@article {294, title = {Forensic Pharmacy Practice: New Initiatives in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {89-91}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the services provided by the forensic pharmacy as the new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a new project derived from the national and international forensic pharmacy services guidelines. The project has been formulated from the global business model, which is the pharmacy project guidelines of the new project. The initial project is written by the project management professional. It consisted of the initial and planning phase, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The scope of forensic pharmacy services was explored with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The services revealed clinical and economic benefits to the patients. The risk management model assures the continuation of the project. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the forensic services as declared. Finally, the project{\textquoteright}s transition from the operation phase to the closing phase has been explored in this study. Conclusion: The forensic pharmacy practice is a new initiative project, and it was among the pharmacy strategic plan. The forensic pharmacy services were found to meet the requirement of the forensic pharmacy workforces, overcome the requirement of pharmacy services, and improve forensic clinical pharmacy staff. Therefore, it highly suggests implementing forensic pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic pharmacy, Initiative, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {295, title = {Nuclear Pharmacy Practice: New Initiatives in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {47-50}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the nuclear pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project derived through the international nuclear pharmacy services guidelines. The project has been formulated from the global business model and pharmacy project guidelines of a new project. Various project management tools write the new project. It consists of the initial and planning phases, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The project presents nuclear pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The nuclear pharmacy services showed various benefits, including clinical and economic benefits to the patient. The risk management model description assured the continuation of the project. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the services were explored. Finally, the transition to operation project through the closing project stage is explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The nuclear pharmacy services is a new initiative project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It includes a pharmacy strategy in Saudi Vision 2030. The nuclear pharmacy services required the pharmacy workforces, all requirements of basic nuclear pharmacy services foundations. Therefore, the implementation of nuclear clinical pharmacy services is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Nuclear, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {302, title = {Pharmacist Practice of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {111-119}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {111}, abstract = {

Goal: The current study expected to demonstrate the forensic pharmacy practice in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is an analysis of a cross-sectional study. An electronic survey was dispersed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. All students were omitted from the existing study. The survey consisted of demographic data about responders and practice aspects and implementations of forensic pharmacy. All analysis was completed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), and Survey monkey. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost threequarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically significant among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacist feature elements of forensic pharmacy services were 2.5. The high scores element was forensic pharmacy and potential drug-drug interactions (1.42). On the contrary, the lowest score aspect of nuclear pharmacy was forensic pharmacy, education and training program (1.26). The average score of forensic pharmacy practice implementation was 3.15. With high scores was the pharmacist always parts in crimes medicine committee (3.74), while the lowest forensic pharmacy practice implementation scores were attendance several courses or workshops about forensic pharmacy (2.41). Conclusion: The pharmacist part elements or the practice applications of forensic pharmacy were insufficient. The pharmacist plays an active role in the forensic pharmacy practice. Recognized forensic pharmacy with a clear job description of pharmacy staff with the relationship with forensic medicine and forensic strategic planning is mandatory to improve forensic pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi} } @article {301, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {92-101}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Goal: The knowledge of forensic pharmacy is a grave issue in practice. For example, forensic pharmacy services are obligatory for crime and drug-related death investigations. The current study purposes to affirm Pharmacist knowledge of forensic pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a qualitative examination with a cross-section design. An electronic validated and reliability survey was dispersed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. All students were omitted from the study. The questionnaire checked demographic data about the responders and pharmacist{\textquoteright}s basic and advanced knowledge of forensic pharmacy and resources of forensic pharmacy. Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, and survey monkey did all analysis. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost three-quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically significant among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of forensic pharmacy services were (2.0) with high scores element was the valuation of basic knowledge of the forensic pharmacy was the medications induced addiction (2.74). In contrast, the lowest scores were the job description of forensic pharmacist (1.5). The average score advances knowledge of forensic pharmacy (1.92). The highest score knowledge was the cardiovascular medications (3.00), while the lowest score knowledge of advanced knowledge of forensic pharmacy was the resources of forensic pharmacy (1.37). The most resources applied for Forensic pharmacy services were internet 224 (56.71\%) and healthcare practitioners 222 (56.20\%). Conclusion: The pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of forensic pharmacy services was insufficient. Therefore, the preventing of crimes problems and drug-related death are obligatory to improve patient outcomes. The undergraduate and postgraduate education and training of forensic pharmacy services in highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Knowledge, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi} } @article {300, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Perception of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {120-128}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {120}, abstract = {

