@article {72, title = {A Study on Siddha Urinary Diagnostic Methodology Neerkkuri and Neikkuri in Adhiratha Azhutham (Hypertension)}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {6-14}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Background: In Siddha system of medicine, diagnosis of the disease is based on Ennvagai thervukal (Eight fold examination), in which Neerkkuri Neikkuri (Urine examination) is one among them. It is an effective and sensitive measure for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Objectives: This study was conducted to establish the validity of prognostic and diagnostic patterns of Neikkuri (Oil on urine sign)in hypertension patients and to assess the association between the Neikkuri patterns with respect to pH and specific gravity of urine. Methods and Material: Urine samples of 40 diagnosed patients of hypertension aged between 30 to 60 years were collected. Ten healthy volunteers were also selected as control group for comparison. Biochemical analysis was done in the urine samples with urine reagent strip to confirm health status of the subjects. A drop of sesame oil was dropped over 50 ml of each urine sample and behaviour (shape of the oil spread, direction and spread time) was observed. Results: Half of the samples of urine of hypertension patients showed circular shape initially and then vacuolating to turn out into a sieve pattern and in remaining others at least a single vacuolation amounting to ring pattern indicative of Pitham were shown. Also, the urine of the hypertension patients were characterised by straw colour and aromatic odour, absence of froth and specific gravity 1.003-1.010.Volume of urine voided ranged from 1-1.5 lit and pH between 5.1-6.In most of the cases the dissemination dynamics of oil drop observed were of slow spreading nature which indicates good prognosis. Conclusion: It is concluded that hypertension has got mixed prognosis which may indicate the variation in the amenability of hypertension to the treatment. The study explored the veracity of the investigative procedure in diagnosis and prognosis of hypertension with Neikkuri examination.

}, keywords = {Athiratha Azhutham, Hypertension, Neerkkuri, Oil on Urine Sign, Siddha, Urine Examination}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.6.1.2}, author = {Sardar Hussain Fasila Banu and Padmini Parvathy and Srinivasan Venkatachalam and Murugan Ramamurthy and Selladurai Elansekaran and Gnanaraj Johnson Christian} } @article {116, title = {Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring of Antipsychotic Drugs and Mood Stabilizers in a Teaching Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {118-121}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Antipsychotics and mood stabilizers are associated with adverse effects which can affect the compliance and course of treatment in mental disorders. The present study was therefore undertaken to monitor the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of the antipsychotics and mood stabilizers in the psychiatric outpatient unit of our hospital. Methods: Study was conducted from December 2011 to November 2012, the patients on antipsychotic drugs from psychiatry outpatient department (OPD) of Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences were considered for analysis. The patients were diagnosed by consultant psychiatrist. Data was collected in standard questionnaire format. All patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorder as per ICD 10 criteria and receiving treatment with antipsychotic or mood stabilizer were included. Assessment of causality and severity of recorded adverse events was done using WHO assessment scale and modified Siegel and Hartwig Scale respectively. Results: 45 ADRs were recorded among 778 patients. Extra pyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic side effects and Weight gain were the most common ADRs. Risperidone, chlorpromazine and olanzapine were the drugs causing maximum ADRs. Assessment of causality and severity of recorded adverse events showed possible to probable and mild to moderately severe respectively. Conclusion: Extrapyramidal symptoms were most common ADRs in our study followed by anticholinergic side effects. Risperidone was most commonly prescribed drug followed by chlorpromazine. Risperidone and chlorpromazine accounted for most of ADRs. Assessment of causality of recorded adverse events showed no certain cause and Assessment of severity of recorded adverse events showed no severe cases.

