@article {381, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Quality Perspective}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {208-216}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore quality management policy and procedures of the pharmacy occupational safety and health system in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the pharmacy occupational safety and health system and quality management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy occupational safety and health policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety specialists. The topic emphasizes the occupational safety and health system and quality management policy and procedures. Results: The review for quality management of occupational safety and health system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice has consisted of pharmacy occupational safety and health auditing and quality management performance indicators. Besides, it discusses the techniques of conducting quality management systems for occupational safety and health programs in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The quality management of occupational safety and health system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice demands keeping adherence to occupational safety health standards at an appropriate level, with unnecessary cost control. Besides, monitor key performance indicators of pharmacy occupational safety and health auditing system. Thus, quality management of occupational safety and health system policy and procedures is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals worldwide.

}, keywords = {Health, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Policy, Quality management, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.30}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohannad Ali Abu-sabaa and Naif Saleh Alamri and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maram Kamian Al Shammari and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami} } @article {71, title = {A Questionnaire Based Study Regarding the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Self-Medication Among Second Year Undergraduate Medical Students}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Self-medication is becoming very common in our routine life which is an unhealthy and risky practice.Present study was done to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among second year undergraduate medical students of a private medical college in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Material and methods: A pre-validated questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the students.Data was collected and analysed using Microsoft Excel and the results expressed as counts and percentages. Results: Total 139 students participated in the study voluntarily and most common reason for taking Self-medication was that there was no need to visit the doctor for minor illness. In maximum students, source of information of the drugs used for Self-medication was previous prescription and source of the drugs was medical store. Only 39\% MBBS students accepted the fact, that they always visited a qualified practitioner whenever they fell ill. Most of the students took Self-medication for headache followed by cough, cold and fever. Out of total 139 students, most of the students took NSAIDS as Self-medication followed by lozenges. Conclusion: This study showed that students of second year MBBS after studying pharmacology became more aware about the drugs and hence do not hesitate in taking Self-medication which is a wrong practice.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Knowledge, Practice, Questionnaire, Second Year MBBS, Self-medication}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.6.1.1}, author = {Rajanish Kumar Sankdia and Mehul Agrawal and Parabathina Bindu Rekha and Nitin Kothari} } @article {78, title = {Comparative Study of Hypolidemic effects of Ethanolic extract of Rhizomes of Curcuma longa (turmeric) Versus Pioglitazone in Alloxan induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {5-11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Background: Rhizomes of Curcuma Longa belonging to the genus, Curcuma is widely used for medicinal purpose. Its ethanolic extract has been used traditionally as a hypolipidemic. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hypolipidemic effects of ethanolic extract of Rhizomes of Curcuma longa in Alloxan induced diabetic rats with high fat diet and compared with of Pioglitazone, which has anti-diabetic and action. Materials and method: Alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes mellitus in albino rats in the dose of 120 mg/kg Intraperitonelly and hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding animals with high fat diet orally. The body weights of the rats in every group was recorded weekly. Six groups of 6 animals in each received normal saline for normal control, normal saline for diabetic control, turmeric extract (TE) 300 mg/kg/day for euglycemic rat, Diabetic rat with high fat diet 10 mg/kg/day (turmeric extract 300 mg/kg/day), diabetic rat with high fat diet 10 ml/kg/day (turmeric extract 500 mg/kg/day), Diabetic rats with High fat diet 10 ml/kg/day (pioglitazone respectively for 4 weeks). After overnight fasting, 2 ml of blood was collected in from orbital sinuses of all animals. Various biochemical parameters were estimated like blood sugar and lipid profile. The data was analyzed statistically using student{\textquoteright}s paired and unpaired t-test. Results: Turmeric extract significantly raised HDL levels both in healthy and diabetic rats. TE (500 mg/kg) is more efficient as compared to 300 mg/kg dose, as TE (500 mg/kg) has also reduced VLDL, LDL levels in Group V which was statistically highly significant (p\<0.001). Conclusion: Present study revealed that the turmeric has hypolipidemic action and can be safely used in the treatment of mild to moderate cases of hyperlipidemia.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Curcuma Longa, Diabetic Rats, Hypolipidemic, Turmeric}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.2}, author = {Jeevangi Santoshkumar and Deepak D. Mariguddi and S. Manjunath} } @article {77, title = {Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Technique with Conventional Landmark Technique for Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Nerve Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgery}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Brachial plexus blockade is a time tested anesthetic technique for upper limb surgeries. Among the various approaches of brachial plexus block, supraclavicular block, once described as the {\textquotedblleft}spinal of the arm,{\textquotedblright} offers dense anesthesia of the brachial plexus for surgical procedures at or distal to the elbow. Landmark technique has been traditionally used for performing this block. But blind technique often requires multiple trial-and-error needle attempts, resulting in increase in procedure time, procedure-related pain and complications including pneumothorax, which is very risky. In developing countries like India, ultrasound is a relatively new technique and is increasingly being used for performing nerve blocks for acute as well as chronic pain procedures. Objective: We performed this study to evaluate safety and clinical usefulness of ultrasound technology for supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks. Methods: We included 60 adult patients of either sex undergoing surgeries for fracture of lower end of humerus or fracture of forearm bones. Patients were divided into two groups. In one group, surface landmark technique was used while in other group, supraclavicular nerve block was performed under ultrasound guidance by double injection technique. All patients received 10 ml each of 2\% lignocaine with adrenaline, 10 ml 0.5\% bupivacaine and 10 ml of saline. Surgery was started after confirming adequacy of block. Ineffective blocks were replaced with general anesthesia and insufficient pain control during surgery was supplemented with fentanyl. Results: There was no significant difference between patient groups with regard to demographic data. Supraclavicular plexus nerve block was placed in all 60 patients. Block failure was seen in 5 patients in landmark technique group and in one patient in USG group. The time of onset of sensory and motor block was shorter in USG group than landmark technique group. Intra-op analgesic was required in 5/30 patients in blind group and 3/30 patients in USG group. Post-op analgesia was for longer duration in USG guided group as compared to blind group. Conclusion: Ultrasound guidance is clinically very useful for supraclavicular brachial plexus block. It allows visualization of underlying structures, movement of needle and direct spread of local anesthetic and thus making the procedure safer and more effective.