Goal: To illuminate the pharmacist perception of forensic pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is cross-sectional of convenient sampling and planned number of the subject with power eighty. An electronic survey was dispersed to the pharmacist and pharmacy intern, excluding pharmacy students and other healthcare professionals. The survey entailed of demographic data, pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of forensic pharmacy, and barriers preventing implementation of forensic pharmacy. Survey monkey, Microsoft Excel, and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) were used in this study. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost three-quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically momentous among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacist perception of forensic pharmacy services were (3.93). The high scores element was under-working in forensic pharmacy in the healthcare institutions (4.15). On the contrary, the lowest score medical staff feel like their mistakes are held against them when an event is stated (3.35). The total average scores of barriers prevent the implementation of forensic pharmacy services were (3.41) with high scores element was lack of periodic training of pharmacy staff about forensic pharmacy (4.13). At the same time, the lowest score aspect of forensic pharmacy was the pharmacist shred in forensic sciences is too trivial to work (1.88). The most suggestions for facilitating forensic pharmacy implementation were implementing an electronic forensic pharmacy 306 (77.86\%) and raise the number of forensic pharmacist staff by 319 (81.17\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist had a positive insight of forensic pharmacy. However, various barriers are requisite to eliminate to start the implementation of forensic pharmacy services. Therefore, education and training are indispensable elements for establishing forensic pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Perception, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Rehab Sultan Najmi} } @article {198, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Antibiotic Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s7-s10}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s7}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study to explore the cost analysis of selected pediatrics antibiotics formularies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted of selected four antibiotics (Nitrofurantoin, Oseltamivir, Chloroquine and Clindamycin). The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost, Costs fixed including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of anti-hypertension pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Nitrofurantoin per each preparation was (14.13 USD) which consisted of standard cost (0.31 USD) and the direct cost was (13.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Oseltamivir per each preparation was (16.95 USD) which consisted of standard cost (0.33 USD) and the direct cost was (16.62 USD). The average estimated cost of Chloroquine per each preparation was (6.645 USD) which consisted of standard cost (4.36 USD) and the direct cost was (6.645 USD). The average estimated cost of Clindamycin per each preparation was (14.478 USD) which consisted of standard cost (2.018 USD) and the direct cost was (12.46 USD). Conclusion: There are varieties in the cost analysis between selected pediatric formulation and manufactured ready-made products. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them. The cost analysis of pediatrics formulation was used for health insurance coverage and to meet the updated pharmacy strategic plan and Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.37}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz Bahadig and Mohammad Jabir Al Harbi and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {199, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Anticonvulsant Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s11-s14}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s11}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the cost analysis of pediatrics anticonvulsant formulations in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through of providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted of selected four anticonvulsant medications. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost, Costs fixed including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of anticonvulsant pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD. The average estimated cost of Levetiracetam per each one preparation was (53.313 USD). The total annual cost of Levetiracetam was (18,126.42 USD). The average estimated cost of Topiramate per each one preparation was (22.66 USD). The total annual cost of Topiramate was (1,087.68 USD). The average estimated cost of Rufinamide per each one preparation was (29.342 USD), while the total annual cost of Rufinamide was (293.42 USD). Conclusion: This is the first study about cost analysis of anticonvulsant pediatrics formulations in KSA and Middle East. There are some differences in the cost analysis between the pharmacy preparations and manufactured related to internal and external reasons. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them the preparations. The cost analysis of pediatrics formulation meets the Saudi vision 2030 strategic plan in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsant, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.38}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz A. Bahadig and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal and Khulud Khalid Alnami} } @article {197, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Antihypertensive of Pediatric Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s2-s6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s2}, abstract = {

