@article {367, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Crisis and Disaster Management}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {129-137}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: To the Crisis and Disaster Management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of pharmacy practice{\textquoteright}s Crisis and Disaster Management policy and procedures. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety and health specialist. The topic emphasizes the Crisis and Disaster Management of the Pharmacy policy. Results: Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice indicates its preparation for an emergency position at a particular time, indicating its assets, competent pharmacy human resources, and related material. The Crisis and Disaster Management consisted of the General concept of crisis and disaster management and the Content of Pharmacy crisis and disaster management (Planning, Implementation, Execution, Training and Education, Exercise and test, Maintenance, and improvement). Conclusion: The Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice policy and procedures is a new initiative project for pharmacy career professionals. Crisis and disaster management in pharmacy practice improve public demand during healthcare emergencies and risk management decisions. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to participate in public voluntary and charitable activities at various places in healthcare institutions. Therefore, the Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice policy and procedures policy is highly recommended for implementation in the pharmacy business in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Crisis, Disaster, Management, Pharmacy, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Naif Saleh Alamri and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Rola AL Kenani and Ammar Ali AlAbdullatif and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Ibrahim Ali Al Mughira} } @article {345, title = {Attitudes and Perceptions of Pharmacists About Home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {161-172}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of home healthcare pharmacy services, barriers, which factors may discourage the implementation of home care pharmacy services, and recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of home healthcare pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about home healthcare pharmacy services was (4.33). The element {\textquotedblleft}Electronic prescribing in home healthcare pharmacy has a positive outcome to patients{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.45). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The off-labeling system in home healthcare pharmacy should be implemented to protect the healthcare providers from any liability{\textquotedblright} (4.44). The responders who agreed that they should be authorized and responsible for providing home healthcare pharmacy services to the patient was a pharmacist (4.30), clinical pharmacist (4.27), and Pharmacy technician (4.26), with statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). The average score for {\textquotedblleft}barriers might prevent home healthcare pharmacy services implementation{\textquotedblright} was (4.33). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Fear of legal liability{\textquotedblright} was (4.52), the aspect {\textquotedblleft}Limited number of pharmacists who are specialized in geriatric patients when needed {\textquotedblleft}was (4.46), and the element {\textquotedblleft}Unaware of the need and importance of home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} was (4.46). Conclusion: The attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services are acceptable. All obstacles preventing home care pharmacy services should be removed. Standardized home care pharmacy services are highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitudes, Home care, Perceptions, Pharmacists, pharmacy services, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saad Mashahen Alblawi and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maha Hussein Almadany and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {341, title = {The Home Care Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {122-131}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {122}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the clinical pharmacy in home health care services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing home care clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the workforce{\textquoteright}s pharmacists, Pharmacotherapy classes utilization for home healthcare patients, and therapeutic guidelines implemented in Home Healthcare Pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the home care clinical pharmacy practice is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most responders stated that pharmacy home healthcare workforces were five or more clinical pharmacists (35.14-41.89\%) and full-time pharmacy staff providing home health pharmacy services. Besides, five or more pharmacists (30.89-52.57\%) and five or more pharmacy technicians (31.25-51.09\%) with statistically significant differences between all workforce numbers (p=0.000). Most medications reviewed or dispensed for home healthcare patients include Nutrition support (4.50) and Vitamins and mineral supplements (4.49). They were followed by NSAIDs or Pain killers (4.46) and Antibiotics (4.45), with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of therapeutic guidelines implemented in Home healthcare Pharmacy services was (4.29). The element {\textquotedblleft}The standard considerations of urology disease therapy guidelines{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.44). The element {\textquotedblleft}The standard considerations of acute and chronic kidney disease therapy among geriatric patients{\textquotedblright} was (4.41), and the aspect {\textquotedblleft}The concerns and management of Gastrointestinal therapeutic guidelines{\textquotedblright} was (4.38). Conclusion: Nutrition support and vitamin were most used as pharmacotherapy classes for home healthcare services. The urology and nephrology therapeutic guidelines were most implemented. Future research is needed to determine most home care clinical pharmacy services and identify the role of clinical practitioners in home health care services in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Clinical, Home Healthcare, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghorm Allah Abdullah Aghamdi and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maha Hussein Almadany and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {338, title = {The Practice of home healthcare services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {104-111}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {104}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the practice of home healthcare services by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed practice at home health care services in Saudi Arabia. The study comprised respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and home healthcare pharmacy services implementation and resources used for home healthcare pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6, were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the practice home healthcare services by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average number of home healthcare prescriptions was (17.46) daily per responder, with a total number (6,861) per day. The highest range number of prescriptions was (26-30) ((33.93\%) daily. Those prescriptions were dispensed to home healthcare (8.34) patients daily per each responder, with the highest range number of patients being (16-18) ((25.95\%) daily per each responder. The average score of the practice of pharmacists about the home healthcare Pharmacy implementations was (4.45). The element {\textquotedblleft}The medication error system is included in home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.60). The pharmacists believe that {\textquotedblleft}The research on home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} (4.57) and {\textquotedblleft}The cost analysis of home healthcare pharmacy services. The most used resources of the home healthcare pharmacy services in practice were Health Practitioners 265 (67.60\%) and Drug Bulletin 246 (62.76\%). They were followed by Internet 241 (61.48\%), Scientific literature 212 (54.08\%). Conclusion: The home care pharmacy practice by pharmacists is appropriate. Each pharmacist provides home care activities based on each type of healthcare organization. The vision, mission, and home care pharmacy strategy should be identified, and the home care pharmacist role must be unified at all healthcare institutions. Besides, further research about home care pharmacy practice is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {healthcare services, Home, Pharmacists, Practice, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Fawaz Abdullah Alrakaf and Fatima Abdulqader Alshamrani and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {313, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Pharmacy Infection Control in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {129-137}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This crosssectional survey study was conducted to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists, including dentists from interns to consultants and pharmacy specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their knowledge regarding some of the selected pharmacy infection control elements in dental care. We also collected information regarding the resources they use to obtain knowledge of pharmacy infection control. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain their responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire, with one-quarter of them coming from the central region (97 (22.35\%)), and northern region (92 (21.2\%)), with non-statistically significant differences between regions (p=0.637). Of the total responders, 212 (48.96\%) were female, and 221 (51.04\%) were male responders, with non-statistically significant differences between them (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The total average score of pharmacy infection control assessment for basic knowledge was 3.34, with high scores obtained for the elements knowledge of hand hygiene (3.86) and personal protective equipment (3.83). In comparison, the lowest scores were obtained for the elements knowledge of the accidental sharp devices immunization system (2.80), and the infection control pharmacist gets more salary than regular pharmacist (2.91). The total average score of knowledge of frequently used disinfection and antiseptics products at your healthcare institution (3.60) and the high scores were obtained for the elements knowledge of peroxygens (hydrogen peroxide) (4.63) and alcohol (isopropyl alcohol 70\%) (4.63). In comparison, the lowest scores were obtained for the element knowledge of phenolics (ortho-benzyl-parachlorophenol) (2.76) and the iodophors (povidone-iodine ointment 10\%) (2.99). The score for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 0.927, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s αwas 0.924, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.933, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.973, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.989. Conclusion: Pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control was inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, targeting to provide the necessary education and training for undergraduate and postgraduate students to improve patient infection control within pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Infection Control, Knowledge, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {317, title = {Perception of Pharmacists about Pharmacy Infection Control in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {160-168}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {160}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the perception of pharmacists about pharmacy infection control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this crosssectional study, we aimed to explore the perception of pharmacists about pharmacy infection control in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their perception of pharmacy infection control. In addition, we analyzed the barriers that prevent the implementation of pharmacy infection control in pharmacy practice. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed with the use of Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 212 (48.96\%) were female, and 221 (51.04\%) were male responders, and there was no statistically significant difference between them (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of responders held Bachelor in Pharmacy degree (281 (64.75\%)) and Master in Pharmacy degree (94 (21.66\%)), and Diploma in Pharmacy (90 (20.74\%)). The average score of physician perceptions of pharmacy infection control was 3.47. Furthermore, high scores were obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}the system in my healthcare institution including policies and procedures related to pharmacy infection control is good at minimizing the occurrence of infection-related problems inside or outside pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (3.96) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacy infection control implementation has led to positive changes for patients and healthcare institution{\textquotedblright} (3.83). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}perceptions of barriers that prevent you from implementing pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} was 3.39. In addition, high scores were obtained for the elements {\textquotedblleft}Level of clinical knowledge of pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} (4.10) and {\textquotedblleft}Uncertain association between the pharmacy infection control and the drug-related infection{\textquotedblright} (3.65). The scores for single-test reliability analysis for McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 0.838, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was0.837, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.849, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.910, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.960. Conclusion: The perception of pharmacy infection control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was found to be satisfactory. Therefore, we need to implement and provide periodic education and training in pharmacy infection control in Saudi Arabia to improve the perception.