}, keywords = {Landmark, Nerve block, Supraclavicular brachial plexus block, Ultrasound, Upper limb surgery}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.1}, author = {Punam Raghove and Karampal Singh and Susheela Taxak and Mangal Ahlawat and Sarla Hooda} } @article {93, title = {Evaluation of Changes in Bleeding Time in Hypertensive Patients on Amlodipine - A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {45-48}, type = {Research Articles}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Background: Platelet hyperactivity is a risk factor in hypertensive patients that paves the way to atherothrombosis causing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Counteracting platelet aggregation is an established step in preventing thrombotic events. Calcium channel blockers are one among the recommended antihypertensive agents according to 2013 ESH/ESC (European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology) guidelines. In addition to lowering blood pressure they are known to have antiplatelet activity. Dihydropyridine class of L-type calcium channel blockers are the most potent group and shares this activity. Anti-platelet aggregatory effect of these agents could supplement its anti-hypertensive property and could prove to be desirable in the treatment of hypertensives with high risk of atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk. So the present study aims to explore the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine. Objectives: To evaluate the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine in hypertensive patients. Methods and Materials: Sixty subjects were enrolled in the study. Test group comprised of thirty patients with essential hypertension, who were prescribed Tab Amlodipine at doses 5 mg or 10 mg once daily orally. Patients included in study group were regularly on Amlodipine for at least one month. 30 normotensive subjects, who are not on any drug affecting platelet function like Aspirin, dipyridamole, statins etc. acted as control group.Duke method of Bleeding time estimation was used to assess changes in Bleeding time. Statistical analysis: Student{\textquoteright}s unpaired t-test was used to compare Amlodipine test group with the normotensive control group. Results were expressed as Mean bleeding time {\textpm} SEM. SPSS software version 20 was used for statistical calculations. Results: The mean bleeding time of Amlodipine group was 2.214 minutes {\textpm} 0.028 SEM. The control group had a mean bleeding time of 1.998 minutes {\textpm} 0.036 SEM. The result gave a statistically significant p value of \<0.001. Average duration of treatment was 3.683 years. Conclusion: The statistically significant bleeding time observed in Amlodipine group suggest that it has anti-platelet activity.

}, keywords = {Amlodipine, Antiplatelet activity, Bleeding time, Hypertension}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.2}, author = {Pallavi Mahadeva Kamath and Suresh Surappla Rudrappa and Arun Suresh and Narendranath Sanji and Shashikala Gowdara Hanumanthareddy and Imran Maniyar} } @article {95, title = {Muscle Relaxant Property of 1(4-carboxy phenyl)-4,4,6-trimethyl-1H, 4H pyrimidine-2 thiol (a Pyrimidine Derivative) in Ex vivo Smooth and Skeletal Muscle Preparations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5 }, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {49-54}, type = {Research Articles}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Background: Pyrimidine and its derivatives demonstrate a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Objective: To study the smooth muscle and skeletal muscle relaxant activity of a pyrimidine derivative 1 (4-carboxy phenyl)-4,4,6-trimethyl-1H,4H pyrimidine- 2 thiol (4CPTP), the chemical structure of which is similar to phenobarbitone. Material and Methods: Spasmolytic activity of 4CPTP was studied using rabbit ileum and guinea pig ileum preparation. Skeletal muscle relaxant activity was assessed on frog rectus abdominis preparation. Mean height of contractions with graded doses of phenobarbitone and 4CPTP along with mean inhibition of contractions were calculated. Statistical analysis was done using chi square test. Results: The test compound produced dose dependent decrease in acetylcholine and barium chloride induced contractions of rabbit ileum, histamine induced contractions of guinea pig intestine and acetyl choline induced contractions of frog rectus abdominis. Conclusion: 4 CPTP possesses spasmolytic and neuromuscular blocking activity in our ex vivo studies.

}, keywords = {Neuromuscular blocker, Phenobarbitone, Pyrimidines, Spasmolytic}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.3}, author = {Prem Kumar Verma and Garima Bhutani and Seema Rani and Rahul Saini} } @article {90, title = {Pediatric Liver Diseases and its Management by Herbals: A Traditional Siddha Medicine Treatise}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {32-40}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Siddha medicine is one of the oldest (5000 years old, pre vedic period) well-documented Indian traditional medicines, compared to Ayurveda, Unani, and traditional Chinese medicine, by way of keen observation and experimentation. It mentions 108 diseases that occur in childhood, which are further classified and described into various subtypes based on the clinical features and different stages of a particular disease. The objective of this review was to collect literature details on pediatric liver diseases and its management as per Siddha medicine. We have referred all the published Siddha books related to the pediatric practice. There were 37 Siddha literature deals pediatric diseases and they use the term kaamaalai or chenkamaari to describe the liver diseases. Most of the literature classifies liver disease into 3 types, but few texts describe 5-6 subtypes. Thus, a total of 9 subtypes of liver diseases in pediatric age group have been described in Siddha literature with a list of herbals to be used for each type. Mostly, the drug therapy is polyhedral formulations of internal and/or external application. A total of 113 herbals, 6 animal products (including black chicken liver, dairy products, donkey{\textquoteright}s dung, honey) and 7 mineral based products (including iron, rock salt) were listed as potential agents to treat liver diseases. The safety and efficacy of all the above mentioned herbal/mineral products have not been fully explored in children, but may be a great potential for clinical development.

}, keywords = {Agastyar, Ayurveda, Herbals for Children, Liver disease, Traditional Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.6}, author = {G Senthilvel and Arul Amuthan and Shiny Jasphin} } @article {97, title = {Pharmacogenomics of Metformin- A Way to Personalised Medicine}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {55-61}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India with more than 62 million diabetic individuals currently diagnosed with the disease. There are atleast 10 different drug classes for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but metformin is recommended as the initial medication for treatment of T2DM. Inter-individual variability in response and few clinical or biomarker predictors of response reduces its optimal use. Personalized medicine promises a path for individually optimized treatment, but realizing this promise will require a more comprehensive characterization of disease and drug response. As per American Medical Association, pharmacogenomics is the study of genetic variations that influence individual response to drugs. Knowing whether a patient carries any of these genetic variations can help prescribers individualize drug therapy, decrease the chance for adverse drug events, and increase the effectiveness of drugs. There are variety of genes controlling metformin transport in the body, for eg- SLC22A1, SLC22A2, SLC22A3, SLC22A4 etc. The purpose of this review article is to explain in brief pharmacogenomics of metformin and its application and practical hurdles in its translation.

}, keywords = {Diabetes Mellitus, Metformin, Personalised medicine, Pharmacogenomics, SLC2A4}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.4}, author = {Monali Pradeep Vakharia and Vijay Ramakrishna Zad and Nishikant Nandlal Mankar and Pratik Pradeep Wadivkar and Kalpana Unind Shah} } @article {88, title = {Phytochemical Standardization of Serankottai nei (a Siddha Drug from Milk Extract of Semecarpus Anacardium nuts) and its in-vitro Antitubercular Activity against H37Rv Strain}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {17-24}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Background: Serankottai nei is a popular Siddha drug, used in the treatment of lung infections including tuberculosis, autoimmune joint diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative osteoarthritis), cancers and neurological pain. Objective: To standardize serankottai nei and to screen its in-vitro antitubercular activity of in H37Rv strain. Materials and Methods: Serankottai nei, a medicated ghee preparation was procured from the SKM Siddha and Ayurveda Co India Ltd, Erode, Tamil Nadu. Unsaponifiable matter (USM) from the ghee preparation was separated and preliminary phytochemical screening was done. Further, USM was dissolved in 10 ml of chloroform and 3 and 6 μl of the above sample was applied for HPTLC fingerprint, which was developed in toluene: ethyl acetate (9.0:1.0). The developed plates were scanned under UV 254 nm, 366 nm, 540 nm and 620 nm post derivatization. Rf, colour of the spots and densitometric scan were recorded. Different doses of USM were screened for in-vitro antitubercular activity against H37Rv strain using Alamar Blue Dye method. Results: Phytochemical screening of 8\% w/w USM obtained from serankottai nei showed presence of alkaloid, phenol, steroid and terpenoid. In HPTLC, there were 15, 5 and 7 peaks at 254 nm, 366 nm and 620 nm respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against H37Rv strain of pyrazinamide, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin were 3.125, 6.25 and 3.125 μg/ml respectively. Whereas, the MIC of serankottai nei was 1.6 μg/ml, which was almost 25 to 50\% of standard drugs. Conclusion: Serankottai nei has shown promising antitubercular activity in in-vitro study. Thus, Semecarpus anacardium could be a suitable candidate for a new herbal based antitubercular drug.