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to explore cost analysis of pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective study of cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-bed pediatric and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section of this hospital receives the specific formulation from the physician. Then, the expert pharmacist applied the international standard for clinical compounding and provides services to the healthcare staff and patients over 8 hr per day for 5 days per week. The pediatric formulations consisted of but not limited to antibiotics, anti-tuberculosis (TB) medications and anti-hypertensive medications. The cost analysis included the variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost and fixed expenses such as direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs used have been analyzed in US dollar currency. In this study, we analyzed the cost of antihypertensive medications for pediatric use through the Microsoft Excel software (version 10). Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was 53.82 USD and consisted of 58.58\% (31.53 USD) for personal cost, 25.14\% (13.53 USD) for overhead cost, 3.34\% (1.8 USD) for material and supply cost and 12.93\% (6.96 USD) for the non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of Propranolol, Captopril, Methyldopa, Amlodipine and Hydralazine per each preparation was (8.27 USD, 2.37 USD, 6.88 USD, 17.385 USD) and (49.44 USD), respectively. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which demonstrated the cost analysis of antihypertensive pediatric formulation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The pediatric formulations with cost analysis can involve health insurance coverage. Targeting the cost analysis of all pediatric formulation is highly recommended to fit with Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Antihypertensive, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Pediatric, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.36}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Fouad Al Doughan and Faiz A. Bahadig and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {200, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Anti-tuberculosis Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s15-s18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s15}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we explored the cost analysis of selected pediatric antituberculosis formulations available at the pharmacy of a pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective cost analysis study of pediatric anti-tuberculosis formulations conducted at a pediatrics and maternity hospital having 300 beds in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section of this hospital receives the specific formulation from the physician. Then the expert pharmacist provides the clinical compounding services to healthcare staff and patients over 8 hr per day for 5 days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted of selected anti-tuberculosis medications. The cost analysis included variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost. Fixed costs included direct cost, nonsalary cost and overhead cost. All costs were derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs were analyzed in terms of US dollar currency by using the Microsoft Excel software version 10. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric anti-tuberculosis formulations per hour was (53.82 USD), which included 58.58\% (31.53 USD) personal cost, 25.14\% (13.53 USD) overhead cost, 3.34\% (1.8 USD) material and supply cost and 12.93\% (6.96 USD) non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of rifampicin per preparation was (11.36 USD). The total annual cost of rifampicin was (1363.20 USD). The average estimated cost of pyrazinamide per preparation was (6.835 USD). The total annual cost of pyrazinamide was (68.35 USD). The average estimated cost of isoniazid per preparation was (8.515 USD). The total annual cost of isoniazid was (85.15 USD). Conclusion: Two anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulations (rifampicin and isoniazid) were available for various prices, whereas pyrazinamide was not available as pediatric formulation either locally or in USA and UK. The pharmacist should prepare all anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulation when needed. The cost analysis of all anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulations should be determined in order to meet health insurance and the strategies of New Saudi Vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Anti-tuberculosis, Clinical compounding, Cost, Ministry of Health, Pediatric formulations, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.39}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal and Mayssa Ahmed Assiri} } @article {201, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Autoimmune and Gastrointestinal Pediatric Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s19-s23}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s19}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the cost analysis of selected autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective cost analysis study of autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations at a pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The extemporaneous pharmacy section regularly receive prescriptions with specific formulation from physician. The expert pharmacist applies the international standard of clinical compounding for all pediatric formulation related issue over 8 hr per days for 5 days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected autoimmune and gastrointestinal medications. The cost analysis includes variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost and fixed costs includes direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All costs were derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs were considered based on US dollar currency. In this study, we analyzed the cost of autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations through the use of Microsoft Excel software version 10. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of hydrocortisone per preparation was (12.896 USD). The total annual cost of hydrocortisone was (1547.52 USD). The average estimated cost of prednisolone per preparation was (4.6 USD). The average estimated cost of allopurinol per preparation was (6.99 USD) and the average estimated cost of sildenafil per preparation was (25.05 USD). The average estimated cost of omeprazole per each one preparation was (24.07 USD) and the total annual cost of omeprazole was (7221 USD). The average estimated cost of ranitidine per preparation was (5.248 USD) and the total annual cost of ranitidine was (2760.45 USD). The average estimated cost of baclofen per preparation was (21.266 USD) and the total annual cost of baclofen was (7655.76 USD). Conclusion: Based on the cost analysis, the cost of selected pediatric autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations were higher than the ready-made products manufactured by pharmaceutical companies. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them. The cost analysis of pediatric formulation can be used to cover health insurance and meet the updated pharmacy strategic plan and New Saudi Vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Autoimmune, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Gastrointestinal, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.40}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Faiz A. Bahadig and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {204, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Excipients and Vehicles of Pediatric Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s32-s35}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s32}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore cost analysis of excipients of pediatric formulations in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through by providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected excipients of pediatric formulations. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs including direct costs, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of excipients of pediatric formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD and consisted of 58.58 \% (31.53 USD) for personal cost, 25.14 \% (13.53 USD) for overhead cost, 3.34\% (1.8 USD) for material and supply cost, 12.93 \% (6.96 USD) for non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of Simple Syrup per each preparation was (1.974USD). The total annual cost of simple syrup was (426.38 USD). The average estimated cost of methyl cellulose 1\% plus simple syrup per each preparation was (3.721USD). The total annual cost of methyl cellulose 1\% was (759.1USD). The average estimated cost of methyl cellulose 1\% per each preparation was (2.5 USD). The total annual cost of methyl cellulose 1\% was (584.8 USD). The average estimated cost of methyl cellulose 2\% per each preparation was (3.655 USD). The total annual cost of Methyl Cellulose 2\% (438.6 USD). Conclusion: This is the first of cost analysis of excipients of pediatric formulations in Saudi Arabia. Most of excipients of pediatric formulations products not registered in the famous countries. The hospital pharmacy updates annually all cost analysis of excipients pediatric formulations. The pharmacist should select the best and appropriate excipients for the formulations. The cost analysis project as part of updated the pharmacy strategic plan with new Saudi Vision 2030.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Excipients, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Vehicles}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.43}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhada and Faiz A. Bahadig and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {203, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Nephrology Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s28-s31}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s28}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore cost analysis of selected renal pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through by providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected renal products. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs, including, direct costs, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of Nephrology pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Hydrochlorothiazide per each preparation was (5.204 USD) and the total annual cost of Hydrochlorothiazide was (2,071.2 USD). The average estimated cost of Acetazolamide per each preparation was (5.72 USD) the total annual cost of Acetazolamide was (366.1 USD). The average estimated cost of Spironolactone per each preparation was (2.513 USD) and the total annual cost of Spironolactone was (1,507.8 USD). The average estimated cost of Sodium citrate per each preparation was (1.23 USD) with a total annual cost of Sodium citrate was (599.01 USD). The average estimated cost of Citric Acid per each preparation was (1.136 USD) with a total annual cost of Citric Acid was (81.782 USD). Conclusion: Cost analysis of pediatrics formulation with emphasis on medications used for renal diseases is primary tool of pharmacoeconomic and health insurance. The pharmacist play role in the preparation of renal medications and cost analysis related issue. This is new study in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Gulf or Middle East countries with and meet the new Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Nephrology, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.42}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz A. Bahadig and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {202, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Oral Electrolyte Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s24-s27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s24}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore cost analysis of selected oral electrolytes pediatrics formulations in the Kingdom Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through of providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted selected four selected electrolytes. The analysis of the cost was included the variable expenses like personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs include direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. This study analyzed the cost of anti-hypertension pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of potassium chloride 10\% per each preparation was (2.053 USD) and the total annual cost of potassium Chloride 10\% was (172.452 USD). The average estimated cost of potassium chloride 7.5\% per each preparation was (1.342 USD) with the total annual cost of potassium chloride 7.5\% was (228.14 USD). The average estimated cost of sodium bicarbonate 8.4\% per each preparation was (0.7551 USD) with the total annual cost of sodium bicarbonate 8.4\% was (54.36 USD). The average estimated cost of calcium carbonate 200 mg/mL per each preparation was (5.45 USD) with the total annual cost of calcium carbonate 200mg/mL was (1,046.4 USD). The average estimated cost of sodium chloride 5.8\% per each preparation was (1.117 USD) which the total annual cost of sodium chloride 5.8\% was (167.55 USD). Conclusion: Most the electrolyte pediatrics formulations which are not available in the local or international market. Pharmacists should continue to prepare them with lower economic burden. The study was first done in KSA and meet new health strategic plan of Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Electrolyte, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.41}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {210, title = {Emergency Medications Order for Adults: Standardized Concentration System in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {204-205}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