}, keywords = {Control, Infection, Perception, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {315, title = {The Practice of Pharmacy Infection Control by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {144-152}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to illustrate the practice of pharmacy infection control by pharmacists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this crosssectional study, we aimed to assess the practice of pharmacy infection control by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the pharmacists and about the implemented pharmacy infection control practices. The practice of pharmacy infection control and pharmacy infection control responsibilities among the types of healthcare professionals. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed with Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, one-quarter belonged to the central region (97 (22.35\%)), followed by the northern region (92 (21.2\%)), and there were no statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.637). Most of the responders were from a community pharmacy (81 (18.62\%)), Ministry of Health (MOH) hospital (69 (15.86\%)), and military hospitals (49 (11.26\%)), with statistically significant differences between working sites (p=0.000). Moreover, 212 (48.96\%) were female, while 221 (51.04\%) were male, with non-statistically significant among the areas (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)) with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average score of the elements related to the implementation of pharmacy infection control practices was 3.07, with high scores obtained for the aspect {\textquotedblleft}the vision of pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} (3.79) and {\textquotedblleft}mission of pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} (3.55). In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}competition in infection control pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (2.51) and infection control pharmacy and quality management (2.65). The average score for the element implementation of pharmacy infection control practice was 3.47, with high scores obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist share in infection control committee{\textquotedblright} (4.37) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist was always a staff member of infection control or pharmacy departments{\textquotedblright} 3.84. In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for the element attending several courses or workshops about pharmacy infection control (3.17). The scores for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 922, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was0.919, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.930, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.973, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.990. Conclusion: In this study, pharmacists{\textquoteright} practice of pharmacy infection control was found to be inadequate in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, implementing infection control in pharmacy practice is required to prevent drug-related infection control problems. In addition, we recommend improving the infection control practice in pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Control, Infection, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {265, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Clinical Pharmacy Services: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {48-50}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the clinical pharmacy services during the mass gathering hajj period as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering clinical pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on the healthcare system, as described in the review. The continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage illustrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy services during the mass gathering hajj period is a new initiative project in the mass gathering medicine. Multiple clinical pharmacy services can be started during a mass gathering with an emphasison decrease morbidity and mortality; it is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical pharmacy, Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Sultan Mesfer Aljumayi and Hani Mohammed Ali Jumah and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {269, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Community Pharmacies Services: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {87-89}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {87}, abstract = {

Objective: To illustrate the pharmacy indicators during the mass gathering hajj as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering community pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various advantages, including clinical and economic on patients and healthcare services as demonstrated in the review. The continuation of the project assured by risk management elements description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage declared in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering medication safety is a new initiative project is part of the mass gathering medicine. There are various part of medication safety services can be started during mass gathering; it is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Community pharmacy, Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Sultan Mesfer Aljumayi and Hani Mohammed Ali Jumah and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {268, title = {Mass Gathering Hajj Emergency Pharmacy: New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {84-86}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {84}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the mass gathering hajj emergency pharmacy as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering emergency pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits, including clinical and economical on pilgrims, as described in the review. The continuity of the project assured by the risk management model description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the services as demonstrated. The transition to operation project though closing project stage exemplified in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering emergency pharmacy is a new initiative project in the mass gathering medicine. There are various emergency pharmacy services can be started during the mass gathering with clinical emergency pharmacy; it is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Emergency pharmacy, Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Osama Hamad Alahmadi and Majed Mohammd Alluhibi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {264, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Medication Safety Services: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {45-47}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the mass gathering hajj medication safety as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The medication safety services during the mass gathering with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on patients and healthcare services, as described in the review. The extension of the project assured by risk management elements description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated. The conversion of operation project, though closing project stage illustrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering medication safety is a new initiative project that is part of the mass gathering medicine. There is various part of medication safety services can be started during the mass gathering; it is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Medication safety, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Osama Hamad Alahmadi and Majed Mohammd Alluhibi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {270, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Pharmacy Indicators: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {114-116}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {114}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the mass gathering hajj pharmacy indicators as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is inscribed through project management professionals and contained several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pharmacy indicators during the mass gathering with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had several benefits with monitoring the clinical and economic of mass gathering pharmaceutical care, as demonstrated in the review. The continuation of the project guaranteed by the risk management model description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the services as demonstrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage declared in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering pharmacy indicators is new initiative project is part of the mass gathering medicine. There are several sections of pharmacy indicators can be initiated during mass gathering; it is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hajj, Indicators, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia., Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Abdulrahman Safar Alqthami and Fareed Ali Alharpi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {263, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Pharmacy Infection Control: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {5-9}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the pharmacy infection control services during the mass gathering Hajj period as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering pharmacy infection control services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various aids, including clinical and economical on pilgrims, as illustrated in the assessment. The continuation was of the project assured by the risk management model description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project, though closing the project stage, explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering pharmacy infection control services are a new initiative, part of the mass gathering medicine. There are various pharmacy transition care services can be started during the mass gathering with an emphasis on pharmacy personnel, infection control; it is highly suggested to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Control, Hajj, Infection, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Lamees Essa Abdullah Hakami and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Taha Mohamd Rafuden Bakhsh and Nojoud Adnan Khayat and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {262, title = {National Mass Gathering Pharmaceutical Care Program at Healthcare Institution in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the pharmaceutical care services during mass gathering (MG) Hajj at the healthcare organizations in Saudi Arabia (SA). Methods: It is a descriptive analysis of a newly established program at the MOH in SA called MG pharmaceutical care program during Hajj and Umra Seasons, which was analyzed within the Pharmacy Strategic Plan 2012-2020 and update the plan with new Saudi vision 2030. Results: MG pharmaceutical care program is a new program established by the healthcare organizations in the last four years, which amongst to provide pharmaceutical care services in various fields. Conclusion: The mass gathering of pharmaceutical care services is a new initiative, part of the mass gathering medicine. The program should expand after the foundation stage with performance indication monitoring and follow up. Further assessment of the new project is required to validate the clinical and economic outcomes to research the high level of quality and professionalism in the future.