}, keywords = {Antitubercular, Semecarpus anacardium, Serankottai nei, Siddha Medicine, Tuberculosis}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.4}, author = {G Senthilvel and Arul Amuthan and KN Sunil Kumar} } @article {87, title = {Prevalence and Severity of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in Patients Subjected to Different Anti-psychotic Drugs in an Out-Patient Department of a Psychiatry Hospital in Kashmir; A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {12-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Background: Adverse effects are usually dose dependent and can be influenced by patient characteristics including age and gender and these confounding factors should be considered in clinical practice and in the interpretation of research data. Selection of an antipsychotic drug should be on an individual patient basis. Patients should be involved in prescribing decisions and this should involve discussion about adverse drug reactions and their severity. Objective: Current study was carried out with the aim to look into the severity with which the adverse drug reactions were associated with various antipsychotics used in our day to day practice. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted over a period of one year in the Outpatient Department of Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IMHNS), Government Medical College Srinagar. An assessment of severity was done using modified Hartwig and Siegel scale. Results: A total of 100 ADRs of different types were observed in 77 patients out of total 177 patients included in our study, with an overall prevalence of about 43.5\%. Most (83.0\%) of the ADRs were mild in severity while ADRs moderate in severity were found in only 17 (17.0\%) according to modified Hartwig and Siegel scale. None of the reported ADRs belonged to {\textquoteleft}severe{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteleft}lethal{\textquoteright} category. There was no statistically significant relationship between development of ADRs with age (p=0.8) or sex (p=0.6) of the patients included in the study. Conclusion: Although with the utilization of antipsychotics, the prevalence of ADRs in our study was as high 43.5\%, most of them (83\%) were mild in nature and only 17\% of them were of moderate severity and none of our patients showed the development of any severe ADR which would lead them to discontinue the therapy.

}, keywords = {ADR prevalence, ADR reporting, ADR severity due to Antipsychotics, Antipsychotics and ADRs, Modified Hartwig and Siegel scale}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.3}, author = {Afkat Ahmad and Arshad Hussain and Samina Farhat and Shagufta Parveen and Vineeta Sawhney and Zubair Ashai} } @article {106, title = {Ulcer Protective Action is Improved by Washing Fresh Aloe vera Gel: A Comparative Study with Unwashed Gel in Indomethacin and Ethanol Induced Ulcers in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {83-89}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Introduction: The Aloe vera and its components has been widely suggested for its ulcer protective action. Traditional Indian Siddha medical literature claims that washing the fresh Aloe vera gel (FAVG) has improved ulcer protective action due to the removal of bitter yellow latex. In this study, we compared the ulcer protective effect of unwashed as well as washed fresh Aloe vera gel in rats. Methods: We prepared washed and unwashed FAVG. Albino rats were fed with normal saline, ranitidine suspension, washed and unwashed FAVG for 8 days. Drugs have been tested in two ulcer models, in which indomethacin (20mg/kg) and ethanol (80\%) were used for the induction of ulcer after animals were fasted for 24 hours. The animals were sacrificed and stomach was cut open to calculate mean ulcer index and a section was sent for histopathological examination. One Way ANOVA was done for analysis. Results: In indomethacin induced ulcer model, the mean ulcer index in control, ranitidine, washed and unwashed FAVG treatment groups were 7.67 {\textpm} 1.51, 1.92 {\textpm} 1.12, 2.17 {\textpm} 1.16 and 4.0 {\textpm} 1.09 respectively. The percentage of ulcer protection in washed FAVG treatment (71.71\%) is comparable with ranitidine treatment (74.97\%), whereas the unwashed FAVG showed only 47.84\% ulcer protection. In ethanol induced ulcer model, the mean ulcer index in control, ranitidine, washed and unwashed FAVG treatment groups were 7.83 {\textpm} 1.51, 1.83 {\textpm} 0.82, 2.33 {\textpm}1.37 and 4.17 {\textpm} 1.47 respectively. The percentage of ulcer protection in washed FAVG treatment (70.24\%) is comparable with ranitidine treatment (76.63\%), whereas the unwashed FAVG showed only 46.74\% ulcer protection. In both the above ulcer models, washing the FAVG showed statistically significant (p\<0.05) reduction in ulcer index and improved ulcer protection. Conclusions: Washed fresh Aloe vera gel has shown higher ulcer protective activity compared to unwashed gel.

}, keywords = {Aloe latex, Aloe vera gel, Ayurveda, Ethanol, Gastric Ulcer, Indomethacin, Siddha}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.3.4}, author = {Jyoti Tara Manandhar Shrestha and Roanak Shrestha and Maya Shrestha and Saurab Raj Joshi and Merina Rajbhandari} } @article {96, title = {ABCB1 C3435T Genetic Polymorphism and Response to Glibenclamide Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {12-15}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Background: Glibenclamide is a substrate and an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein which is coded by the gene ABCB1. Objective: To study the influence of ABCB1 C3435T gene polymorphism on the therapeutic effect of glibenclamide, its plasma levels and hypoglycemic adverse effects. Materials and Methods: The study was done in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of South India (n=80) who were on treatment with glibenclamide as a single agent or along with metformin. From a venous blood sample, ABCB1 C3435T genetic polymorphism and plasma levels of glibenclamide were determined. The parameters were compared between genotype groups. Patient characteristics across genotypes were analyzed using one way ANOVA and the association between glycemic status and genotype was studied using Chi Square test. The association between genotypes and parameters such as C/D values, hypoglycemic episodes were compared using Kruskal Wallis Test. Results:There were no significant differences in age, body mass index and duration of treatment between the genotype groups ABCB1 CC, CT and TT. There was no significant association between glycemic status of type 2 diabetes and presence of variant genotypes ABCB1 CT and TT. There were no statistically significant differences in plasma concentration of glibenclamide, number and severity of adverse effects between the genotype groups. Conclusion: ABCB1 C3435T genetic polymorphism did not produce any significant influence on the therapeutic response to glibenclamide, plasma glibenclamide levels and the occurrence of adverse events in South Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