The general administration of pharmaceutical care released several publications related to the administration of intravenous medications, which mention about the concentration of intravenous medications for adults, pediatrics and neonatal patients. The publications also include several emergency medications with their concentrations. This new initiative was started in order to guide physicians to select the primary emergency medications in intravenous drip administration. The medications were selected based on common evidence-based standardized concentration for adults. This project required to control high-alert medications and prevent drug-related errors. The list of medications may be covered as computerized physician order entry and this project may be implemented as pharmacy project management.

}, keywords = {Adults, Emergency, Medications, Saudi Arabia, Standardized Concentration}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.44}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal Mansour Al Nemari and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nouf Alaza and Malika Alshamari} } @article {233, title = {The Physician Order for Standardized Concentration of Adult{\textquoteright}s Electrolyte Replacement Therapy: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {208-210}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

The electrolyte replacement therapy consternation considered one of the high alert drugs. Most of the medication safety organizations have established preventive guidelines for the prescription of electrolyte therapy. The General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care at the Ministry of Health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia also has established guidelines for the preparation and administration of electrolyte replacement for adult patients. This new initiative is regarding the standardized concentration of electrolyte preparation and administration for adult patients. The electrolyte therapy may be prescribed via a physician order form, which may be easily converted as computerized physician order entry. This from is designed to prevent all electrolyte-related errors and improve patient outcomes. This project is a new tool implemented for electrolyte safety at the Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Electrolyte, Ministry of Health, Physician order, Saudi Arabia, Standardized Concentration}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.46}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal Mansour Al Nemari and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nahedh Rashed Alotaibi and Mona Mustafa Jadkarim} } @article {115, title = {Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Extract of Andrographis paniculata in Wistar Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {113-11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Background: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into six groups with six rats in each group. First group was taken as control, and received 0.9\% normal saline 10 ml/kg body weight orally. Second group was taken as CCl4 control group and treated with normal saline (10 ml/ kg, p.o.) and CCl4: olive oil (1:1, 2 ml/ kg, i.p. on 2, 5 and 8th day) daily for 20 day. The third group rats was treated with Liv 52- 100 mg/kg orally and CCl4: olive oil (1:1, 2 ml/ kg, i.p. on 2, 5 and 8th day) for 20 days .The fourth and fifth groups were taken as test groups and they received crude extract of Andrographis paniculata orally once daily for 20 days at the dosage of 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. CCl4: olive oil was given i.p on 2, 5 and 8th day. On the 21st day, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture method. The blood samples were used to estimate biochemical parameters like serum SGOT,SGPT, ALT, bilirubin and cholisterol and the liver was preserved for histopathological examination. Results: It was found that the Andrographis paniculata exhibited moderate protective effect by lowering the serum levels of SGOT,SGPT,ALT, bilirubin and cholisterol (P\<0.001). Histology of liver section of animal treated with the extracts showed the hepatic cell regeneration. Conclusion: Andrographis paniculata has dose dependant hepatoprotective activity.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Carbon Tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective Activity, Herbals, Liver disease}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.4}, author = {Naveen Alasyam and Venkatanarayana Narapogu and Premendran John and Shaik Ubedulla and Naveen Pokala} } @article {111, title = {Short-term Toxicity Profile of Ethanol Extract of Solanum erianthum Leaf in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {103-108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Introduction: Solanum erianthum is medicinal plant used by folklore all over the world. There is no studies conducted on the toxicological effect of the plant. The present study aims to evaluate the toxicological effect of methanol extract of the leaf of the plant. Methods: The Solanum erianthum leaf was evaluated for toxic effects in Sprague Dawley rats. The extract was given in three doses (125,250,500 mg/kg BW of rats) for 14 days and the effect of the extract on the behaviour and normal physiology was assessed. Results: There was no mortality caused in any of the dosage groups. It was observed that the extract not has affected the normal behaviour and caused no deleterious effect on normal physiology, at all the doses given. Extract has no effect on pattern of weight gain and was comparable to normal control group. Serum biochemical parameters also were not altered and were comparable to normal control group. Conclusion: The results and observations of study it can be proposed that the extract has no mortality and is completely non toxic to the animal system.