}, keywords = {Healthcare, Institution, Mass Gathering, National, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Hameed AL-Muwallad and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Taha Mohamd Rafuden Bakhsh and Nojoud Adnan Khayat and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {271, title = {Pharmacy Transition Care Services during Mass Gathering Hajj in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {117-119}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the pharmacy transition care services during the mass gathering hajj period as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering pharmacy transition care services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on pilgrims, as demonstrated in the review. The extension of the project assured by risk management elements description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated. The conversion of operation project, though closing project stage, demonstrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The pharmacy transition care services during the mass gathering is a new initiative, part of the mass gathering medicine. Various pharmacy transition care services can be started during mass gathering; it is highly recommended to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services, Transition Care}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Naif Olaythah Alharbi and Fareed Ali Alharpi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {51, title = {Medication Storage at Home among People in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {52-59}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Objective: Storing medications at home is a global practice. By storing medications in an appropriate and safe environment, we can prevent accidental poisoning. Information is scarce regarding the storage of different types of medications at homes in Al-Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the types of medications stored at homes among people residing in Al-Qassim region. Methodology: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional survey conducted through the random distribution of a pre-validated structured questionnaire among the public and private sector employees and people from all walks of life above the age of 18 years in Al-Qassim region. The survey was designed electronically through Survey Monkey system and was distributed through social media. Results: A total of 708 subjects responded to the survey. Most of the responders were females (485 (68.10\%)). About half of the responders were in the age group of 18{\textendash}29 years (393 (58.31\%)) with a significantly dominant female population as compared to males (p\<0.05). The most frequently stored medications were related to headache (462 (65.25\%)) and pain (445 (62.85\%)). Most of the responders stored their medications in the refrigerator (467 (65.96\%)) or in their bedroom (324 (45.76\%)). A total of 633 medications were found to be stored at homes during this survey. The top 20 most frequently stored medications were paracetamol (266 (42.02\%)) and ibuprofen (42 (6.64\%)). Conclusion: The results of this study show an alarming situation about the methods of storing medication and types of medicines stored among the residents of Al-Qassim region. More and more campaigns and awareness programs should be conducted through different types of social media to educate the people regarding the appropriate methods of storing medications at home. Such awareness programs should stress more regarding safe methods of storage and spread awareness regarding how to identify the appropriate method of disposal to prevent harmful impact on the environment.

}, keywords = {Al-Qassim, Home, Medication Storage, Pattern, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.10}, author = {Afaf Badr Alenazi and Mansour Saleh Alsharidah and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Suliman Abdulaziz Alghazy and Abdul-Aziz Abdullah Alqadi and Amir Marzouk} } @article {57, title = {Perceptions and Knowledge of Storing Medications at Home in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacy and Health Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {Feburary 2019}, pages = {79-85}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

Objective: Globally people store medications at home, which is also common among the residents of Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. They should be stored safely to prevent the accidental ingestion or unintended use. However, the method of storing medications at homes in Al-Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the perception and knowledge of medications stored at Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional survey which was conducted through the random distribution of a pre-validated structured questionnaire with the public and private sector employees and with general population from all walks of life above the age of 18 years in Al-Qassim region. The survey was designed electronically through the Survey Monkey system and was distributed through social media. Results: A total of 708 participants responded to this survey. Most of the responders (485 (68.10\%)) were females. About half of the responders were in the age group of 18{\textendash}29 years (393 (58.31\%)) with a significantly dominant female population compared to males (p\<0.05). Most of the responders checked or almost checked the instructions of storing medications (192 (28.24\%) and 273 (40.15\%), respectively) without any significant difference between education level (p\>0.05). Most of the responders checked the expiry date of stored medications (496 (70.06\%)). Most of the responders did not receive instructions on storage of medications from pharmacist or physician (597 (84.32\%)). Most of the resources regarding storage of medications were obtained from the physician (388 (54.8\%)), drug leaflet (320 (45.2\%)) followed by pharmacist (318 (44.92\%)) and self-learned (154 (21.75\%)). Therapeutic classes of stored medication were analgesics and antipyretics (322 (41.87\%)) followed by cardiovascular drugs (64 (8.32\%)) and oral anti-diabetic drugs (58 (7.54\%)). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that people at Al-Qassim region tend to store medication at home not just over the counter medications but also medications of chronic illnesses. They should be educated on the need of medications, safety of medications and requirements of storing medications at home. Educational activities should be conducted through all possible channels to increase the awareness and to educate people on the proper method of storing medications.