}, keywords = {ABCB1 C3435T, Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Transporters, Glibenclamide, MDR1, Personalized Medicine, Pharmacogenetics}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.2.1}, author = {Surendiran A and Pradhan SC and Subrahmanyam DKS and Aparna Agrawal and Umamaheswaran G and Rajan S and Adithan C} } @article {128, title = {Comparison of In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Olmesartan and Amlodipine}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {90-93}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {90}, abstract = {

Introduction: Free radical oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathology of a wide variety of clinical disorders. Antioxidants are agents which scavenge the free radicals and prevent the damage caused by them. Angiotensin II receptor blockers used in the treatment of hypertension, have also been reported to protect organs such as kidney and heart. Althoug, the mechanisms of these protective effects are not fully understood, it is generally thought that their antioxidant effects likely play a role. Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, seems to exert atheroprotective effects through its antioxidant properties related to its chemical structure and independent of its calcium channel-blocking effect. Though research has proved that olmesartan and amlodipine exhibit antioxidant activity independent of their antihypertensive effects, there are not many in vitro studies to analyse which drug is a better antioxidant. Objective: This in vitro study was done to compare the antioxidant activity of olmesartan and amlodipine. Materials and Methods: In this study, we demonstrated the antioxidant activities of 10 mg/ml stock solutions of olmesartan and amlodipine in vitro. DPPH (1,1 Diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazide) and Nitric oxide free radical scavenging assays were done. Results: Olmesartan showed significant (49.48\%) and consistent free radical scavenging activity by DPPH and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. Free radical scavenging activity of amlodipine was more significant (56.89\%) than olmesartan but was inconsistent and non-concentration dependent. Conclusion: Hence this in vitro study has proved that olmesartan has better antioxidant activity than amlodipine.

}, keywords = {Amlodipine, DPPH, Free radicals, Nitric Oxide, Olmesartan, Oxidative Stress}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.4}, author = {Rajathilagam Thiruvengadam and Seethalakshmi Sankar} } @article {120, title = {Effect of Notchi kudineer (Vitex negundo Aqueous Extract) on Surgically Induced Endometriosis in Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences |}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {35-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Background: Endometriosis is the growth of endometrial tissue in ectopic places outside the uterus. Siddha physicians claim that Vitex negundo leaf decoction reduces the symptoms of endometriosis in clinical practice. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Vitex negundo aqueous extract on surgically induced endometriosis in Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Endometriosis was surgically induced in nulliparous female Sprague Dawley rats with regular estrus cycle by autografting endometrium tissue on posterior abdominal wall. After 30 days of implantation, rats were allocated into two groups (n=6). Control group did not receive any drug, whereas test group received an oral dose of Vitex negundo aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) for 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, the endometriosis cyst size and adhesion were measured and blood was collected for hematology. Malondialdehyde (MDA, an oxidant) and thiol (antioxidant) levels were estimated in blood as well as in cyst. Endometriosis cyst was studied for histopathological grading. Statistical analysis was done using independent t test by keeping p\<0.05. Results: Test drug reduced the adhesion and cyst size compared to control, but the difference was not statistically significant. Histological grade was reduced from 3 to 0 in test group. The test drug significantly increased thiol in blood (p=0.016), and also reduced the blood MDA level (p=0.001) compared to control. Test drug increased the red blood cell distribution width (RDW_CV: p=0.009 and RDW_SD: p=0.003), platelet (p=0.03) and plateletcrit (p=0.026) compared to control group. Conclusion: Our study has created the scientific evidence for the siddha physician{\textquoteright}s claim on Vitex negundo by demonstrating reduction in endometriosis cyst size, adhesion, histological grading and oxidant levels as well as elevation in antioxidant level.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Endometriosis, Sprague Dawley Rats, Vitex Negundo}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.1}, author = {Arul Amuthan and Shabari Anandh and Syed Musharraf and Nupur Agarwal and Vasudha Devi and Revathi P Shenoy and Bhavna Nayal} } @article {130, title = {Impact of Severity of Poly Pharmacy on Medication Adherence in Patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {94-97}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a complex chronic disease and people with diabetes estimated to reach 552 million by 2030 worldwide. World Health Organization stated that only 50\% of patients diagnosed with a chronic illness were fully compliant with their treatment regime. Objectives: To test the hypothesis that adherence decreases with increase in number of medications prescribed in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: It was a comparative cross sectional study conducted in the department of medicine, medical college, Kozhikode. Patients visiting in the outpatient department of general medicine who satisfy the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. Patient medication adherence was measured by medication adherence questionnaire. Results analyzed using student{\textquoteright}s t test. Results: A total of 218 type II diabetic patients enrolled in this 6 months study in which minor poly pharmacy accounts for 18 patients, and the remaining were major poly pharmacy regime. The average number of drugs prescribed was 4.71 {\textpm} 2.12. The mean value of medication adherence score is more in major poly pharmacy group (3.48) when compared with minor poly pharmacy group (1.96). Higher the value of medication adherence score lower is the value of medication adherence of the patient. Conclusion: Polypharmacy continues to be a significant issue and little research has been conducted regarding the relationship between medication adherence and poly pharmacy. Medication adherence is affected by certain factors other than the number of drugs prescribed.

}, keywords = {Compliance, Diabetes Mellitus, Medication Adherence, Patients, Polypharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.5}, author = {Manju Cheenkallel Sreenivasan and Rinisha Razak and Athira Balakrishnan and Chandni Radhakrishnan} } @article {206, title = {Learning Habits of Undergraduate Medical Students in Pharmacology}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {September 2015}, pages = {63-67}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {63}, abstract = {

Background: Learning pharmacology may be challenging to medical students as drug information is expanding and students are required to adopt suitable study habits to remember pharmacological aspects to develop higher cognitive skills for better academic performance. Objective: To compare the learning habits of students of various levels of academic performances in pharmacology. Methods and Material: Study was cross sectional in which students{\textquoteright} learning habits and examination scores in pharmacology were collected in a questionnaire. The questionnaire had Likert type items (1: never{\textendash}5: every time) related to learning habits of students that could influence academic performance in pharmacology. It was distributed to 2nd year MBBS students (n=243) after the two assessments in pharmacology. Based on the \% of marks obtained in previous assessments, students were categoriesed into 5 groups (1=\<50, 2=50-59, 3=60-69, 4=70-79, 5=80-100). Statistical analysis used: The categorical variables were described as median and interquartile range. Learning habits of students of various level of academic performances were compared using non parametric tests. A p value of \<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Group 1 less frequently revised the topics more than two times compared to the group 2 (p=0.015) and 5 (p=0.002). Compared to groups 1, 2 and 3, group 5 had started the preparation \>3 days before the scheduled pharmacology class test (p\<0.05). Compared to failed students, students who passed had revised topics more than 2 times and had set the target score of \>60\% and did not momorise the topics by mere byhearting. Conclusion: Reinforcement in the form of revisions, goal setting and developing deeper understanding of concepts have emerged as major determinants of students{\textquoteright} performance in examination in pharmacology. Hence, students should be made aware of these aspects to improve the quality of studies.