}, keywords = {Antipsychotics, Extrapyramidal Symptoms, Haloperidol, Lithium, Olanzapine, Risperidone}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.5}, author = {Swetha Munoli and Soumya B Patil} } @article {102, title = {Efficacy of Second Line Anti-retroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS Patients in South India: A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Because of treatment failure with first line ART, Roughly 4\% of total patients on ART are on second line therapy. Second line ART is being instituted in 10 Centers of excellence in India, Gandhi hospital being one of them in south India. Objective: To detect efficacy of second line Anti-Retroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: This prospective and observational study of 20 months was done in south Indian tertiary hospital. HIV/AIDS patients receiving second line Anti-Retroviral therapy (ART) due to failure of first line drugs were assessed for viral load and CD4 count before and after therapy and analyzed the same by Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis by Dunnet{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test, respectively. Results: Total One hundred and sixteen patients received second line ART. Mean viral load was 2, 31280 {\textpm} 50913 copies per milliliter and mean CD4 count was 75.03 {\textpm} 10.69 cells per cubic millimeter before treatment. After initiation of second line ART, Viral load reduced significantly to 1846 {\textpm} 621.4 (p\<0.001) and 260.4 {\textpm} 183.7 (p\<0.001) after six and twelve months of treatment, respectively and CD4 count increased significantly 181.8 {\textpm} 14.34 (p\<0.001) and 235.7 {\textpm} 14.56 (p\<0.001) after six and twelve months of treatment, respectively. Conclusion: Second line ART regimens are efficacious regimens as they improved CD4 counts and reduced viral load significantly.

}, keywords = {CD4 counts, HIV/AIDS, Second line anti-retroviral, Viral load}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.3.2}, author = {Naveen Pokala and Maulik Patel} } @article {115, title = {Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Extract of Andrographis paniculata in Wistar Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {113-11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Background: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into six groups with six rats in each group. First group was taken as control, and received 0.9\% normal saline 10 ml/kg body weight orally. Second group was taken as CCl4 control group and treated with normal saline (10 ml/ kg, p.o.) and CCl4: olive oil (1:1, 2 ml/ kg, i.p. on 2, 5 and 8th day) daily for 20 day. The third group rats was treated with Liv 52- 100 mg/kg orally and CCl4: olive oil (1:1, 2 ml/ kg, i.p. on 2, 5 and 8th day) for 20 days .The fourth and fifth groups were taken as test groups and they received crude extract of Andrographis paniculata orally once daily for 20 days at the dosage of 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. CCl4: olive oil was given i.p on 2, 5 and 8th day. On the 21st day, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture method. The blood samples were used to estimate biochemical parameters like serum SGOT,SGPT, ALT, bilirubin and cholisterol and the liver was preserved for histopathological examination. Results: It was found that the Andrographis paniculata exhibited moderate protective effect by lowering the serum levels of SGOT,SGPT,ALT, bilirubin and cholisterol (P\<0.001). Histology of liver section of animal treated with the extracts showed the hepatic cell regeneration. Conclusion: Andrographis paniculata has dose dependant hepatoprotective activity.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Carbon Tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective Activity, Herbals, Liver disease}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.4}, author = {Naveen Alasyam and Venkatanarayana Narapogu and Premendran John and Shaik Ubedulla and Naveen Pokala} } @article {107, title = {Literature Review on Siddha Herbal Formulations (Kudineer) Available for The Management of Dengue}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {90-96}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {90}, abstract = {

Dengue is a major threat to public health in many countries. There is no vaccine to prevent the infection. In spite of management of the disease with conventional method of treatment, mortality due to dengue is increasing year by year. In India, state of Tamil nadu during 2012 dengue crisis, initiated a new model by including traditional Siddha medicines along with conventional therapy for management of dengue in government hospitals. The result of the initiation was a great success, as the Siddha medicines showed remarkable clinical improvement. As there is no effective dengue specific antiviral drug is available and the widely used NSAIDs show anti platelet activity, there is a need for Siddha formulations to be explored scientifically. This review focuses on Siddha kudineer formulations for dengue. Kudineer formulations include only dried and grinded herbals. The method of preparation of kudineer is simple and the phyto constituents do not undergo any major change while processing and preparation, unlike other traditional formulations. Ingredients of the formulation and their pharmacological action are discussed in the review. The review may act as a keyhole for the dengue drug development.

