@article {302, title = {Pharmacist Practice of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {111-119}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {111}, abstract = {

Goal: The current study expected to demonstrate the forensic pharmacy practice in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is an analysis of a cross-sectional study. An electronic survey was dispersed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. All students were omitted from the existing study. The survey consisted of demographic data about responders and practice aspects and implementations of forensic pharmacy. All analysis was completed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), and Survey monkey. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost threequarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically significant among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacist feature elements of forensic pharmacy services were 2.5. The high scores element was forensic pharmacy and potential drug-drug interactions (1.42). On the contrary, the lowest score aspect of nuclear pharmacy was forensic pharmacy, education and training program (1.26). The average score of forensic pharmacy practice implementation was 3.15. With high scores was the pharmacist always parts in crimes medicine committee (3.74), while the lowest forensic pharmacy practice implementation scores were attendance several courses or workshops about forensic pharmacy (2.41). Conclusion: The pharmacist part elements or the practice applications of forensic pharmacy were insufficient. The pharmacist plays an active role in the forensic pharmacy practice. Recognized forensic pharmacy with a clear job description of pharmacy staff with the relationship with forensic medicine and forensic strategic planning is mandatory to improve forensic pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi} } @article {301, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {92-101}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Goal: The knowledge of forensic pharmacy is a grave issue in practice. For example, forensic pharmacy services are obligatory for crime and drug-related death investigations. The current study purposes to affirm Pharmacist knowledge of forensic pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a qualitative examination with a cross-section design. An electronic validated and reliability survey was dispersed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. All students were omitted from the study. The questionnaire checked demographic data about the responders and pharmacist{\textquoteright}s basic and advanced knowledge of forensic pharmacy and resources of forensic pharmacy. Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, and survey monkey did all analysis. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost three-quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically significant among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of forensic pharmacy services were (2.0) with high scores element was the valuation of basic knowledge of the forensic pharmacy was the medications induced addiction (2.74). In contrast, the lowest scores were the job description of forensic pharmacist (1.5). The average score advances knowledge of forensic pharmacy (1.92). The highest score knowledge was the cardiovascular medications (3.00), while the lowest score knowledge of advanced knowledge of forensic pharmacy was the resources of forensic pharmacy (1.37). The most resources applied for Forensic pharmacy services were internet 224 (56.71\%) and healthcare practitioners 222 (56.20\%). Conclusion: The pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of forensic pharmacy services was insufficient. Therefore, the preventing of crimes problems and drug-related death are obligatory to improve patient outcomes. The undergraduate and postgraduate education and training of forensic pharmacy services in highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Knowledge, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi} } @article {300, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Perception of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {120-128}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {120}, abstract = {