}, keywords = {Academic Performance, Learning Habits, Medical, Pharmacology, Students}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.6}, author = {Vasudha Devi and Zulhashime bin Zulkifli and Abdul Hadi bin Abd Rahman and Nurul Wahida Amalin binti Razali and Nur Atiqah binti Md Salehuddin} } @article {103, title = {A Retrospective Study of Drugs Prescribed During Conservative Management of Isolated closed Fracture of Upper Limb in a Tertiary care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {48-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Background: Fractures are common presentation in the emergency department. Patient related factors and site of fracture play an important role in planning the management of fracture pain. This study was done to assess drugs prescribed during conservative management of closed isolated upper limb fractures. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. The case records of patients who visited the tertiary care hospital with closed isolated fracture of upper limb following trauma and were managed conservatively was analysed. The results were expressed as percentage. Results: Out of the 100 patients, 79 were adults and 21 children. Pain score was recorded in 83\% of the patients. All patients received analgesics. The commonly prescribed oral analgesic in children and adults were ibuprofen (85.71\%) and aceclofenac (60.75\%), respectively. The commonly used opioid was tramadol, orally as well as parenterally, in both adults and children. Analgesic combinations accounted for 62.8\% of the total analgesics prescribed. Propofol-fentanyl was commonly used during fracture reduction. Conclusion: Initial assessment of pain contributes to adequate management of acute pain. Use of analgesics and early reduction significantly reduce pain and improve outcome.

}, keywords = {Analgesics, Fractures, Opioids, Pain, Sedation}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.3}, author = {Shenoy Smita and Patil Navin and Ganeriwala Aditya and Chetty Shashikanth and Avinash Arivazhahan and Sushil Kiran Kunder and Shah Hitesh and Jha Anusha} } @article {133, title = {A Review on Drug-Drug and Drug-Food Interactions in Patients During the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {98-105}, type = {Review articles}, chapter = {98}, abstract = {

Drug interaction is defined as the modification of the effects of a drug (object drug) by the prior and/or the concomitant administration of another drug (precipitant drug). Drug interaction may either increase or decrease the intended effect of one or both drugs. It may transform the diagnostic, preventive or therapeutic activity of any drug. Drug-interactions can be an extremely main contributory factor for the incidence and occurrence of adverse drug reactions and adverse drug events. The rate of occurrence and incidence of drug interactions is much higher in patients receiving combinations of drugs or poly-pharmacy or suffered from co-morbidity of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcer, fungal infections and neurodegenerative disorders, which require prolong and multi treatments and the risk of drug interaction will increase as they are treated with multi-therapies. It is concluded that diabetic patients are at higher risk for drug interaction as receiving a combination of therapies for diabetic complications as well, so that the rate of occurrence of drug interaction is rapidly amplifying. Diabetes mellitus has been considered as a foremost public health challenge around the world because of its high prevalence and associated increase in morbidity and mortality. The main objective of this review study is to highlights the various drug interactions likely drug-drug and drug-food interactions as well as reports unwanted effects of other treatment associated with antidiabetic agents in the diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Interaction, Drug-drug Interaction, Drug-food Interaction, Polypharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.6}, author = {Sonu and Gopal Sharma and SL. Harikumar and Silvia Navis} } @article {91, title = {A Study to Compare the Stability of Proseal Laryngeal Mask Airway and Standard Laryngeal Mask Airway in Different Head and Neck Positions}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {March 2015}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Classic (CLMA) and Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Proseal (PLMA) are commonly used supraglottic devices for different kind of surgeries. We compared oropharyngeal leak pressure, intracuff pressure and anatomical position for LMA-Proseal and LMA-classic in four different head and neck positions: neutral, flexion, extension and left lateral rotation. Materials and Methods: LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic were inserted randomly in 100 adult patients. Oropharyngeal leak pressure, intracuff pressure and anatomical position of the airway were recorded in four head and neck positions (neutral first, then flexion, extension and left lateral rotation). Results: Compared with neutral position, oropharyngeal leak pressure for both LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic was higher in flexion and left lateral rotation but lower in extension (all p values \<0.005). Changes in head-neck position did not alter the anatomical position of the airway. Oropharyngeal leak pressure was always higher for LMA-Proseal than for LMA-Classic (p value \< 0.001). Conclusion: The anatomical position of LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic is stable in different head-neck positions, but head-neck flexion and left rotation are associated with an increase and head-neck extension is associated with a decrease in oropharyngeal leak pressure and intracuff pressure as compared to neutral position. LMA-Proseal forms a better seal than LMA-Classic in all the different head and neck positions.

}, keywords = {Classic Laryngeal Mask Airway, Laryngeal Mask Airway, Oropharyngeal Leak Pressure, Proseal, Supraglottic Devices}, author = {Taxak S and Rani S and Ahlawat G and Singh K and Raghove P} } @article {126, title = {Towards Standardization{\textendash}A New Protocol for Oil drop test (Neikuri) in Healthy Subjects}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences |}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {83-89}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Background: Oil drop test (Neikuri), a method of urine examination used in Siddha Medicine, an Indian system of medicine. In this test, patient urine is collected in a vessel, over which a drop of sesame oil is placed and the behavior of the oil drop on the urine surface is noted. However, due to lack of a standardized protocol for this test and advancement of modern diagnostic facilities, the utility value of this test has decreased to a greater extent. Objectives: To develop a new protocol for oil drop test in healthy subjects, so that it can be used as a standard reference to compare with other pathological conditions. Methods and Material: Urine samples of 12 healthy volunteers aged between 18 to 25 years were collected. Biochemical analysis was done in the urine samples with urine reagent strip to confirm health status of the subjects. 12 μl of sesame oil was dropped over 30 ml of each urine sample and behavior (shape of the oil spread, direction and spread time) was observed. Results: Majority of the samples showed circular shape and the most appropriate time to record it after 15 min of the test procedure. Conclusion: This test protocol can be taken as a standard technique for Oil drop test. However, further studies must be done in larger population so that it can be used as a non invasive and cost effective diagnostic/prognostic tool.