}, keywords = {14 days repeated-dose toxicity profile, Hepatic enzymes, Histopathology, Safety profile, Solanum erianthum}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.2}, author = {Ramya URS and Lakshmidevi N} } @article {124, title = {Anti-Fibrotic Effect of Irbesartan via Attenuation of Endoplasmic Reticulum stress in Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {76-82}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Background: Angiotensin receptor blockers are the new class of compounds used for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate cardioprotective effect of irbesartan in isoproterenol induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, which results in myocardial fibrosis. Materials and Methods: Thirty wistar rats were assigned to study, 6 rats in a group. Myocardial fibrosis was induced by isoproterenol (5 mg/kg, s.c. for 15 days) which can cause cardiac toxicity. Irbesartan (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered for 15 days after administration of isoproterenol. Post-treatment with irbesartan, cardiac functional measurements and the left and right ventricular weight indices were analyzed. Pathological alteration of levels of soluble collagen was determined. Results: The administration of irbesartan resulted in a significant (p\<0.01) improvement in cardiac function and reduced levels of soluble collagen. Irbesartan also showed decrease in the level of malondialdehyde and an increase in defensive antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH) thus, exerts antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Irbesartan possesses anti-fibrotic activity and offers protection against myocardial fibrosis, due to regulation of angiotensin II activity through blockade of AT1 receptors which might attenuate the endoplasmic reticulum stress and thus inhibit myocardial fibrosis via inhibition of oxidative stress. The regulation of antioxidant defensive enzymes may be involved in anti-fibrotic effect of irbesartan

}, keywords = {Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Irbesartan, Isoproterenol, Myocardial Fibrosis, Oxidative Stress, Soluble Collagen}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.2}, author = {Vandana Shamrao Nade and Pranita Pradip Dharmadhikari and Laxman Ashok Kawale} } @article {120, title = {Effect of Notchi kudineer (Vitex negundo Aqueous Extract) on Surgically Induced Endometriosis in Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences |}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {35-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Background: Endometriosis is the growth of endometrial tissue in ectopic places outside the uterus. Siddha physicians claim that Vitex negundo leaf decoction reduces the symptoms of endometriosis in clinical practice. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Vitex negundo aqueous extract on surgically induced endometriosis in Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Endometriosis was surgically induced in nulliparous female Sprague Dawley rats with regular estrus cycle by autografting endometrium tissue on posterior abdominal wall. After 30 days of implantation, rats were allocated into two groups (n=6). Control group did not receive any drug, whereas test group received an oral dose of Vitex negundo aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) for 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, the endometriosis cyst size and adhesion were measured and blood was collected for hematology. Malondialdehyde (MDA, an oxidant) and thiol (antioxidant) levels were estimated in blood as well as in cyst. Endometriosis cyst was studied for histopathological grading. Statistical analysis was done using independent t test by keeping p\<0.05. Results: Test drug reduced the adhesion and cyst size compared to control, but the difference was not statistically significant. Histological grade was reduced from 3 to 0 in test group. The test drug significantly increased thiol in blood (p=0.016), and also reduced the blood MDA level (p=0.001) compared to control. Test drug increased the red blood cell distribution width (RDW_CV: p=0.009 and RDW_SD: p=0.003), platelet (p=0.03) and plateletcrit (p=0.026) compared to control group. Conclusion: Our study has created the scientific evidence for the siddha physician{\textquoteright}s claim on Vitex negundo by demonstrating reduction in endometriosis cyst size, adhesion, histological grading and oxidant levels as well as elevation in antioxidant level.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Endometriosis, Sprague Dawley Rats, Vitex Negundo}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.1}, author = {Arul Amuthan and Shabari Anandh and Syed Musharraf and Nupur Agarwal and Vasudha Devi and Revathi P Shenoy and Bhavna Nayal} } @article {103, title = {A Retrospective Study of Drugs Prescribed During Conservative Management of Isolated closed Fracture of Upper Limb in a Tertiary care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {48-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Background: Fractures are common presentation in the emergency department. Patient related factors and site of fracture play an important role in planning the management of fracture pain. This study was done to assess drugs prescribed during conservative management of closed isolated upper limb fractures. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. The case records of patients who visited the tertiary care hospital with closed isolated fracture of upper limb following trauma and were managed conservatively was analysed. The results were expressed as percentage. Results: Out of the 100 patients, 79 were adults and 21 children. Pain score was recorded in 83\% of the patients. All patients received analgesics. The commonly prescribed oral analgesic in children and adults were ibuprofen (85.71\%) and aceclofenac (60.75\%), respectively. The commonly used opioid was tramadol, orally as well as parenterally, in both adults and children. Analgesic combinations accounted for 62.8\% of the total analgesics prescribed. Propofol-fentanyl was commonly used during fracture reduction. Conclusion: Initial assessment of pain contributes to adequate management of acute pain. Use of analgesics and early reduction significantly reduce pain and improve outcome.