}, keywords = {Anti inflammatory, Anti pyretic, Anti viral, Dengue, Herbal medicine, Kudineer, Pitha suram, Siddha Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.3.5}, author = {Harihara Mahadevan and Vanmathi Palraj} } @article {87, title = {Prevalence and Severity of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in Patients Subjected to Different Anti-psychotic Drugs in an Out-Patient Department of a Psychiatry Hospital in Kashmir; A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {12-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Background: Adverse effects are usually dose dependent and can be influenced by patient characteristics including age and gender and these confounding factors should be considered in clinical practice and in the interpretation of research data. Selection of an antipsychotic drug should be on an individual patient basis. Patients should be involved in prescribing decisions and this should involve discussion about adverse drug reactions and their severity. Objective: Current study was carried out with the aim to look into the severity with which the adverse drug reactions were associated with various antipsychotics used in our day to day practice. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted over a period of one year in the Outpatient Department of Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IMHNS), Government Medical College Srinagar. An assessment of severity was done using modified Hartwig and Siegel scale. Results: A total of 100 ADRs of different types were observed in 77 patients out of total 177 patients included in our study, with an overall prevalence of about 43.5\%. Most (83.0\%) of the ADRs were mild in severity while ADRs moderate in severity were found in only 17 (17.0\%) according to modified Hartwig and Siegel scale. None of the reported ADRs belonged to {\textquoteleft}severe{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteleft}lethal{\textquoteright} category. There was no statistically significant relationship between development of ADRs with age (p=0.8) or sex (p=0.6) of the patients included in the study. Conclusion: Although with the utilization of antipsychotics, the prevalence of ADRs in our study was as high 43.5\%, most of them (83\%) were mild in nature and only 17\% of them were of moderate severity and none of our patients showed the development of any severe ADR which would lead them to discontinue the therapy.

}, keywords = {ADR prevalence, ADR reporting, ADR severity due to Antipsychotics, Antipsychotics and ADRs, Modified Hartwig and Siegel scale}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.3}, author = {Afkat Ahmad and Arshad Hussain and Samina Farhat and Shagufta Parveen and Vineeta Sawhney and Zubair Ashai} } @article {101, title = {A Study of Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients Treated with Penicillins in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {41-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are rated as the fifth leading cause of death among all diseases. Approximately 5-8\% of all hospitalization worldwide is due to ADR. Objectives: The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the pattern of Adverse Drug Reactions occurring from penicillins, their manifestations and severity. Methods: A non interventional observational prospective study was conducted over 2 years from Jan 2014 to Dec 2015 in KIMS Narketpally. The red boxes for dropping the filled yellow adverse drug reactions forms were installed in all the wards and outpatient departments. Additional information and missing data was obtained personally by either consulting the physician or through case sheets. Results: The most common penicillin implicated in causation of adverse drug reactions was combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (54\%), followed by Piperacillin (21\%). Most of the reactions were of moderate severity. The most commonly observed adverse drug reactions were dermatological reactions (37\%). Majority of the adverse drug reactions belonged to probable category (71\%) according to WHO scale. Conclusion: Dermatological reactions are the most common adverse drug reactions occurring due to penicillin and combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was the most common causative penicillin. The health care providers should make an attempt for early detections of ADRs and be vigilant about safety profile monitoring of the prescribed medicines. This will not only decrease the morbidity and mortality but also the health care cost.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Amoxicillin, Penicillin, Pharmacovigilance}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.1}, author = {Shivaraj Basavaraj Patil and Shrinivas R Raikar and Bhaskar HN and M Janardhan and Y Venkata Rao and Vahila} } @article {122, title = {Prophylactic and Curative Activity of {\textquoteright}Barleria Buxifolia. Linn{\textquoteright} on Experimentally Induced calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis in Animal Model}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {68-75}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {68}, abstract = {

Background: Increased level of urinary oxalate increases the risk of hyperoxaluria and followed by Nephrolithiasis. Berleria buxifolia having flavonoid and saponins showing more active diuretic and antioxidant property. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to evaluate the reduction of urinary oxalate crystal formation by treating with methanol extraction of the test drug {\textquoteleft}Barleria buxifolia{\textquoteright} on experimentally induced Nephrolithiasis in animal model. Methods: In the present study, methanol extract of whole plant of Barleria buxifolia was evaluated for their Antiurolithiatic potential in albino rats of Wistar strains (Five groups containing five animals each). Nephrolithiasis was induced by administering 0.75\% Ethylene glycol supplemented with 2\% Ammonium chloride. Urinary microscopy and histopathology were used as criteria for assessing the preventive or curative effect of the plants. The elevated serum creatinine levels of lithiatic rats were reduced in both groups (prophylactic and curative) by the administration of the extract treatment (once daily for 28 days by p.o route). Result: Assessment of Antiurolithiatic activity was determined by the urine and blood analysis; which gave supportive evidence of Antinephrolithiatic activity, (all p values\<0.05). Experiment findings also resulted in reduction in the stones compared to the control group, but neither was significantly reduced. Conclusion: Prophylactic and curative property of Barleria buxifolia against induced Nephrolithiasis showed concurrent reduction in the formation of Lithiasis in animal. So the test drug can be used as therapeutic agent.\ 