}, keywords = {Neikuri, Oil Drop Test, Oil Spread Direction and Time, Oil Spread Shape, Siddha Diagnostic Technique}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.3}, author = {Ahamed Basha Abdul Bari and Prince Johnson Samuel and Mathangi Damal Chandrasekar and Ramnath Shyamala and Siva Shankar Rangasamy} } @article {132, title = {Anti-ulcer Activity of Herbo-mineral Formulation (Asecure capsule) Against Experimentally Induced Acute and Chronic Gastric Ulcers in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {61-67}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Background: This study was aimed to investigate anti-ulcer activity of a herbo-mineral formulation (Asecure capsule) in ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer and acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcer. Materials and Methods: Absolute methanol (5 mL/kg, p.o.) was administered for development of acute gastric ulcer. In another model, 50\% acetic acid was exposed to serosal surface of stomach to produce chronic gastric ulcer. For each experiment, animals were divided in to three groups where each group was consisting of six animals. Group-I, II and III were considered as Normal control, Disease control and test drug treated respectively. Herbo-mineral formula-tion (Asecure Capsule) was administered at 100 mg/kg/day, orally. Ulcer index, gastric wall mucus content, lipid perox-idation level in stomach tissue and tissue anti-oxidant parameters like superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and catalase enzyme activity were carried out for both experimental studies. Histopathology of stomach tissue was also performed. Statistical calculations were done by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s test. Results: Induction of ethanol and acetic acid caused significant alteration in ulcer index, gastric wall mucus content and lipid peroxidation level in comparison to normal control group whereas treatment of Asecure capsule showed sig-nificant cyto-protection and recovery against ethanol and acetic acid induced acute and chronic ulcer respectively. Treatment with Asecure capsule) also showed significant increase in level of antioxidant enzymes in comparison of disease control groups. Histopathology of stomach showed remarkable cyto-protection. Conclusion: On the basis of present data it can be concluded that Asecure capsule) possesses significant anti-ulcer activity against exposure to a noxious agent like ethanol and acetic acid. The observed effect be due to synergistic anti-oxidant property of ingredients of the herbo-mineral formulation.

}, keywords = {Anti-ulcer activity, Ethanol and acetic acid induced gastric ulcer, Herbo-mineral}, author = {Hardik Soni and Ankur Shah and Arindam Paul and Ghanshyam Patel} } @article {142, title = {Cerebroprotein Hydrolysate in Treatment of Vascular Dementia - a Case Report}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {75-78}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Vascular dementia (VD) is a dementia due to vascular factors and is one of common causes of dementia. Neurotrophic factors and anticholinesterases are useful in the management of disorders such as dementia or stroke. A new phar-macological agent called cerebroprotein hydrolysate has been used in the management of dementia with promising results. Here we present a case report where cerebroprotein hydrolysate showed promising improvement in the man-agement of vascular dementia.

}, keywords = {Cerebroprotein hydrolysate, Dementia, Vascular, Vascular dementia}, author = {Mosam Phirke and Anup Bharati and Avinash De Sousa and Nilesh Shah and Sushma Sonavane} } @article {125, title = {Chelation of Lanthanum (La3+) by Various Thiols - an in vitro Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {34-38}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

In the present study the interaction of various thiols (L-glutathione, L-cysteine, N-acetyl cysteine and D-penicillamine) with LaCl3 was studied in vitro by modified Ellman{\textquoteright}s method. Experiments carried out at various concentrations inferred gradual decrease in thiol concentration with the increase in La3+ concentration in aqueous solutions. Maximum interac-tion between thiols and La3+ was observed at pH 7.5 and 35{\textdegree}C as indicated by the lowest values of residual thiol con-centration. The order of reactivity was DPA\>GSH\>NAC\>Cys, where reactivity increased with increasing pKa of their thiol group. The possible products of reaction are proposed to be La(RS)3 complex or oxidized form with disulfide bond (RSSR).

}, keywords = {Chelation, Ellman{\textquoteright}s modified method, Lanthanum, Thiols}, author = {Muhammad Yaqoob and Muhammad Farid Khan and Muhammad Tausif Chaudhry and Izhar Ahmad Shaikh} } @article {123, title = {Comparison of Two Zidovudine Based HAART Regimens used in Treatment of HIV Infection}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Background: India has third highest number of HIV patients. Zidovudine based regimens are the first line of treatment in these patients. This study was undertaken to compare three prognostic markers with this treatment in patients infected with HIV. The objective of the study was to compare the changes in the CD4 counts, hemoglobin and weight between HIV infected patients receiving zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine (ZLN) against those receiving zidovu-dine, lamivudine and efavirenz (ZLE). Materials and Methods: Retrospective data was collected from the ART centre, Chigateri Hospital, Davangere. Patients who were on the study regimens for atleast six months were considered for analysis. Changes in CD4 counts, hemoglobin levels and weight were analyzed with paired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test for intra group variation and unpaired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test for inter-group variation. Results: CD4 counts were analyzed in 339 patients and in both the groups the counts improved significantly (ZLN: n=252, ZLE: n=87 and p \< 0.001 in both groups) after six months of treatment but the improvement was much better in patients who received ZLN regimen (p = 0.005). 281 patients were analyzed with respect to hemoglobin and improve-ment was seen in ZLE group (n=77, p = 0.001) but not in ZLN group (n=204, p = 0.36) with treatment and intergroup analysis was in favor of ZLE (p = 0.03). Weight was analyzed in 356 patients and it improved significantly in both ZLN group (n=264, p = 0.001) and ZLE group (n=92, p = 0.001) but the intergroup comparison did not reveal any signifi-cance (p = 0.21). Conclusion: A regimen consisting of zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz is better in treating a HIV patient with decreased hemoglobin. So this regimen can be preferred in anemic patients with HIV.\ 

}, keywords = {Efavirenz, HAART, Lamivudine, Nevirapine, Zidovudine}, author = {Narendranath Sanji and Dinakar KR and Vaneet Aggarwal and Navin A Patil and Somashekar HS and Keerthisagar J and Reshma SR} } @article {145, title = {Hemobilia - A Sporadic Cause of Hematemesis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {79-82}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

A multitude of reasons contribute to gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hemobilia being less frequent. Here we present a case of hematemesis who was later found to have bleeding from the biliary tract that was due to pseudo-aneurysm arising from the hepatic artery. The diagnosis was supported by angiogram. He underwent coil embolization post which bleeding stopped. We present this case since hemobilia is a rare event and classical finding of blood clot on the ampulla on endoscopy is rare as seen in our case.