Goal: To illuminate the pharmacist perception of forensic pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is cross-sectional of convenient sampling and planned number of the subject with power eighty. An electronic survey was dispersed to the pharmacist and pharmacy intern, excluding pharmacy students and other healthcare professionals. The survey entailed of demographic data, pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of forensic pharmacy, and barriers preventing implementation of forensic pharmacy. Survey monkey, Microsoft Excel, and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) were used in this study. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost three-quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically momentous among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacist perception of forensic pharmacy services were (3.93). The high scores element was under-working in forensic pharmacy in the healthcare institutions (4.15). On the contrary, the lowest score medical staff feel like their mistakes are held against them when an event is stated (3.35). The total average scores of barriers prevent the implementation of forensic pharmacy services were (3.41) with high scores element was lack of periodic training of pharmacy staff about forensic pharmacy (4.13). At the same time, the lowest score aspect of forensic pharmacy was the pharmacist shred in forensic sciences is too trivial to work (1.88). The most suggestions for facilitating forensic pharmacy implementation were implementing an electronic forensic pharmacy 306 (77.86\%) and raise the number of forensic pharmacist staff by 319 (81.17\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist had a positive insight of forensic pharmacy. However, various barriers are requisite to eliminate to start the implementation of forensic pharmacy services. Therefore, education and training are indispensable elements for establishing forensic pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Perception, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Rehab Sultan Najmi} } @article {68, title = {The Clinical Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions in Total Parenteral Nutrition services in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {135-140}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Objectives: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is the perilous component of nutritional care for neonatal, pediatric and adult patients. TPN is designated for someone who cannot or should not consume nutrients through their regular oral pathway. In this study, we explored the clinical outcomes of pharmacist intervention in Parenteral Nutrition at the public hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: In prospective cohort studies, we simulated the data of 12 months of 2015 related to TPN services for neonatal, pediatric and adult patients. Most of the TPN units at hospitals works eight hours per day and seven days per a week. The hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia has 300 beds. The pharmacist intervention consisted of an International Study Model, measure level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation, and patient with outcome impact. The data were analyzed through Survey Monkey system. Results: The total number of pharmacist interventions were 402 of recognized TPN-related problems. The total number of TPN orders was 394 prescribed to 82 patients. The majority of patients were neonates 303 (75.56\%) followed by Pediatrics 97 (24.19\%). The highest number of critical care interventions were found to be potentially serious 108 (28.8\%) and potentially significant 174 (46.4\%). The documented rationale of clinical intervention activities was inappropriate dose 93 (24.8\%) drug therapy omission 50 (13.3\%) and inappropriate route of administration 41 (10.9\%). Most of the patient outcomes were laboratory value improved 170 (45.33\%) and patient condition improved 137 (36.53\%). Conclusion: TPN clinical pharmacist had an essential vital role of preventing a TPN-related problem, improve patient outcome, and avoid the unnecessary supplementary cost. Increasing TPN clinical pharmacist assigned for all TPN services at all health care system in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Assessment, Clinical outcomes, Interventions, Pharmacist, Total Parenteral Nutrition program}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Aisha Omar Fallatah and Nisreen Al-Shubaar and Abdulaziz Abdullah Qohal and Lila Yahya Alameer} } @article {44, title = {Cost of Total Parenteral Nutrition Services at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {39-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Objectives: The estimation of cost of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a part of the pharmacoeconomic program at the Ministry of Health (MOH), Saudi Arabia. In this study, we explored the cost analysis of TPN services by using American Model with local cost. Methods: Simulation was performed for all 6 months of TPN services for neonate, pediatric and adult patients. King Salman Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was chosen as the study site; it has 300 beds. The physician or the pharmacist prescribed TPN to their patients. The pharmacist reviews and prepares TPN. The nurse administers TPN and follows up with the doctor or the pharmacist. TPN was prepared through sterile 797 standards and automated compounding facilities. The costing was derived from MOH information database. The cost was calculated based on the variable expenses including personal cost, material cost and supply cost. Fixed costs included direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All costs were estimated in US dollar currency and local prices. Results: A total number of 112 patients were prescribed with (1631) TPN orders; the total volume of TPN was 619,161.90 mL. Of these, 103 (91.96\%), 6 (5.36\%) and 3 (2.68\%) were prescribed for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. Of those with TPN orders, 1484 (90.99\%), 108 (6.62\%) and 39 (2.39\%) were prescribed for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. The total average number of orders per day was 4.47. Of those, 4.07, 0.3 and 0.11 was for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. The average duration of TPN for adults, neonatal and pediatric patients was 18, 14.4 and 13 days, respectively. The total average direct cost for active ingredient in the TPN was 61.81 USD. Of those, 38.54 USD (62.35\%), 16.63 USD (26.91\%) and 6.64 USD (10.74\%) was for pediatric, adult and neonatal patients. The estimated cost of TPN services for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients was 863.74 USD, 691.3 USD and 618.16 USD per day, respectively. The total annual and daily estimated expenditures of TPN orders were 629,865.02 USD and 212.22 USD; 44,795.24 USD and 207.39 USD; and 5,303.77 USD and 68.00 USD respectively for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients. The total annual and daily estimated cost were 314,764.70 USD and 3,055.97 USD; 22,398.12 USD and 3,733.02 USD; and 2,652.00 USD and 884.00 USD respectively for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients. Conclusion: In this study, we performed cost-estimation of the TPN in Saudi Arabia. This is the first study at MOH in Saudi Arabia. It is an essential basic element of pharmacoeconomic program and cost analysis of TPN-related healthcare services.

}, keywords = {Cost, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Aisha Omar Fallatah and Amjad Ahmad AL qahtani and Nesreen Al-Shubbar and Maha F Al-Yahya and Estiqlal Hussain Al-Smail} } @article {178, title = {Acute and Chronic Toxicity Study of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Caralluma tuberculata in Mice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {99-104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Background: Caralluma tuberculata (Asclepiadaceae), a succulent perennial herb used as vegetable is reported to treat the diabetes and rheumatism. In the present study the safety profile of Caralluma tuberculata (CT) was evaluated by gross behavioral, acute and chronic toxicity study of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of CT in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: For acute toxicity study, mice were divided into seven groups. Normal saline was given by intraperitoneal route to control group and to other six groups, different doses of extract i.e. 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 g/kg body weight was given to the mice intraperitoneally. In chronic toxicity study, 100mg/kg body weight was given intraperitoneally route for three months. In acute toxicity mortality rate was determined, while in chronic toxicity changes in body and organ weight, biochemical, hematological parameters in both male and female mice, and spermatotoxic effects in male mice were measured by using standard procedures. Statistical analysis was carried out by student t-test. Results: Acute toxicity showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was safe up to 3g/kg body weight in mice. In gross behavioral study some signs of passivity and decreased spontaneous activity were observed. No mortality was observed in chronic toxicity study. No detectable alterations were found on weight, vital body organs, biochemical, and hematological parameters; no spermatotoxic effects in treated mice were observed when compared to vehicle control group after three months of chronic treatment. Conclusion: The results of present study therefore indicated that ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of Caralluma tuberculata was safe in test animals demonstrating no noticeable toxicity.

}, keywords = {Caralluma tuberculata, Ethyl acetate fraction, Gross behavioral, Spermatotoxic}, author = {Qazi Najam-us-Saqib and Rahila Qayyum and Abdul Waheed} }