}, keywords = {Al-Qassim, Home, Knowledge, Medication Storage, Perceptions, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.14}, author = {Afaf Badr Alenazi and Mansour Saleh Alsharidah and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Suliman Abdulaziz Alghazy and Abdul-Aziz Abdullah Alqadi and Amir Marzouk} } @article {53, title = {Poisoning Due to Stored Medications at Home in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {66-72}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Objective: Storing medications at home is a global practice. By storing medications in an appropriate and safe environment, we can prevent accidental poisoning. Information is scarce regarding the storage of different types of medications at homes in Al-Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the cases of poisoning due to stored medications at home in Al-Qassim region. Methodology: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional survey conducted through the random distribution of a pre-validated structured questionnaire among the public and private sector employees and people from all walks of life above the age of 18 years in Al-Qassim region. The survey was designed electronically through the Survey Monkey system and was distributed through social media. Results: A total of 708 subjects responded to the survey. Most of the responders (485 (68.10\%)) were females. About half of the responders were in the age group of 18{\textendash}29 years (393 (58.31\%)) with females being significantly dominant than males (p\<0.05). Majority of the responders stored their medications separated from households{\textquoteright} chemicals (524 (77.06\%)). Most of the responders did not store multiple medications in the same container without any significant difference related to gender or educational level (p\>0.05). The total number of poisonous cases were 41 (5.79\%) without any significant difference related to gender or educational level (p\>0.05). Poisoning due to medications were mostly caused due to the medications stored in refrigerator (15 (40.54\%)) and bedroom (10 (27.03\%)). Most of the stored medications were disposed into the trash after their expiry dates (463 (65.4\%)) while 189 items remained at home (26.69\%). A total of 33 different types of stored medications caused poisoning in 44 cases. Paracetamol caused 6 cases of poisoning (18.18\%), followed by ibuprofen 3 (9.09\%) and multivitamins 3 (9.09\%). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed an alarming setting of poisoning cases due to stored medications in Al-Qassim region. Awareness campaigns and more educational sessions should be conducted through social media. By doing so, people can be educated regarding the proper storage of medications to prevent poisoning. Thus, public awareness programs stressing on the safe storage and identification of the right ways to dispose of medication are highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Al-Qassim, Home, Medication Storage, Poisoning, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.12}, author = {Afaf Badr Alenazi and Mansour Saleh Alsharidah and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Suliman Abdulaziz Alghazy and Abdul-Aziz Abdullah Alqadi and Amir Marzouk} } @article {116, title = {Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring of Antipsychotic Drugs and Mood Stabilizers in a Teaching Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {118-121}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Antipsychotics and mood stabilizers are associated with adverse effects which can affect the compliance and course of treatment in mental disorders. The present study was therefore undertaken to monitor the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of the antipsychotics and mood stabilizers in the psychiatric outpatient unit of our hospital. Methods: Study was conducted from December 2011 to November 2012, the patients on antipsychotic drugs from psychiatry outpatient department (OPD) of Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences were considered for analysis. The patients were diagnosed by consultant psychiatrist. Data was collected in standard questionnaire format. All patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorder as per ICD 10 criteria and receiving treatment with antipsychotic or mood stabilizer were included. Assessment of causality and severity of recorded adverse events was done using WHO assessment scale and modified Siegel and Hartwig Scale respectively. Results: 45 ADRs were recorded among 778 patients. Extra pyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic side effects and Weight gain were the most common ADRs. Risperidone, chlorpromazine and olanzapine were the drugs causing maximum ADRs. Assessment of causality and severity of recorded adverse events showed possible to probable and mild to moderately severe respectively. Conclusion: Extrapyramidal symptoms were most common ADRs in our study followed by anticholinergic side effects. Risperidone was most commonly prescribed drug followed by chlorpromazine. Risperidone and chlorpromazine accounted for most of ADRs. Assessment of causality of recorded adverse events showed no certain cause and Assessment of severity of recorded adverse events showed no severe cases.

}, keywords = {Antipsychotics, Extrapyramidal Symptoms, Haloperidol, Lithium, Olanzapine, Risperidone}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.5}, author = {Swetha Munoli and Soumya B Patil} } @article {78, title = {Comparative Study of Hypolidemic effects of Ethanolic extract of Rhizomes of Curcuma longa (turmeric) Versus Pioglitazone in Alloxan induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {5-11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Background: Rhizomes of Curcuma Longa belonging to the genus, Curcuma is widely used for medicinal purpose. Its ethanolic extract has been used traditionally as a hypolipidemic. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hypolipidemic effects of ethanolic extract of Rhizomes of Curcuma longa in Alloxan induced diabetic rats with high fat diet and compared with of Pioglitazone, which has anti-diabetic and action. Materials and method: Alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes mellitus in albino rats in the dose of 120 mg/kg Intraperitonelly and hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding animals with high fat diet orally. The body weights of the rats in every group was recorded weekly. Six groups of 6 animals in each received normal saline for normal control, normal saline for diabetic control, turmeric extract (TE) 300 mg/kg/day for euglycemic rat, Diabetic rat with high fat diet 10 mg/kg/day (turmeric extract 300 mg/kg/day), diabetic rat with high fat diet 10 ml/kg/day (turmeric extract 500 mg/kg/day), Diabetic rats with High fat diet 10 ml/kg/day (pioglitazone respectively for 4 weeks). After overnight fasting, 2 ml of blood was collected in from orbital sinuses of all animals. Various biochemical parameters were estimated like blood sugar and lipid profile. The data was analyzed statistically using student{\textquoteright}s paired and unpaired t-test. Results: Turmeric extract significantly raised HDL levels both in healthy and diabetic rats. TE (500 mg/kg) is more efficient as compared to 300 mg/kg dose, as TE (500 mg/kg) has also reduced VLDL, LDL levels in Group V which was statistically highly significant (p\<0.001). Conclusion: Present study revealed that the turmeric has hypolipidemic action and can be safely used in the treatment of mild to moderate cases of hyperlipidemia.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Curcuma Longa, Diabetic Rats, Hypolipidemic, Turmeric}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.2}, author = {Jeevangi Santoshkumar and Deepak D. Mariguddi and S. Manjunath} } @article {93, title = {Evaluation of Changes in Bleeding Time in Hypertensive Patients on Amlodipine - A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {45-48}, type = {Research Articles}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Background: Platelet hyperactivity is a risk factor in hypertensive patients that paves the way to atherothrombosis causing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Counteracting platelet aggregation is an established step in preventing thrombotic events. Calcium channel blockers are one among the recommended antihypertensive agents according to 2013 ESH/ESC (European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology) guidelines. In addition to lowering blood pressure they are known to have antiplatelet activity. Dihydropyridine class of L-type calcium channel blockers are the most potent group and shares this activity. Anti-platelet aggregatory effect of these agents could supplement its anti-hypertensive property and could prove to be desirable in the treatment of hypertensives with high risk of atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk. So the present study aims to explore the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine. Objectives: To evaluate the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine in hypertensive patients. Methods and Materials: Sixty subjects were enrolled in the study. Test group comprised of thirty patients with essential hypertension, who were prescribed Tab Amlodipine at doses 5 mg or 10 mg once daily orally. Patients included in study group were regularly on Amlodipine for at least one month. 30 normotensive subjects, who are not on any drug affecting platelet function like Aspirin, dipyridamole, statins etc. acted as control group.Duke method of Bleeding time estimation was used to assess changes in Bleeding time. Statistical analysis: Student{\textquoteright}s unpaired t-test was used to compare Amlodipine test group with the normotensive control group. Results were expressed as Mean bleeding time {\textpm} SEM. SPSS software version 20 was used for statistical calculations. Results: The mean bleeding time of Amlodipine group was 2.214 minutes {\textpm} 0.028 SEM. The control group had a mean bleeding time of 1.998 minutes {\textpm} 0.036 SEM. The result gave a statistically significant p value of \<0.001. Average duration of treatment was 3.683 years. Conclusion: The statistically significant bleeding time observed in Amlodipine group suggest that it has anti-platelet activity.