}, keywords = {Coil embolization, Hemobilia, Pseudoaneurysm, Right hepatic artery}, author = {Nagesh Kamath and Venkatakrishnan Leelakrishnan and Rajendiran Gopalan and Shiran Shetty} } @article {119, title = {An Open Label, Randomized, Comparative Study of Antiscabietic Drugs Permethrin, Gamma Benzene Hexachloride and Ivermectin in Patients of Uncomplicated Scabies}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {15-21}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background: To determine efficacy and cost effectiveness of antiscabietic drugs (permethrin, gamma benzene hexa-chloride and ivermectin) in patients of uncomplicated scabies. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, randomized clinical study conducted in 210 diagnosed patients of scabies (\>12years of age) from January 2011 to October 2011.They were randomly allocated into one of the three groups. Group A received topical permethrin (5\% cream), Group B received topical gamma benzene hexachloride (1\% lotion) and Group C received oral ivermectin (tab 200mcg/kg). All the three groups received treatment two times- at the time of first visit and one week later. The patients were followed up at the end of first and third week. At each visit, cure rate was assessed by clinical and itching grading score and compared to determine the efficacy. Cost effectiveness was compared on basis of cost in INR to treat one case successfully. Results: Cure rate at the end of first week was 83.87\% in Group A, 78.18\% in Group B and 55.17\% in Group C while cure rate in the three treatment groups at the end of third week was 93.55\% in Group A, 80.00\% in Group B and 98.28\% in Group C. Thus at the end of first week Group A showed better cure rate while at the end of third week Group C was equally efficacious to Group A. The cost (INR) to treat one patient was 69.19 for permethrin, 37.50 for gamma benzene hexachloride and 24.42 for ivermectin. Conclusion: A single application of permethrin is superior to both ivermectin and gamma benzene hexachloride while ivermectin in two dose regimen is equally efficacious to permethrin and more cost effective than the other two conven-tional antiscabietic drugs. Oral ivermectin can be used as an alternative to permethrin.

}, keywords = {Antiscabietic, Gamma benzene hexachloride, Ivermectin, Permethrin}, author = {Maurya Meenakshi and Kaushik Sadhna and Srivastava Neeraj and Verma Deepak and Parihar Renu} } @article {160, title = {Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Activities of Tamarindus indica Fruit Pulp in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {33-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {33}, abstract = {

Background: Tamarindus indica belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae. Fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica is believed to have antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and many other medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to investigate antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 6). Normal and diabetic control groups received normal saline and alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) respectively. Animals were made diabetic by injection of single dose of alloxan in three test groups and after that they were treated with ethanolic extract of fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica 300 and 500 mg/kg/body weight orally and metformin 150 mg/kg body weight orally respectively for 14 days. Antidiabetic activity was estimated by measuring serum glucose and lipid profile; and hepatoprotective activity was measured by estimating serum liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in liver tissues. Results were analyzed by One way ANOVA followed by Scheffe multiple comparison tests (p\<0.01). Results: The two dose levels of Tamarindus indica significantly altered alloxan induced changes in serum glucose, lipid profile and serum enzyme levels. But in liver histopathology, higher dose (500 mg/kg) of plant showed complete regeneration whereas lower dose (300 mg/kg) showed only partial improvement in liver histopathology profile. Conclusion: Present study revealed that Tamarindus indica possesses antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotection, Tamarindus indica}, author = {Narendar Koyagura and V. Hemanth kumar and M.G Jamadar and Shobha V Huilgol and Nagendra Nayak and Saeed M Yendigeri and Mohd Shamsuddin} } @article {184, title = {Antituberculosis Therapy (ATT) Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {126-128}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {126}, abstract = {

Thrombocytopenia is a rare adverse effect seen with anti-tubercular drugs. We report an 80 year old male with tuber-cular right pleural effusion, on Category I Anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) for 3 weeks who presented with melena and epistaxis. On evaluation, he had thrombocytopenia which was found to be rifampicin-induced. ATT was restarted with-out rifampicin and there were no bleeding episodes. Though, rifampicin is well tolerated, but on rare occasions it can cause thrombocytopenia.

}, keywords = {ATT, Intermittent regimen, Rifampicin, Thrombocytopenia, Tuberculosis}, author = {R. Dinesh Prabhu and G. Vikneswaran and Chultin Lepcha and N. Tombi Singh} } @article {175, title = {Antiviral Drug Discovery by Targeting the Envelope Glycoproteins of Influenza A Virus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {89-98}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Influenza A viruses are enveloped RNA viruses and composed of eight single-stranded, negative-sensed RNA segments. Among eight single strand components of influenza A virion hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, two surface glycoproteins, are interesting targets for antiviral drug discovery. Scientists are trying to discover newer antiviral compounds for the prevention of future pandemic and resistant strains of influenza A viruses targeting the surface glycoproteins. These viruses cause respiratory diseases in humans and animals with a high morbidity and mortality. In this review, various methods are described for screening of antiviral compounds of influenza A viruses by targeting the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Fusion, Hemagglutination, Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase, Sialidase}, author = {Repon Kumer Saha and Takashi Suzuki and Yasuo Suzuki} } @article {155, title = {Evaluation of Anti-arthritic Activity of Dazzle Ointment - A Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {14-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic multi-system disease of unknown cause. It affects people in their prime of life, predominantly between the ages of 20-50 years with unpredictable course. Dazzle ointment is a polyherbal for-mulation, used for the treatment of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Objective: The present study was planned to evaluate efficacy of Dazzle ointment using complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritic model. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into three groups of 6 animals each as CFA treated, standard drug and test drug treated groups. The animals were injected with 0.2 ml of complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant into the sub-plantar surface of left hind paw. Drugs were administered topically, once a day, commenced on the day of injection of adjuvant and continued for 21 days. The assessment of the change in the inflammatory reaction was made by measuring the paw volume plethysmographically on 0, 4th, 14th, 17th, 21st day after injection of complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant (CFA). The statistical significance was assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet{\textquoteright}s compari-son test. A p value of \< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: It was observed that Dazzle ointment produced significant anti-arthritic effect on 21st day. In CFA treated group, there was marked increase in the ESR and WBC count which was significantly decreased by test drug Dazzle ointment and standard drug diclofenac gel (Omni gel). Conclusion: The results indicate that Dazzle ointment possesses anti-arthritic activity in the experimental animal model.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic, Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant, Dazzle ointment, Plethysmometer}, author = {Hardik Soni and Ghanshyam Patel and Megha Shah and Mayank Panchal and Krishna Murti} } @article {168, title = {Evaluation of Chemical Composition of Vaalai Rasa Chendooram: A Gold Based Herbomineral Siddha Drug}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {61-66}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Background: Vaalai rasa chendooram is a Siddha herbo-mineral drug used in the treatment of several diseases such as cancer, AIDS and chronic skin diseases. Literature survey revealed that scientific study was lacking for this drug. The present study was aimed at the characterization of the physico{\textendash} chemical traits of vaalai rasa chendooram. Materials and Methods: Vaalai rasa chendooram was prepared as per Agathiyar siddhar method. The ingredients were sulphur, mercury, gold, alum, potassium nitrate and Aloe vera. The prepared drug was analyzed for chemical properties using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Zeta potential and Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis (DSC-TGA). Results: The heavy metals were absent except mercury (0.05ppm), which is below the acceptable limit. Gold (12.91\%) is the major inorganic constituent presented with other heat stable organic compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, serpentines, tannin and lignin. The particle size was 846.5nm. Conclusion: Vaalai rasa chendooram is a heat stable gold-organics complex formulation. Future studies will be focused on the isolation of each organic compounds, evaluation of their pharmacological role and toxicology profile.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Basma, Gold, Metals, Siddha, Traditional Medicine}, author = {S. Shajahan and V. Brundha} } @article {180, title = {Experimental Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Leaves of Antidesma Menasu on Wistar Albino Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {105-112}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Background: Antidesma menasu is a folk plant of Euphorbiacae occurring in and around Udupi district in India. It is effectively used in folklore medicine for the management of arthritis, inflammatory bowel disorder and low backache. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the plant in Wistar albino rats. Aqueous extract of leaves of A. menasu were evaluated for possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods:Eddy{\textquoteright}s hot plate test and radiant heat test were used for investigation of analgesic effect. Effect of extract on the acute inflammation was investigated on Carrageenan induced paw oedema, and chronic inflammation was investigated on cotton pellet induced granuloma tissue formation test. The test extract was subjected for preliminary phytochemical examination as per standard methodology. Results: The test drug found to inhibit the carrageenan induced paw oedema significantly (p ˂ 0.05) and there was moderate increase in the latency period in the analgesic test. The results suggest that the test group has high signifi-cant anti-inflammatory potential and there is moderate analgesic activity. The histopathological examination of adrenal cortex, spleen and thymus showed a normal cytoarchitecture comparable with that of normal control group. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the plant A. menasu revealed the presence of flovanoids, saponins, steroids and phenols. Conclusion: The data obtained supports the traditional folklore therapeutic claim about its anti-inflammatory and anal-gesic activity. Further scientific investigation is required to establish its analgesic and anti-inflammatory property in other experimental models and clinical settings.

