulations products not registered in the famous countries. The hospital pharmacy updates annually all cost analysis of excipients pediatric formulations. The pharmacist should select the best and appropriate excipients for the formulations. The cost analysis project as part of updated the pharmacy strategic plan with new Saudi Vision 2030.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Excipients, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Vehicles}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.43}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhada and Faiz A. Bahadig and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {203, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Nephrology Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s28-s31}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s28}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore cost analysis of selected renal pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through by providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected renal products. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs, including, direct costs, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of Nephrology pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Hydrochlorothiazide per each preparation was (5.204 USD) and the total annual cost of Hydrochlorothiazide was (2,071.2 USD). The average estimated cost of Acetazolamide per each preparation was (5.72 USD) the total annual cost of Acetazolamide was (366.1 USD). The average estimated cost of Spironolactone per each preparation was (2.513 USD) and the total annual cost of Spironolactone was (1,507.8 USD). The average estimated cost of Sodium citrate per each preparation was (1.23 USD) with a total annual cost of Sodium citrate was (599.01 USD). The average estimated cost of Citric Acid per each preparation was (1.136 USD) with a total annual cost of Citric Acid was (81.782 USD). Conclusion: Cost analysis of pediatrics formulation with emphasis on medications used for renal diseases is primary tool of pharmacoeconomic and health insurance. The pharmacist play role in the preparation of renal medications and cost analysis related issue. This is new study in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Gulf or Middle East countries with and meet the new Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Nephrology, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.42}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz A. Bahadig and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {202, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Oral Electrolyte Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s24-s27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s24}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore cost analysis of selected oral electrolytes pediatrics formulations in the Kingdom Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through of providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted selected four selected electrolytes. The analysis of the cost was included the variable expenses like personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs include direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. This study analyzed the cost of anti-hypertension pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of potassium chloride 10\% per each preparation was (2.053 USD) and the total annual cost of potassium Chloride 10\% was (172.452 USD). The average estimated cost of potassium chloride 7.5\% per each preparation was (1.342 USD) with the total annual cost of potassium chloride 7.5\% was (228.14 USD). The average estimated cost of sodium bicarbonate 8.4\% per each preparation was (0.7551 USD) with the total annual cost of sodium bicarbonate 8.4\% was (54.36 USD). The average estimated cost of calcium carbonate 200 mg/mL per each preparation was (5.45 USD) with the total annual cost of calcium carbonate 200mg/mL was (1,046.4 USD). The average estimated cost of sodium chloride 5.8\% per each preparation was (1.117 USD) which the total annual cost of sodium chloride 5.8\% was (167.55 USD). Conclusion: Most the electrolyte pediatrics formulations which are not available in the local or international market. Pharmacists should continue to prepare them with lower economic burden. The study was first done in KSA and meet new health strategic plan of Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Electrolyte, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.41}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {114, title = {Does Pre-Test Accelerate Learning Pattern In Undergraduate Medical Students? A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {109-112}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {109}, abstract = {

Objectives: Our objective was to asses if pre-test accelerates learning pattern in undergraduate medical students. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted by the Department of Pharmacology at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kancheepuram district, Tamilnadu. A total of 121 IInd year MBBS students were divided into A and B batches with 61 and 60 students respectively. Objective type questions were prepared from the chapter {\textquotedblleft}Haematinics{\textquotedblright} and were validated which contained extended match questions. B batch students were informed about the theory class topic the next day which will be preceded by a pre test and a post test at the end of the lecture. They were even given a copy of the topics from which questions were framed. A batch students were unaware about this plan of having pre and post tests the following theory class. On the day of lecture, all the students were given pre-test questions (total no: 20). The answer sheets were collected at the end of specified time period and evaluated. At the end of the lecture class, post test was conducted. Marks were tabulated with a maximum score of 20. Statistical analysis: Paired t-test was used to analyze the data obtained. Mean, Standard deviation and standard error of mean were calculated by feeding the data in SpSS software. Results: Both A and B batches have performed well in post-test than pre-test. p\<0.001.Girls have scored more than boys in pre and post test. p\<0.001. Discussion and Conclusion: Pretest and post-test way of evaluating students is an effective and feasible way of fun learning. The method of assessment using pre and post test questionnaire should be made mandatory in all medical schools/colleges after every theory class.