}, keywords = {Barleria Buxifolia, Calcium Oxalate, Creatinine, Ethylene Glycol, Nephrolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.1}, author = {Kapilraj P.K} } @article {91, title = {A Study to Compare the Stability of Proseal Laryngeal Mask Airway and Standard Laryngeal Mask Airway in Different Head and Neck Positions}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {March 2015}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Classic (CLMA) and Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Proseal (PLMA) are commonly used supraglottic devices for different kind of surgeries. We compared oropharyngeal leak pressure, intracuff pressure and anatomical position for LMA-Proseal and LMA-classic in four different head and neck positions: neutral, flexion, extension and left lateral rotation. Materials and Methods: LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic were inserted randomly in 100 adult patients. Oropharyngeal leak pressure, intracuff pressure and anatomical position of the airway were recorded in four head and neck positions (neutral first, then flexion, extension and left lateral rotation). Results: Compared with neutral position, oropharyngeal leak pressure for both LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic was higher in flexion and left lateral rotation but lower in extension (all p values \<0.005). Changes in head-neck position did not alter the anatomical position of the airway. Oropharyngeal leak pressure was always higher for LMA-Proseal than for LMA-Classic (p value \< 0.001). Conclusion: The anatomical position of LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic is stable in different head-neck positions, but head-neck flexion and left rotation are associated with an increase and head-neck extension is associated with a decrease in oropharyngeal leak pressure and intracuff pressure as compared to neutral position. LMA-Proseal forms a better seal than LMA-Classic in all the different head and neck positions.

}, keywords = {Classic Laryngeal Mask Airway, Laryngeal Mask Airway, Oropharyngeal Leak Pressure, Proseal, Supraglottic Devices}, author = {Taxak S and Rani S and Ahlawat G and Singh K and Raghove P} } @article {132, title = {Anti-ulcer Activity of Herbo-mineral Formulation (Asecure capsule) Against Experimentally Induced Acute and Chronic Gastric Ulcers in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {61-67}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Background: This study was aimed to investigate anti-ulcer activity of a herbo-mineral formulation (Asecure capsule) in ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer and acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcer. Materials and Methods: Absolute methanol (5 mL/kg, p.o.) was administered for development of acute gastric ulcer. In another model, 50\% acetic acid was exposed to serosal surface of stomach to produce chronic gastric ulcer. For each experiment, animals were divided in to three groups where each group was consisting of six animals. Group-I, II and III were considered as Normal control, Disease control and test drug treated respectively. Herbo-mineral formula-tion (Asecure Capsule) was administered at 100 mg/kg/day, orally. Ulcer index, gastric wall mucus content, lipid perox-idation level in stomach tissue and tissue anti-oxidant parameters like superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and catalase enzyme activity were carried out for both experimental studies. Histopathology of stomach tissue was also performed. Statistical calculations were done by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s test. Results: Induction of ethanol and acetic acid caused significant alteration in ulcer index, gastric wall mucus content and lipid peroxidation level in comparison to normal control group whereas treatment of Asecure capsule showed sig-nificant cyto-protection and recovery against ethanol and acetic acid induced acute and chronic ulcer respectively. Treatment with Asecure capsule) also showed significant increase in level of antioxidant enzymes in comparison of disease control groups. Histopathology of stomach showed remarkable cyto-protection. Conclusion: On the basis of present data it can be concluded that Asecure capsule) possesses significant anti-ulcer activity against exposure to a noxious agent like ethanol and acetic acid. The observed effect be due to synergistic anti-oxidant property of ingredients of the herbo-mineral formulation.