}, keywords = {Amlodipine, Antiplatelet activity, Bleeding time, Hypertension}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.2}, author = {Pallavi Mahadeva Kamath and Suresh Surappla Rudrappa and Arun Suresh and Narendranath Sanji and Shashikala Gowdara Hanumanthareddy and Imran Maniyar} } @article {107, title = {Literature Review on Siddha Herbal Formulations (Kudineer) Available for The Management of Dengue}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {90-96}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {90}, abstract = {

Dengue is a major threat to public health in many countries. There is no vaccine to prevent the infection. In spite of management of the disease with conventional method of treatment, mortality due to dengue is increasing year by year. In India, state of Tamil nadu during 2012 dengue crisis, initiated a new model by including traditional Siddha medicines along with conventional therapy for management of dengue in government hospitals. The result of the initiation was a great success, as the Siddha medicines showed remarkable clinical improvement. As there is no effective dengue specific antiviral drug is available and the widely used NSAIDs show anti platelet activity, there is a need for Siddha formulations to be explored scientifically. This review focuses on Siddha kudineer formulations for dengue. Kudineer formulations include only dried and grinded herbals. The method of preparation of kudineer is simple and the phyto constituents do not undergo any major change while processing and preparation, unlike other traditional formulations. Ingredients of the formulation and their pharmacological action are discussed in the review. The review may act as a keyhole for the dengue drug development.

}, keywords = {Anti inflammatory, Anti pyretic, Anti viral, Dengue, Herbal medicine, Kudineer, Pitha suram, Siddha Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.3.5}, author = {Harihara Mahadevan and Vanmathi Palraj} } @article {97, title = {Pharmacogenomics of Metformin- A Way to Personalised Medicine}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {55-61}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India with more than 62 million diabetic individuals currently diagnosed with the disease. There are atleast 10 different drug classes for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but metformin is recommended as the initial medication for treatment of T2DM. Inter-individual variability in response and few clinical or biomarker predictors of response reduces its optimal use. Personalized medicine promises a path for individually optimized treatment, but realizing this promise will require a more comprehensive characterization of disease and drug response. As per American Medical Association, pharmacogenomics is the study of genetic variations that influence individual response to drugs. Knowing whether a patient carries any of these genetic variations can help prescribers individualize drug therapy, decrease the chance for adverse drug events, and increase the effectiveness of drugs. There are variety of genes controlling metformin transport in the body, for eg- SLC22A1, SLC22A2, SLC22A3, SLC22A4 etc. The purpose of this review article is to explain in brief pharmacogenomics of metformin and its application and practical hurdles in its translation.

}, keywords = {Diabetes Mellitus, Metformin, Personalised medicine, Pharmacogenomics, SLC2A4}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.4}, author = {Monali Pradeep Vakharia and Vijay Ramakrishna Zad and Nishikant Nandlal Mankar and Pratik Pradeep Wadivkar and Kalpana Unind Shah} } @article {113, title = {Cost, Benefit and Risks Associated with in-Campus and off-Campus Accommodations of Medical Students: A cross-Sectional Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {58-62}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: Students{\textquoteright} accommodation might influence their growth, behaviour and study performance. There is no clarity yet about safety issues, trends in substance abuse and on effect of type of accommodations on students{\textquoteright} academic performance. Objectives: To compare students{\textquoteright} perceptions regarding in campus and off campus accommodations with respect to cost, benefit and risks associated with them and also to investigate whether type of accommodation affect medical students{\textquoteright} academic performance. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, the data was collected using newly designed validated questionnaires from students who had stayed in campus accommodation (n=100) and students who had stayed in off campus accommodation (n=100). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16. The group wise comparison was made using Mann-Whitney test. A p value of \< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The difference in the direct cost related to in campus and off campus accommodation was INR 43, 800/month with in-campus accommodation exceeding over off campus accommodation. Off-campus accommodation was perceived as more comfortable than in-campus accommodation, promoting collaborative learning and alcohol and substance abuse (p\<0.05) compared to in-campus accommodation. In addition, students who stayed in the campus performed significantly better academically than those who stayed outside the campus. Conclusion: The outside hostel accommodation is favorable to students in terms of direct cost and benefits. However, risks, including alcohol and substance abuse must be considered and appropriate precautions should be taken and counseling must be provided to students to avoid these risks.

}, keywords = {Academic Performance, Accommodation, Benefits, Cost, Medical Students}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.5}, author = {Vasudha Devi and Sabrina Najiha Binti Mohamad Ashari and Syahirah Binti Abd Rashid and Muhammad Azim Bin NurAdlan and Mohamed Mazlan Bin Mohamed Musadiq} } @article {120, title = {Effect of Notchi kudineer (Vitex negundo Aqueous Extract) on Surgically Induced Endometriosis in Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences |}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {35-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Background: Endometriosis is the growth of endometrial tissue in ectopic places outside the uterus. Siddha physicians claim that Vitex negundo leaf decoction reduces the symptoms of endometriosis in clinical practice. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Vitex negundo aqueous extract on surgically induced endometriosis in Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Endometriosis was surgically induced in nulliparous female Sprague Dawley rats with regular estrus cycle by autografting endometrium tissue on posterior abdominal wall. After 30 days of implantation, rats were allocated into two groups (n=6). Control group did not receive any drug, whereas test group received an oral dose of Vitex negundo aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) for 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, the endometriosis cyst size and adhesion were measured and blood was collected for hematology. Malondialdehyde (MDA, an oxidant) and thiol (antioxidant) levels were estimated in blood as well as in cyst. Endometriosis cyst was studied for histopathological grading. Statistical analysis was done using independent t test by keeping p\<0.05. Results: Test drug reduced the adhesion and cyst size compared to control, but the difference was not statistically significant. Histological grade was reduced from 3 to 0 in test group. The test drug significantly increased thiol in blood (p=0.016), and also reduced the blood MDA level (p=0.001) compared to control. Test drug increased the red blood cell distribution width (RDW_CV: p=0.009 and RDW_SD: p=0.003), platelet (p=0.03) and plateletcrit (p=0.026) compared to control group. Conclusion: Our study has created the scientific evidence for the siddha physician{\textquoteright}s claim on Vitex negundo by demonstrating reduction in endometriosis cyst size, adhesion, histological grading and oxidant levels as well as elevation in antioxidant level.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Endometriosis, Sprague Dawley Rats, Vitex Negundo}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.1}, author = {Arul Amuthan and Shabari Anandh and Syed Musharraf and Nupur Agarwal and Vasudha Devi and Revathi P Shenoy and Bhavna Nayal} } @article {117, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Anticonvulsant Induced Cases of Steven Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {March 2014}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) constitute a spectrum of severe, potentially life threatening, mucocutaneous adverse drug reactions. Antimicrobial agents and anticonvulsants are the most commonly implicated drugs. This study was aimed to compare and analyse the differences in the incubation peri-od, clinical presentation and outcome in patients of SJS/TEN caused by the antimicrobials and anticonvulsants. Materials and Methods: Patients of SJS, TEN and SJS/TEN overlap admitted in the dermatology ward of our hospi-tal, in whom an antimicrobial agent or an anticonvulsant were found to be probable causative agent by Naranjo score were assigned to Group A and B respectively. Inpatient records of the selected patients were studied to compare the differences. Results: Total of forty patients (twenty each of Group A and B) were included in the study. Fluoroquinolones followed by chloroquine were the most commonly implicated antimicrobials. The anticonvulsants most commonly implicated were phenytoin followed by carbamazepine. Incubation period in the antimicrobial group was significantly shorter [Group A (7.32 {\textpm} 5.4 days) vs Group B (28.58 {\textpm} 19.35 days)] with p value \< 0.001. The duration of stay, in the derma-tology ward, was significantly longer (p value\< 0.05) in the cases of TEN caused by antimicrobials (20.1 {\textpm} 7.49 days) as compared to those caused by anticonvulsants (14.5 {\textpm} 5.36 days). Three patients in Group A and one patient in Group B expired. Conclusion: A shorter incubation period and a higher morbidity and mortality were seen in the antimicrobial induced cases as compared to the anticonvulsant group.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsants, Antimicrobials, Steven Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis}, author = {Surabhi Dayal and Brahmita Monga and V. K. Jain and Kamal Aggarwal and Anuradha} } @article {121, title = {Design of Drug Dosage Regimen for Valproate: Exploring Modeling and Simulation Based Approach}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {22-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {22}, abstract = {