}, keywords = {Analgesics, Fractures, Opioids, Pain, Sedation}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.3}, author = {Shenoy Smita and Patil Navin and Ganeriwala Aditya and Chetty Shashikanth and Avinash Arivazhahan and Sushil Kiran Kunder and Shah Hitesh and Jha Anusha} } @article {133, title = {A Review on Drug-Drug and Drug-Food Interactions in Patients During the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {98-105}, type = {Review articles}, chapter = {98}, abstract = {

Drug interaction is defined as the modification of the effects of a drug (object drug) by the prior and/or the concomitant administration of another drug (precipitant drug). Drug interaction may either increase or decrease the intended effect of one or both drugs. It may transform the diagnostic, preventive or therapeutic activity of any drug. Drug-interactions can be an extremely main contributory factor for the incidence and occurrence of adverse drug reactions and adverse drug events. The rate of occurrence and incidence of drug interactions is much higher in patients receiving combinations of drugs or poly-pharmacy or suffered from co-morbidity of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcer, fungal infections and neurodegenerative disorders, which require prolong and multi treatments and the risk of drug interaction will increase as they are treated with multi-therapies. It is concluded that diabetic patients are at higher risk for drug interaction as receiving a combination of therapies for diabetic complications as well, so that the rate of occurrence of drug interaction is rapidly amplifying. Diabetes mellitus has been considered as a foremost public health challenge around the world because of its high prevalence and associated increase in morbidity and mortality. The main objective of this review study is to highlights the various drug interactions likely drug-drug and drug-food interactions as well as reports unwanted effects of other treatment associated with antidiabetic agents in the diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Interaction, Drug-drug Interaction, Drug-food Interaction, Polypharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.6}, author = {Sonu and Gopal Sharma and SL. Harikumar and Silvia Navis} } @article {119, title = {An Open Label, Randomized, Comparative Study of Antiscabietic Drugs Permethrin, Gamma Benzene Hexachloride and Ivermectin in Patients of Uncomplicated Scabies}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {15-21}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background: To determine efficacy and cost effectiveness of antiscabietic drugs (permethrin, gamma benzene hexa-chloride and ivermectin) in patients of uncomplicated scabies. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, randomized clinical study conducted in 210 diagnosed patients of scabies (\>12years of age) from January 2011 to October 2011.They were randomly allocated into one of the three groups. Group A received topical permethrin (5\% cream), Group B received topical gamma benzene hexachloride (1\% lotion) and Group C received oral ivermectin (tab 200mcg/kg). All the three groups received treatment two times- at the time of first visit and one week later. The patients were followed up at the end of first and third week. At each visit, cure rate was assessed by clinical and itching grading score and compared to determine the efficacy. Cost effectiveness was compared on basis of cost in INR to treat one case successfully. Results: Cure rate at the end of first week was 83.87\% in Group A, 78.18\% in Group B and 55.17\% in Group C while cure rate in the three treatment groups at the end of third week was 93.55\% in Group A, 80.00\% in Group B and 98.28\% in Group C. Thus at the end of first week Group A showed better cure rate while at the end of third week Group C was equally efficacious to Group A. The cost (INR) to treat one patient was 69.19 for permethrin, 37.50 for gamma benzene hexachloride and 24.42 for ivermectin. Conclusion: A single application of permethrin is superior to both ivermectin and gamma benzene hexachloride while ivermectin in two dose regimen is equally efficacious to permethrin and more cost effective than the other two conven-tional antiscabietic drugs. Oral ivermectin can be used as an alternative to permethrin.

}, keywords = {Antiscabietic, Gamma benzene hexachloride, Ivermectin, Permethrin}, author = {Maurya Meenakshi and Kaushik Sadhna and Srivastava Neeraj and Verma Deepak and Parihar Renu} } @article {178, title = {Acute and Chronic Toxicity Study of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Caralluma tuberculata in Mice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {99-104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Background: Caralluma tuberculata (Asclepiadaceae), a succulent perennial herb used as vegetable is reported to treat the diabetes and rheumatism. In the present study the safety profile of Caralluma tuberculata (CT) was evaluated by gross behavioral, acute and chronic toxicity study of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of CT in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: For acute toxicity study, mice were divided into seven groups. Normal saline was given by intraperitoneal route to control group and to other six groups, different doses of extract i.e. 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 g/kg body weight was given to the mice intraperitoneally. In chronic toxicity study, 100mg/kg body weight was given intraperitoneally route for three months. In acute toxicity mortality rate was determined, while in chronic toxicity changes in body and organ weight, biochemical, hematological parameters in both male and female mice, and spermatotoxic effects in male mice were measured by using standard procedures. Statistical analysis was carried out by student t-test. Results: Acute toxicity showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was safe up to 3g/kg body weight in mice. In gross behavioral study some signs of passivity and decreased spontaneous activity were observed. No mortality was observed in chronic toxicity study. No detectable alterations were found on weight, vital body organs, biochemical, and hematological parameters; no spermatotoxic effects in treated mice were observed when compared to vehicle control group after three months of chronic treatment. Conclusion: The results of present study therefore indicated that ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of Caralluma tuberculata was safe in test animals demonstrating no noticeable toxicity.