}, keywords = {Anti-ulcer activity, Ethanol and acetic acid induced gastric ulcer, Herbo-mineral}, author = {Hardik Soni and Ankur Shah and Arindam Paul and Ghanshyam Patel} } @article {142, title = {Cerebroprotein Hydrolysate in Treatment of Vascular Dementia - a Case Report}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {75-78}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Vascular dementia (VD) is a dementia due to vascular factors and is one of common causes of dementia. Neurotrophic factors and anticholinesterases are useful in the management of disorders such as dementia or stroke. A new phar-macological agent called cerebroprotein hydrolysate has been used in the management of dementia with promising results. Here we present a case report where cerebroprotein hydrolysate showed promising improvement in the man-agement of vascular dementia.

}, keywords = {Cerebroprotein hydrolysate, Dementia, Vascular, Vascular dementia}, author = {Mosam Phirke and Anup Bharati and Avinash De Sousa and Nilesh Shah and Sushma Sonavane} } @article {123, title = {Comparison of Two Zidovudine Based HAART Regimens used in Treatment of HIV Infection}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Background: India has third highest number of HIV patients. Zidovudine based regimens are the first line of treatment in these patients. This study was undertaken to compare three prognostic markers with this treatment in patients infected with HIV. The objective of the study was to compare the changes in the CD4 counts, hemoglobin and weight between HIV infected patients receiving zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine (ZLN) against those receiving zidovu-dine, lamivudine and efavirenz (ZLE). Materials and Methods: Retrospective data was collected from the ART centre, Chigateri Hospital, Davangere. Patients who were on the study regimens for atleast six months were considered for analysis. Changes in CD4 counts, hemoglobin levels and weight were analyzed with paired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test for intra group variation and unpaired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test for inter-group variation. Results: CD4 counts were analyzed in 339 patients and in both the groups the counts improved significantly (ZLN: n=252, ZLE: n=87 and p \< 0.001 in both groups) after six months of treatment but the improvement was much better in patients who received ZLN regimen (p = 0.005). 281 patients were analyzed with respect to hemoglobin and improve-ment was seen in ZLE group (n=77, p = 0.001) but not in ZLN group (n=204, p = 0.36) with treatment and intergroup analysis was in favor of ZLE (p = 0.03). Weight was analyzed in 356 patients and it improved significantly in both ZLN group (n=264, p = 0.001) and ZLE group (n=92, p = 0.001) but the intergroup comparison did not reveal any signifi-cance (p = 0.21). Conclusion: A regimen consisting of zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz is better in treating a HIV patient with decreased hemoglobin. So this regimen can be preferred in anemic patients with HIV.\ 

}, keywords = {Efavirenz, HAART, Lamivudine, Nevirapine, Zidovudine}, author = {Narendranath Sanji and Dinakar KR and Vaneet Aggarwal and Navin A Patil and Somashekar HS and Keerthisagar J and Reshma SR} } @article {121, title = {Design of Drug Dosage Regimen for Valproate: Exploring Modeling and Simulation Based Approach}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {22-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {22}, abstract = {

Background: Population pharmacokinetic studies attempt to explain the variability in pharmacokinetics among study subjects and explore the role of covariates on the pharmacokinetics. The present study was planned to evaluate by simulation, the various dosage regimens of valproate and their predicted relevance to achieve desired therapeutic ranges and to see the effect of various covariates. Materials and Methods: This study utilized the previous database of therapeutic drug monitoring data of valproate available in the department and population pharmacokinetic models developed by a group in the department. From the database, 93 patients{\textquoteright} details have been used in this study. The simulation studies were carried out for various dosage regimens such as 400mgQ12Hr, 500mgQ12Hr, 800mgQ12Hr, 1000mgQ24Hr for 100 simulated patients using NON-MEM software package. Results: 500mg BID dosage regimen was found to be more advantageous as more number of simulated patients were having the Css within the therapeutic range and the effect of covariates like sex and concomitant phenytoin use were found to be insignificant but with 1000mg OD regimen in females, the number of individuals with Css within the therapeutic range were found to be less with which we could say that the induction effect of phenytoin on valproate metabolism in females could be more than that of males. Conclusion: The present study was able to predict steady state concentrations for various dosage regimen scenarios with possible pharmacokinetic and therapeutic outcomes. This study underscores the relevance of population pharma-cokinetic based simulations in dosage regimen design.