Background: Population pharmacokinetic studies attempt to explain the variability in pharmacokinetics among study subjects and explore the role of covariates on the pharmacokinetics. The present study was planned to evaluate by simulation, the various dosage regimens of valproate and their predicted relevance to achieve desired therapeutic ranges and to see the effect of various covariates. Materials and Methods: This study utilized the previous database of therapeutic drug monitoring data of valproate available in the department and population pharmacokinetic models developed by a group in the department. From the database, 93 patients{\textquoteright} details have been used in this study. The simulation studies were carried out for various dosage regimens such as 400mgQ12Hr, 500mgQ12Hr, 800mgQ12Hr, 1000mgQ24Hr for 100 simulated patients using NON-MEM software package. Results: 500mg BID dosage regimen was found to be more advantageous as more number of simulated patients were having the Css within the therapeutic range and the effect of covariates like sex and concomitant phenytoin use were found to be insignificant but with 1000mg OD regimen in females, the number of individuals with Css within the therapeutic range were found to be less with which we could say that the induction effect of phenytoin on valproate metabolism in females could be more than that of males. Conclusion: The present study was able to predict steady state concentrations for various dosage regimen scenarios with possible pharmacokinetic and therapeutic outcomes. This study underscores the relevance of population pharma-cokinetic based simulations in dosage regimen design.

}, keywords = {Dosage regimen, NONMEM, Population pharmacokinetics, Simulations, Valproate}, author = {Shiv sagar K and Nithya Duggirala and Chintan Y Patel and Leelavathy D Acharya and Surulivelrajan Mallayasamy} } @article {131, title = {Gastroprotective Activity of Asystasia gangetica Stem Aqueous Extract Against Pylorus Ligated Gastric Ulcer in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {53-60}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {53}, abstract = {

Background: Asystasia gangetica, a medicinal plant commonly known as Maithal Kadi available in Udupi district in India. It is used as a fresh juice to treat gastric ulcers, rheumatism, inflammation, swelling by the folklore practitioners. The present studies were aimed to investigate the antiulcer activity of aqueous extract of Asystasia gangetica stem to provide scientific validation for its folklore use. Materials and Methods: Healthy Wistar albino rats were divided into three different groups of six rats each. The rats were pre-treated with group specific drugs. Group I assigned as control, group II received the standard drug omepra-zole 20 mg/kg, group III received aqueous extract of stem of the plant Asystasia gangetica 400 mg/kg once daily for seven consecutive days. On seventh day, one hour after drug administration, the gastric ulcer was induced by ligation of the pyloric part of the rat{\textquoteright}s stomach. This was followed by the macroscopic examination of the stomach, quantifica-tion of gastric juice, total and free acidity, peptic activity and histological examination of stomach tissue were performed. The test extract were subjected for preliminary phytochemical analysis as per standard methodology. Results: The test drug treated group showed that there is a significant reduction in the total acidity and marked reduction in ulcer index, the volume of gastric juice and the effect was comparable with that of omeprazole. Histologi-cal examination revealed a normal cytoarchitecture with reduced gastric lesions in group III compared to group I. Conclusion: The present finding suggests that Asystasia gangetica promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by the comparative decreases in total acidity, gastric lesions and peptic activity.

}, keywords = {Asystasia gangetica, Gastro protection, Leukocyte, Omeprazole, Pylorus ligation, Ulcer index}, author = {Lalith Kumar and Ravi M and Shridhara Bairy and Chaithra Hebbar and Ravi Shankar B} } @article {119, title = {An Open Label, Randomized, Comparative Study of Antiscabietic Drugs Permethrin, Gamma Benzene Hexachloride and Ivermectin in Patients of Uncomplicated Scabies}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {15-21}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background: To determine efficacy and cost effectiveness of antiscabietic drugs (permethrin, gamma benzene hexa-chloride and ivermectin) in patients of uncomplicated scabies. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, randomized clinical study conducted in 210 diagnosed patients of scabies (\>12years of age) from January 2011 to October 2011.They were randomly allocated into one of the three groups. Group A received topical permethrin (5\% cream), Group B received topical gamma benzene hexachloride (1\% lotion) and Group C received oral ivermectin (tab 200mcg/kg). All the three groups received treatment two times- at the time of first visit and one week later. The patients were followed up at the end of first and third week. At each visit, cure rate was assessed by clinical and itching grading score and compared to determine the efficacy. Cost effectiveness was compared on basis of cost in INR to treat one case successfully. Results: Cure rate at the end of first week was 83.87\% in Group A, 78.18\% in Group B and 55.17\% in Group C while cure rate in the three treatment groups at the end of third week was 93.55\% in Group A, 80.00\% in Group B and 98.28\% in Group C. Thus at the end of first week Group A showed better cure rate while at the end of third week Group C was equally efficacious to Group A. The cost (INR) to treat one patient was 69.19 for permethrin, 37.50 for gamma benzene hexachloride and 24.42 for ivermectin. Conclusion: A single application of permethrin is superior to both ivermectin and gamma benzene hexachloride while ivermectin in two dose regimen is equally efficacious to permethrin and more cost effective than the other two conven-tional antiscabietic drugs. Oral ivermectin can be used as an alternative to permethrin.