}, keywords = {Caralluma tuberculata, Ethyl acetate fraction, Gross behavioral, Spermatotoxic}, author = {Qazi Najam-us-Saqib and Rahila Qayyum and Abdul Waheed} } @article {160, title = {Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Activities of Tamarindus indica Fruit Pulp in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {33-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {33}, abstract = {

Background: Tamarindus indica belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae. Fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica is believed to have antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and many other medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to investigate antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 6). Normal and diabetic control groups received normal saline and alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) respectively. Animals were made diabetic by injection of single dose of alloxan in three test groups and after that they were treated with ethanolic extract of fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica 300 and 500 mg/kg/body weight orally and metformin 150 mg/kg body weight orally respectively for 14 days. Antidiabetic activity was estimated by measuring serum glucose and lipid profile; and hepatoprotective activity was measured by estimating serum liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in liver tissues. Results were analyzed by One way ANOVA followed by Scheffe multiple comparison tests (p\<0.01). Results: The two dose levels of Tamarindus indica significantly altered alloxan induced changes in serum glucose, lipid profile and serum enzyme levels. But in liver histopathology, higher dose (500 mg/kg) of plant showed complete regeneration whereas lower dose (300 mg/kg) showed only partial improvement in liver histopathology profile. Conclusion: Present study revealed that Tamarindus indica possesses antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotection, Tamarindus indica}, author = {Narendar Koyagura and V. Hemanth kumar and M.G Jamadar and Shobha V Huilgol and Nagendra Nayak and Saeed M Yendigeri and Mohd Shamsuddin} } @article {165, title = {Pharmacoutilization and Costs of Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analog Inhibitors for Hepatitis B Treatment in the Vesuvian Area of South Italy}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {55-57}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important sanitary problem due to its worldwide distribution and high social im-pact; severe complications of chronic hepatitis induced by HBV are cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We conducted a survey with the aim i) to show the updated prevalence of the disease and ii) to evaluate the economic impact of treatment with oral agents (nucleoside and nucleotide analog inhibitors) in a region of the South Italy com-prising 1.012.304 inhabitants. Between January and December 2012, 778 patients with hepatitis B (prevalence: 0.08\%) were treated. The total pharmaceutical cost was {\texteuro} 2.082.926 (3\% of the total sanitary expense). Oral drugs against HVB have a moderate impact on the pharmaceutical spending. The major economic impact associated with HBV infection is primarily represented by the later development of cirrhosis and HCC.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis B, Pharmaceutical spending, Pharmacoutilization, Prevalence}, author = {Maurizio Capuozzo and Alessandro Ottaiano and Eduardo Nava and Stefania Cascone and Claudia Cinque and Adriano Vercellone and Rosario Vincenzo Iaffaioli} } @article {174, title = {Areca Catechu: Effect of Topical Ethanolic Extract on Burn Wound Healing in Albino Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sept 2012}, pages = {74-78}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {74}, abstract = {

Background:\ Areca nut (Areca catechu\ Linn.) is commonly used for skin ulcers in Indian traditional medicine. Areca nut oil is prepared and is applied topically for burn wound healing. However, scientific study has not been conducted so far. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate burn wound healing activity of Areca catechu.\ Objective:\ To evaluate the burn wound healing property of Areca catechu kernel in normal as well as dexamethasone treated rats.\ Materials and Methods:\ Ethanolic extract of Areca catechu kernel was prepared and an ointment was made with 2\% of this extract. Burn wound was induced by standard procedure. Rats with burn wound model received either vehicle, standard drug or test drug. Two other groups were injected with dexamethasone to delay the wound healing process. The dexamethasone treated groups received either vehicle or test drug topically. Wound contraction rate and period of epithelialization were measured. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis.\ Results:\ The wound contraction rate was significantly increased in Areca catechu treated group in all the days compared to control. Period of epithelialization was faster in the drug treated group than control group. The dexamethasone treated group showed a significant delay in wound healing process when compared to control. Test drug showed a significant reversal in wound contraction rate and epithelialization period in dexamethasone suppressed burn wound healing model.\ Conclusion:\ This study has shown the wound healing property of Areca catechu. Further study is required to know the compounds responsible for its wound healing property and to understand the mechanism of action.

}, keywords = {Areca Catechu, Ayurveda, Burn Wound, Epithelialization, Siddha, Wound Contraction}, author = {Deepak Kumar Verma and Masuram Bharat and Deepak Nayak and Tara Shanbhag and Venkatesh Shanbhag and Ravindra Singh Rajput} } @article {189, title = {Case of Fosphenytoin Induced Acute Cerebellar Dysfunction and Pituitary Bleed Causing Central Diabetes Insipidus in a Case of AML M2 during Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {111-114}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {111}, abstract = {

Neuroprotectors such as phenytoin, fosphenytoin, clonazepam or levetiracetam are often used prior conditioning regimen to prevent seizures caused due to busulfan, during bone marrow transplant. Fosphenytoin and levetiracetam are used instead of phenytoin as they are readily soluble and do not need a vehicle such as polyethylene glycol or ethanol which increases risk of tissue and cardio toxicity. We report a case of acute toxicity in the form of cerebral bleed during intravenous administration of fosphenytoin and its subsequent management in patient undergoing busulfan treatment prior to allogenic transplant.