}, keywords = {Dosage regimen, NONMEM, Population pharmacokinetics, Simulations, Valproate}, author = {Shiv sagar K and Nithya Duggirala and Chintan Y Patel and Leelavathy D Acharya and Surulivelrajan Mallayasamy} } @article {184, title = {Antituberculosis Therapy (ATT) Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {126-128}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {126}, abstract = {

Thrombocytopenia is a rare adverse effect seen with anti-tubercular drugs. We report an 80 year old male with tuber-cular right pleural effusion, on Category I Anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) for 3 weeks who presented with melena and epistaxis. On evaluation, he had thrombocytopenia which was found to be rifampicin-induced. ATT was restarted with-out rifampicin and there were no bleeding episodes. Though, rifampicin is well tolerated, but on rare occasions it can cause thrombocytopenia.

}, keywords = {ATT, Intermittent regimen, Rifampicin, Thrombocytopenia, Tuberculosis}, author = {R. Dinesh Prabhu and G. Vikneswaran and Chultin Lepcha and N. Tombi Singh} } @article {155, title = {Evaluation of Anti-arthritic Activity of Dazzle Ointment - A Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {14-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic multi-system disease of unknown cause. It affects people in their prime of life, predominantly between the ages of 20-50 years with unpredictable course. Dazzle ointment is a polyherbal for-mulation, used for the treatment of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Objective: The present study was planned to evaluate efficacy of Dazzle ointment using complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritic model. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into three groups of 6 animals each as CFA treated, standard drug and test drug treated groups. The animals were injected with 0.2 ml of complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant into the sub-plantar surface of left hind paw. Drugs were administered topically, once a day, commenced on the day of injection of adjuvant and continued for 21 days. The assessment of the change in the inflammatory reaction was made by measuring the paw volume plethysmographically on 0, 4th, 14th, 17th, 21st day after injection of complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant (CFA). The statistical significance was assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet{\textquoteright}s compari-son test. A p value of \< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: It was observed that Dazzle ointment produced significant anti-arthritic effect on 21st day. In CFA treated group, there was marked increase in the ESR and WBC count which was significantly decreased by test drug Dazzle ointment and standard drug diclofenac gel (Omni gel). Conclusion: The results indicate that Dazzle ointment possesses anti-arthritic activity in the experimental animal model.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic, Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant, Dazzle ointment, Plethysmometer}, author = {Hardik Soni and Ghanshyam Patel and Megha Shah and Mayank Panchal and Krishna Murti} } @article {180, title = {Experimental Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Leaves of Antidesma Menasu on Wistar Albino Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {105-112}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Background: Antidesma menasu is a folk plant of Euphorbiacae occurring in and around Udupi district in India. It is effectively used in folklore medicine for the management of arthritis, inflammatory bowel disorder and low backache. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the plant in Wistar albino rats. Aqueous extract of leaves of A. menasu were evaluated for possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods:Eddy{\textquoteright}s hot plate test and radiant heat test were used for investigation of analgesic effect. Effect of extract on the acute inflammation was investigated on Carrageenan induced paw oedema, and chronic inflammation was investigated on cotton pellet induced granuloma tissue formation test. The test extract was subjected for preliminary phytochemical examination as per standard methodology. Results: The test drug found to inhibit the carrageenan induced paw oedema significantly (p ˂ 0.05) and there was moderate increase in the latency period in the analgesic test. The results suggest that the test group has high signifi-cant anti-inflammatory potential and there is moderate analgesic activity. The histopathological examination of adrenal cortex, spleen and thymus showed a normal cytoarchitecture comparable with that of normal control group. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the plant A. menasu revealed the presence of flovanoids, saponins, steroids and phenols. Conclusion: The data obtained supports the traditional folklore therapeutic claim about its anti-inflammatory and anal-gesic activity. Further scientific investigation is required to establish its analgesic and anti-inflammatory property in other experimental models and clinical settings.