}, keywords = {Antiscabietic, Gamma benzene hexachloride, Ivermectin, Permethrin}, author = {Maurya Meenakshi and Kaushik Sadhna and Srivastava Neeraj and Verma Deepak and Parihar Renu} } @article {155, title = {Evaluation of Anti-arthritic Activity of Dazzle Ointment - A Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {14-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic multi-system disease of unknown cause. It affects people in their prime of life, predominantly between the ages of 20-50 years with unpredictable course. Dazzle ointment is a polyherbal for-mulation, used for the treatment of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Objective: The present study was planned to evaluate efficacy of Dazzle ointment using complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritic model. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into three groups of 6 animals each as CFA treated, standard drug and test drug treated groups. The animals were injected with 0.2 ml of complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant into the sub-plantar surface of left hind paw. Drugs were administered topically, once a day, commenced on the day of injection of adjuvant and continued for 21 days. The assessment of the change in the inflammatory reaction was made by measuring the paw volume plethysmographically on 0, 4th, 14th, 17th, 21st day after injection of complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant (CFA). The statistical significance was assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet{\textquoteright}s compari-son test. A p value of \< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: It was observed that Dazzle ointment produced significant anti-arthritic effect on 21st day. In CFA treated group, there was marked increase in the ESR and WBC count which was significantly decreased by test drug Dazzle ointment and standard drug diclofenac gel (Omni gel). Conclusion: The results indicate that Dazzle ointment possesses anti-arthritic activity in the experimental animal model.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic, Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant, Dazzle ointment, Plethysmometer}, author = {Hardik Soni and Ghanshyam Patel and Megha Shah and Mayank Panchal and Krishna Murti} } @article {180, title = {Experimental Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Leaves of Antidesma Menasu on Wistar Albino Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {105-112}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Background: Antidesma menasu is a folk plant of Euphorbiacae occurring in and around Udupi district in India. It is effectively used in folklore medicine for the management of arthritis, inflammatory bowel disorder and low backache. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the plant in Wistar albino rats. Aqueous extract of leaves of A. menasu were evaluated for possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods:Eddy{\textquoteright}s hot plate test and radiant heat test were used for investigation of analgesic effect. Effect of extract on the acute inflammation was investigated on Carrageenan induced paw oedema, and chronic inflammation was investigated on cotton pellet induced granuloma tissue formation test. The test extract was subjected for preliminary phytochemical examination as per standard methodology. Results: The test drug found to inhibit the carrageenan induced paw oedema significantly (p ˂ 0.05) and there was moderate increase in the latency period in the analgesic test. The results suggest that the test group has high signifi-cant anti-inflammatory potential and there is moderate analgesic activity. The histopathological examination of adrenal cortex, spleen and thymus showed a normal cytoarchitecture comparable with that of normal control group. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the plant A. menasu revealed the presence of flovanoids, saponins, steroids and phenols. Conclusion: The data obtained supports the traditional folklore therapeutic claim about its anti-inflammatory and anal-gesic activity. Further scientific investigation is required to establish its analgesic and anti-inflammatory property in other experimental models and clinical settings.

}, keywords = {Antidesma menasu, Arthritis, Carrageenan, Chronic inflammation, Flavonoids}, author = {Arun Prabhakar Sithara and Ravi M and Suma Mallya and Sudhakara and Sridhar Bairy and Srikanth P and Ravishankar} } @article {182, title = {Management and Treatment Outcome of Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in a South Indian Tertiary Care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {113-120}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Background: Chronic diseases are emerging as one of the leading cause of death nowadays. Among them, the prev-alence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing because of the increased incidence of diabetes and hypertension which are the main cause of CKD. The rate of progression of CKD to end stage renal disease (ESRD) can be reduced by the early detection and management of risk factors and complications associated with it. The present study aims to study the complications, treatment pattern and associated outcome in hospitalized CKD patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from October 2012 to March 2013 in the nephrology unit of Kasturba hospital, Manipal. Adult patients (\> 18 years old) who were diagnosed with CKD were included. Patient demographics, clinical, pharmacological management and laboratory data were collected in a spe-cially designed form for this study purpose. Demography of the patients, complications and medications used for the management etc. were documented and evaluated using SPSS version 16.0. Results: 312 CKD patients were included in the study.. Maximum number of patients was in the age group of 46-60 years and study showed male predominance (77.6\%). Anemia was the most observed complication in the study popu-lation ( 81.7 \%). Monotherapy or combinations of drugs like nebulisation albuterol, insulin with glucose and sodium polystyrene sulfonate was used for the management of hyperkalemia. Anemia is managed by oral and parenteral iron products, erythropoietin and by blood transfusions. Average length of hospital stay was found to be 7.34 {\textpm} 4.89 days. Serum creatinine, creatinine clearance rate, serum urea, serum sodium and serum potassium had improved signifi-cantly (p \< 0.001) from the base line. Total serum calcium was also improved after treatment. Conclusion: Present study highlights the complications, treatment pattern and outcomes in CKD patients from a tertiary care hospital in South India which may help in targeting the major causes of CKD and treatment pattern for the renal failure population. Early identification of patients who are at risk and strategies to decrease the rate of progres-sion of CKD will help to reduce the prevalence and mortality associated with CKD in future.

}, keywords = {Chronic Kidney Disease, Complications, Mortality, Outcome, Treatment pattern}, author = {Sumy George and Leelavathi D Acharya and Ravindra Prabhu A and Surulivelrajan Mallayasamy} } @article {189, title = {Case of Fosphenytoin Induced Acute Cerebellar Dysfunction and Pituitary Bleed Causing Central Diabetes Insipidus in a Case of AML M2 during Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {111-114}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {111}, abstract = {

Neuroprotectors such as phenytoin, fosphenytoin, clonazepam or levetiracetam are often used prior conditioning regimen to prevent seizures caused due to busulfan, during bone marrow transplant. Fosphenytoin and levetiracetam are used instead of phenytoin as they are readily soluble and do not need a vehicle such as polyethylene glycol or ethanol which increases risk of tissue and cardio toxicity. We report a case of acute toxicity in the form of cerebral bleed during intravenous administration of fosphenytoin and its subsequent management in patient undergoing busulfan treatment prior to allogenic transplant.

}, keywords = {Bone Marrow Transplantation, Busulfan, Conditioning Regimen, Fosphenytoin, Levetiracetam, Neuroprotector, Phenytoin}, author = {Eriat Govind and Radheshyam Naik and Srinivas BJ and Intezar Mehdi} } @article {159, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Plectranthus Amnoinicus Against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {32-38}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Background:Plectranthus amboinicus, belonging to the genus Plectranthus, is widely used for medicinal purposes. Its leaves have been used traditionally as a heatoprotective.\ Objectives:\ The present study was aimed at evaluating the heapatotective activity of ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus against paracetamol induced heapatotoxicity in rats.\ Materials and Methos:\ Sic groups wistar rats were used in the study. The two control groups received gum acacia and paracetamol orally respectively. The three test groups were treated orally with paracetamol followed by 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of pletranthus amboinicus respectively. The sixth group (standard hepatoprotective) received paracetamol followed by N-aceltylcysteine 100 mg/kg orally. The hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by estimating serum alanine aminotransferase, asparatate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, tissue malondialdehyde levels and by histopathological analysis of the liver tissue. Results were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test.\ Results:\ Plectranthus amboinicus in doses of 600 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg siginificantly (p\<0.05) altered paracetamol induced changes in the serum and tissue enzyme levels to near normal values. It also improved the liver histopathology profile.\ Conclusion:\ The results of the study indicate that the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus, possesses hepathoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