}, keywords = {Haematinics, Medical Education, Pharmacology, Post Test, Pre-Test}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.3}, author = {Akila Lakshmikandhan and Balaji Ramraj and Jamuna Rani Ravinder} } @article {145, title = {Hemobilia - A Sporadic Cause of Hematemesis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {79-82}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

A multitude of reasons contribute to gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hemobilia being less frequent. Here we present a case of hematemesis who was later found to have bleeding from the biliary tract that was due to pseudo-aneurysm arising from the hepatic artery. The diagnosis was supported by angiogram. He underwent coil embolization post which bleeding stopped. We present this case since hemobilia is a rare event and classical finding of blood clot on the ampulla on endoscopy is rare as seen in our case.

}, keywords = {Coil embolization, Hemobilia, Pseudoaneurysm, Right hepatic artery}, author = {Nagesh Kamath and Venkatakrishnan Leelakrishnan and Rajendiran Gopalan and Shiran Shetty} } @article {184, title = {Antituberculosis Therapy (ATT) Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {126-128}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {126}, abstract = {

Thrombocytopenia is a rare adverse effect seen with anti-tubercular drugs. We report an 80 year old male with tuber-cular right pleural effusion, on Category I Anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) for 3 weeks who presented with melena and epistaxis. On evaluation, he had thrombocytopenia which was found to be rifampicin-induced. ATT was restarted with-out rifampicin and there were no bleeding episodes. Though, rifampicin is well tolerated, but on rare occasions it can cause thrombocytopenia.

}, keywords = {ATT, Intermittent regimen, Rifampicin, Thrombocytopenia, Tuberculosis}, author = {R. Dinesh Prabhu and G. Vikneswaran and Chultin Lepcha and N. Tombi Singh} } @article {172, title = {Evaluation of Efficacy of Sedative and Analgesic Effects of Single IV Dose of Dexmedetomidine in Post-operative Patients}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {75-81}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Background: In the post-operative period, it has always been an important consideration for clinicians, to keep the patient comfortable, calm and pain free. So there is a constant need for an ideal sedative for postoperative patients. Alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists such as dexmedetomidine could provide an answer to this problem because they have several relevant physiological properties like sedation, anxiolysis, analgesia and arousability. Hence, the current study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine in post-operative patients in order to avoid polypharmacy. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients who were operated under general anesthesia electively were randomly selected . All patients received 1 μg/kg bodyweight of dexmedetomidine intravenously with normal saline making up to 10 ml over 20 minutes. If the verbal numerical scale (VNS) of pain was mild (i.e. 1 to 3) one hour after extubation. The patients were assessed for degree and duration of sedation, hemodynamic changes, episodes of side effects, requirement of analgesics at every 5 min for first 30 min, every 10 min for next 1hr, every 15 min for next 1 h, and eve-ry 30 min for next 1h, every 1 h for 3h and 6th hourly till 24h. The need for rescue analgesic was noted. Results: The mean duration of sedation was 129.6 {\textpm} 41.02 min, degree of sedation was -1 at 30 min, duration of analgesia 241.5 min, and mean degree of analgesia was 0 at 30 min, mean degree of sedation was -1. Mean time of administration of rescue analgesia was 170 min. Mean heart rate was 67.8 {\textpm} 5.24/min and mean arterial pressure was 78.0 {\textpm} 8.97mm of Hg, mean respiratory rate was 15.8 {\textpm} 2.33 breaths/min, mean partial pressure of oxygen SpO2 was 99.5 {\textpm} 0.56\%. No patient had any episode of shivering, vomiting, hypotension and respiratory depression. Conclusion: Single IV dose of dexmedetomidine could provide adequate sedative, analgesic and anxiolytic effects with no accompanying respiratory depression, thereby minimizing polypharmacy.

}, keywords = {Dexmedetomidine, Diclofenac, Post-surgical patients, Postoperative patients, RASS scale, Rescue analgesics, VNS scale}, author = {Manasa CR and Padma L and Shivshankar and Ranjani Ramanujam} }