}, keywords = {Antidesma menasu, Arthritis, Carrageenan, Chronic inflammation, Flavonoids}, author = {Arun Prabhakar Sithara and Ravi M and Suma Mallya and Sudhakara and Sridhar Bairy and Srikanth P and Ravishankar} } @article {154, title = {Effect of Soaking of Phyllanthus Emblica Wood in Drinking-Water for Purification}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {19-23}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Background: Drinking-water is purified by various methods like UV irradiation, heat treatment, adding disinfectants like chlorine etc. Aims of purification include reducing turbidity and elements, increasing taste and removing microbes. There is no single method available which can fulfill entire expectation. Siddha literatures claim that the purification could be achieved by soaking certain herbals. Objective: The present study was done to evaluate the water purifying property of Phyllanthus emblica wood. Materials and method: 1.5 L of water was taken in two different containers. Control container water was kept as such. Phyllanthus emblica wood pieces (75 g) were soaked in test container. After 48 hrs, two groups of water were filtered and investigated for physical properties, elements and level of microorganisms. Result: The color, odor, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, calcium, iron, chloride and nitrate level were increased in the test container. pH, total hardness, sulphate and magnesium levels were decreased in the test container. Level of Escherichia coli, total coliforms and faecal coliforms were reduced in the test container. Conclusion: Soaking Phyllanthus emblica wood improves the purity of water. This beneficial property of Phyllanthus emblica may be used in the purification of drinking water.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Siddha Medicine, Traditional Method, Water Purification}, author = {Sathish and Selvaganesa Pandian and Arul Amuthan} } @article {159, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Plectranthus Amnoinicus Against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {32-38}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Background:Plectranthus amboinicus, belonging to the genus Plectranthus, is widely used for medicinal purposes. Its leaves have been used traditionally as a heatoprotective.\ Objectives:\ The present study was aimed at evaluating the heapatotective activity of ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus against paracetamol induced heapatotoxicity in rats.\ Materials and Methos:\ Sic groups wistar rats were used in the study. The two control groups received gum acacia and paracetamol orally respectively. The three test groups were treated orally with paracetamol followed by 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of pletranthus amboinicus respectively. The sixth group (standard hepatoprotective) received paracetamol followed by N-aceltylcysteine 100 mg/kg orally. The hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by estimating serum alanine aminotransferase, asparatate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, tissue malondialdehyde levels and by histopathological analysis of the liver tissue. Results were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test.\ Results:\ Plectranthus amboinicus in doses of 600 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg siginificantly (p\<0.05) altered paracetamol induced changes in the serum and tissue enzyme levels to near normal values. It also improved the liver histopathology profile.\ Conclusion:\ The results of the study indicate that the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus, possesses hepathoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

}, keywords = {Hepatoprotective, N-acetylcysteine, Paracetamol, Plectranthus Amboinicus}, author = {Smita Shenoy and Hemanth Kumar and Thashma and Veena Nayak and Krishnananda Prabhu and Priya Pai and Indu Warrier and Somayaji and Venu Madhav and KL Bairy and Anoop Kishore} } @article {164, title = {Protective Role of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) on Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {45-53}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Background:\ For many years, serologic markers have been used to assist cardiologists in the diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Once the serologic markers such as cardiac marker enzymes come to normal level upon a treatment, it clearly shows the treatment drug has the role in the management of MI.\ Objectives:\ The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of\ Nigella sativa\ seeds called black cumin on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in experimental rats.\ Materials and methods:\ The rats were randomly divided into four groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 rats received 1.0 ml of 0.5\% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) throughout the experimental period and served as the control. Group 2 rats received CMC as in group 1 and isoproterenol (85 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally twice at an interval of 24 hours on the 14th and 15th days. The rats in group 3 received black cumin (150 mg/kg body weight) intragastrically for a period of 15 days. Group 4 rats received black cumin and isoproterenol as said above and the experiment was terminated on 16th day and animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation after an overnight fast. Blood was collected for the estimation of biochemical parameters and heart dissected out for biochemical estimation and histopathological examination.\ Results:\ Along with VLDL, TG, cholesterol, free fatty acids, the levels of marker enzymes in serum such as AST, ALT, LDH, CK, and tissue lipid profile of TG, cholesterol, free fatty acids were significantly decreased (p \< 0.05), whereas the levels of CK-MB and HDL, LDL in serum and tissue lipid profile of phospholipids were significantly increased (p \< 0.05) in rats pretreated with black cumin compared to that of the group which received isoproterenol alone.\ Conclusion:\ Pretreatment with black cumin offered a protective effect against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats as evidenced by cardiac markers and lipid profile of the heart tissue.

}, keywords = {Black Cumin, Cardiac Markers, lipid peroxidation, Myocardial Infarction}, author = {M. Murugesan and M. Ragunath1 and T. Prabu1 and S. Nadanasabapathi and M. Sakthivel and V. Manju} }