}, keywords = {Hepatoprotective, N-acetylcysteine, Paracetamol, Plectranthus Amboinicus}, author = {Smita Shenoy and Hemanth Kumar and Thashma and Veena Nayak and Krishnananda Prabhu and Priya Pai and Indu Warrier and Somayaji and Venu Madhav and KL Bairy and Anoop Kishore} } @article {176, title = {In-vitro Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Abraga Chendhooram, a Siddha Drug}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {79-81}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

The present study was carried out to evaluate alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of abraga chendhooram which is a Siddha drug being used to treat diabetes mellitus. The ingredient of abraga chendhooram includes biotite (K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2), Sesbania grandiflora, Calotropis gigantea and Momordica charantia. In-vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assay was performed by standard procedure. Different concentrations of abraga chendhooram and miglitol (standard drug) were used. Abraga chendhooram exhibited a dose dependent alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, but it was less than standard drug. Further studies are warranted to look other possible mechanisms for its antidiabetic claim and to assess its safety

}, keywords = {Abraga, Ayurveda, Basma, Biotite, Diabetes Mellitus, Herbo-metallic, Mica}, author = {R. Sathish and R. Madhavan and Hannah R. Vasanthi and Arul Amuthan} } @article {187, title = {Knowledge and Awareness of Food and Drug Interactions (FDI): a Survey Among Health Care Professionals}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {105}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Background:\ Most of the food and drug interactions (FDI) remain unnoticed and under reported due to either lack of proper history, follow up or unawareness. Certain foods and specific nutrients in foods, may affect the overall bioa-vailability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and therapeutic efficacy of medications. FDI occur due to extension of drug action or due to interaction between the drug and herbal medicines as well as dietary supplements and food products.\ Objectives:\ To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and awareness regarding the common FDI among the doctors in their day to day practice.\ Materials and Methods:\ Survey included randomly selected 200 doctors divided into 3 groups [65 Professors, 83 Post Graduates (PGs) and 52 Interns] from JSS Tertiary care hospital, Mysore, India. Assessment was through FDI Questionnaire which consisted of 32 questions (included dichotomous, multiple choice and open ended ques-tions). The differences between groups were compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s post-hoc test. The level of significance was set at p \< 0.05.\ Results:\ The mean scores (mean {\textpm} SD) on the overall test were 26 {\textpm} 4.08, 22.89 {\textpm} 3.72, 21.35 {\textpm} 4.2 for professors, PGs and interns respectively, with 31 being a perfect score. Professors had good knowledge about FDI compared to others (p \< 0.001). Only 33\% participants have noticed FDI during their practice. A majority of doctors had heard, felt necessary to report and update their knowledge about FDI along with adequate patient counseling.\ Conclusion:\ The study showed professors had better expertise compared to others. Intensive FDI training and integration of knowledge among healthcare professionals, especially in the younger health care professionals, is a requisite.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Drug interactions, Food and Drug Interactions, Questionnaire}, author = {Jyoti M. Benni and Jayanthi MK and Basavaraj R and Tubaki and Renuka M} } @article {164, title = {Protective Role of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) on Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {45-53}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Background:\ For many years, serologic markers have been used to assist cardiologists in the diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Once the serologic markers such as cardiac marker enzymes come to normal level upon a treatment, it clearly shows the treatment drug has the role in the management of MI.\ Objectives:\ The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of\ Nigella sativa\ seeds called black cumin on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in experimental rats.\ Materials and methods:\ The rats were randomly divided into four groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 rats received 1.0 ml of 0.5\% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) throughout the experimental period and served as the control. Group 2 rats received CMC as in group 1 and isoproterenol (85 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally twice at an interval of 24 hours on the 14th and 15th days. The rats in group 3 received black cumin (150 mg/kg body weight) intragastrically for a period of 15 days. Group 4 rats received black cumin and isoproterenol as said above and the experiment was terminated on 16th day and animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation after an overnight fast. Blood was collected for the estimation of biochemical parameters and heart dissected out for biochemical estimation and histopathological examination.\ Results:\ Along with VLDL, TG, cholesterol, free fatty acids, the levels of marker enzymes in serum such as AST, ALT, LDH, CK, and tissue lipid profile of TG, cholesterol, free fatty acids were significantly decreased (p \< 0.05), whereas the levels of CK-MB and HDL, LDL in serum and tissue lipid profile of phospholipids were significantly increased (p \< 0.05) in rats pretreated with black cumin compared to that of the group which received isoproterenol alone.\ Conclusion:\ Pretreatment with black cumin offered a protective effect against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats as evidenced by cardiac markers and lipid profile of the heart tissue.

}, keywords = {Black Cumin, Cardiac Markers, lipid peroxidation, Myocardial Infarction}, author = {M. Murugesan and M. Ragunath1 and T. Prabu1 and S. Nadanasabapathi and M. Sakthivel and V. Manju} } @article {171, title = {Undergraduate Medical Srtudent{\textquoteright}s Perceptions Regarding Personal Drug Selection Exercise}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {61-67}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Background:\ Right drug for the right patient in the right dose for the right duration is the aim of rational prescribing. The foundation for rational prescribing can be laid if prescribing doctors are sensitized to this concept during undergraduate studies. The knowledge of personal drug (P-drug) selection process is an important step towards rational prescribing.\ Objectives:\ This study was done to analyse tje student{\textquoteright}s opinions and the difficulties they faced in the process of P-drug selection. Materials and Methods: In first phase of this study, fifth sesmester students of MBBS course were taught the process of selecting a P-drug in pharmacology practical classes. In seconf phase. students were given questionnaire to put forth their views on selection process of P-drug. The qunatitative data was expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR).\ Results:\ Majority of the students were in favor of introducing the process of selection of P-drug in udergraduate pharmacology curriculum [4 (4-5), scale 1-5]. The students were of the opinion that such exercise will given in-depth knowledge of various groups used and highlight the intragroup differences. Student{\textquoteright}s also opined that P-drug knowledge of various groups of durgs used and highlight the intragroup differences. Student{\textquoteright}s also opined that P-drug exercise also enable them to remember various aspects of the drugs for long period. Students also felt that the P-drug selection process will help them to understand hoe drug selection been for the treatment of various disease conditions.\ Conculsion:\ P-drug selection exercise helps students to understand the differences between various drugs used for the treatment of one disease condition. This may serve as a strong foundation for developing rational prescribing skills.

}, keywords = {P-drug, Pharmacology, Prescription Writing, Undergraduate Curriculum}, author = {Lalit Mohan and Bharti Chogtu and Shalini Adiga and K.L Bairy and Anoop Kishore} }