}, keywords = {Bone Marrow Transplantation, Busulfan, Conditioning Regimen, Fosphenytoin, Levetiracetam, Neuroprotector, Phenytoin}, author = {Eriat Govind and Radheshyam Naik and Srinivas BJ and Intezar Mehdi} } @article {162, title = {Evaluation of Gastroprotective Role of Alpha-tocopherol in Indomethacin Induced Peptic Ulcer in Albino Rats}, journal = {nternational Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {39-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background:\ Oxidative free radicals induce gastric injury in animal models of peptic ulcer. Hence antioxidants may provide gastroprotection.\ Objectives:\ The present study was undertaken to evaluate the gastroprotective role of antioxidant alpha-tocopherol in indomethacin induced gastric ulceration in albino rats.\ Materials and methods:\ Animals were diveded into 3 groups (n=6) group 1 (control which received distilled water), group11 (alpha-tocopherol 12.5 mg/kg) and group 111 ( omeprazole 3.6 mg/kg). Each group received the corresponding 4 hours, animals were sacrificed and their stomachs were studied for ulcerationm, adherent mucin content, and ulcer index was calculated. The results of alpha-tocopherol were compared with those of control and omeprazole treated groups and data was analyzed manually using Student t test. A p Value of \< 0.05 was considered as satistically significant.\ Results:\ Alpha-tocopherol administrative reduce ulceration and ulcer index compared to control group (t cal5.2\>tab 2.23 at 5\% level of significance, p\<0.05). Omeprazole treatment also reduced ulcer index and ulceration in comparison to control group (tcal 6.2\>ttab 3.16 at 1\% level of significance, p\<0.01). Thus results of test drug were similar to omeprazole treated group.\ Conclusion:\ Alpha-tocopherol treatment provides gastroprotection in indomethacin induced gastric ulceration.

}, keywords = {Alpha-tocopherol, Antioxidant, Gastroprotection, Indomethacin}, author = {Shobha V Huligol and V. Hemanth kumar and K. Narendar} } @article {159, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Plectranthus Amnoinicus Against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {32-38}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Background:Plectranthus amboinicus, belonging to the genus Plectranthus, is widely used for medicinal purposes. Its leaves have been used traditionally as a heatoprotective.\ Objectives:\ The present study was aimed at evaluating the heapatotective activity of ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus against paracetamol induced heapatotoxicity in rats.\ Materials and Methos:\ Sic groups wistar rats were used in the study. The two control groups received gum acacia and paracetamol orally respectively. The three test groups were treated orally with paracetamol followed by 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of pletranthus amboinicus respectively. The sixth group (standard hepatoprotective) received paracetamol followed by N-aceltylcysteine 100 mg/kg orally. The hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by estimating serum alanine aminotransferase, asparatate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, tissue malondialdehyde levels and by histopathological analysis of the liver tissue. Results were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test.\ Results:\ Plectranthus amboinicus in doses of 600 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg siginificantly (p\<0.05) altered paracetamol induced changes in the serum and tissue enzyme levels to near normal values. It also improved the liver histopathology profile.\ Conclusion:\ The results of the study indicate that the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus, possesses hepathoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

}, keywords = {Hepatoprotective, N-acetylcysteine, Paracetamol, Plectranthus Amboinicus}, author = {Smita Shenoy and Hemanth Kumar and Thashma and Veena Nayak and Krishnananda Prabhu and Priya Pai and Indu Warrier and Somayaji and Venu Madhav and KL Bairy and Anoop Kishore} } @article {164, title = {Protective Role of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) on Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {45-53}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Background:\ For many years, serologic markers have been used to assist cardiologists in the diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Once the serologic markers such as cardiac marker enzymes come to normal level upon a treatment, it clearly shows the treatment drug has the role in the management of MI.\ Objectives:\ The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of\ Nigella sativa\ seeds called black cumin on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in experimental rats.\ Materials and methods:\ The rats were randomly divided into four groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 rats received 1.0 ml of 0.5\% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) throughout the experimental period and served as the control. Group 2 rats received CMC as in group 1 and isoproterenol (85 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally twice at an interval of 24 hours on the 14th and 15th days. The rats in group 3 received black cumin (150 mg/kg body weight) intragastrically for a period of 15 days. Group 4 rats received black cumin and isoproterenol as said above and the experiment was terminated on 16th day and animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation after an overnight fast. Blood was collected for the estimation of biochemical parameters and heart dissected out for biochemical estimation and histopathological examination.\ Results:\ Along with VLDL, TG, cholesterol, free fatty acids, the levels of marker enzymes in serum such as AST, ALT, LDH, CK, and tissue lipid profile of TG, cholesterol, free fatty acids were significantly decreased (p \< 0.05), whereas the levels of CK-MB and HDL, LDL in serum and tissue lipid profile of phospholipids were significantly increased (p \< 0.05) in rats pretreated with black cumin compared to that of the group which received isoproterenol alone.\ Conclusion:\ Pretreatment with black cumin offered a protective effect against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats as evidenced by cardiac markers and lipid profile of the heart tissue.

}, keywords = {Black Cumin, Cardiac Markers, lipid peroxidation, Myocardial Infarction}, author = {M. Murugesan and M. Ragunath1 and T. Prabu1 and S. Nadanasabapathi and M. Sakthivel and V. Manju} }