}, keywords = {Antidesma menasu, Arthritis, Carrageenan, Chronic inflammation, Flavonoids}, author = {Arun Prabhakar Sithara and Ravi M and Suma Mallya and Sudhakara and Sridhar Bairy and Srikanth P and Ravishankar} } @article {163, title = {Introduction of Integrated Lecture Module: Performance and Perception of II Year Medical Students}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {47-54}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Background: Integration of subjects, facilitates acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes to {\textquoteleft}theoretical{\textquoteright} subjects in a clinical context in comparison to traditional teaching. The utility of integrated lecture modules (ILM) was accordingly planned and the objective of the study was to evaluate the performance and to document the perception of year II MBBS students exposed to both the integrated and didactic lecture modules. Materials and Methods: The project was executed on 140 consented year II MBBS students who were randomly divided into 2 groups; group I (n=70) was exposed to didactic lecture (DLG), group II (n=70) to integrated lecture (ILG). The didactic lectures were taken by Pharmacology faculty, while integrated lectures by Pharmacology, Preventive and Social Medicine and Pediatrics faculty. Before the session, students appeared for a pretest consisting of 20 MCQs. Following the post test, the evaluation of the perception of students regarding this study was done by administering an 18 item feedback questionnaire. The agree and disagree comments from the respondents was expressed in percent-age and the pre and post test scores were analysed using the t test. Results: The mean pretest MCQ score in the DLG was 6.95 {\textpm} 1.38, which increased to 13.84 {\textpm} 3.79 in posttest. Similarly, the mean pre and post test scores of ILG were 6.17 {\textpm} 1.54 and 17.64 {\textpm} 2.68 respectively. In the feedback questionnaire 96\% students opined that ILM improved their understanding (versus 77\% for DLG) and 83\% students stated that the knowledge gained in ILM will help them in clinical practice (versus 73 \% in DLG). Conclusion: Implementation of vertical integration among pre, para and clinical subjects is beneficial as observed by the improved performance of students when exposed to ILM and as indicated by their response in the feedback.

}, keywords = {Didactic lecture, Student feedback, Vertical integration}, author = {Raakhi Tripathi and Pankaj Sarkate and Sharmila Jalgaonkar} } @article {183, title = {A Prospective Single Arm Open Pilot Trial to Study the Antioxidant Property of Ayurvedic Massage Therapy in Healthy Individuals}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {121-125}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Ayurveda, the kernel of the ancient Indian wisdom, reckons abhyanga as a daily regimen owing to its univocal properties like jaraapaha (~delaying ageing process) pushtirit (nourishing), shramahara (removing tiredness) pushtya-yu (~ bestowing longevity) etc. Hence, this study was envisioned to show the antioxidant property of abhyanga on healthy individuals. Recruited voluntary healthy individuals both male and female between eighteen to seventy years of age were given Ayurvedic oil massage with simple gingili oil every day in empty stomach for forty five minutes for a period of seven days. The fasting blood samples of the subjects were collected before and after the study. The study was explicated utilizing the method of Koracevic et al method for the determination of total antioxidant status (TAS) and spectrophotometric method for accomplishing the thiol assay. The mean value with respect to the TAS was 0.88 before the treatment and 0.92 after the treatment and that of thiol was 317.39 and 311.66 before and after the therapy respectively. In TAS, p- value was 0.016 which is \< 0.05 and there was a decrease in serum thiols which was not statistically significant. However, the study establishes the antioxidant property of abhyanga and necessitates further comprehension of the same.

}, keywords = {Abhyanga, Antioxidant, Ayurveda, Massage, Panchakarma}, author = {K.J.Malagi and Shripathi Adiga H and Anjali Rao and Revathi Shenoy and Madhusudhan Kamath and A. Sapna Devi} } @article {153, title = {A Study to Evaluate Effect of Ephedrine on Intubating Conditions and Haemodynamic Parameters using Low Dose Rocuronium with Different Induction Agents}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {9-13}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {9}, abstract = {

Background: There has been a search for an ideal muscle relaxant which might provide ideal intubating conditions in ultra short duration with minimal side effects. Objective: To compare the intubating conditions and haemodynamic response one minute after rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) administration, using three different induction techniques i.e. thiopentone, propofol and propofol with ephedrine. Materials and Methods: Seventy five adult patients were randomized into one of three groups: groups-A and B received thiopentone and propofol respectively and group -C received propofol with ephedrine. All groups received rocuronium 0.6mg/kg following administration of their respective drugs. Tracheal intubation was performed one minute later. An experienced anaesthesiologist assessed the intubating conditions. Haemodynamic parameters were recorded before induction of anaesthesia, post induction and one and three minutes after intubation. Results: Patient{\textquoteright}s characteristics and baseline haemodynamic parameters were comparable in all three groups. Intubating conditions were significantly better in propofol-ephedrine group as compared to other two groups. Following intubation, rise in heart rate and blood pressure was more marked in propofol-ephedrine group as compared to other groups. Conclusion: Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg provides better intubating conditions at one minute with propofol-ephedrine combination as compared to propofol alone or thiopentone.

}, keywords = {Ephedrine, Hemodynamic, Intubating conditions, Propofol, Rocuronium, Thiopentone}, author = {Karampal Singh and Suresh Singhal and Punam Raghove} } @article {170, title = {Wound Healing Property of Topical Application of Ethanolic Extract of Michelia champaca Flowers in Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {67-74}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {67}, abstract = {

Background: The plant Michelia champaca (MC) is widely used in the treatment of inflammation, constipation, dysmenorrhea, ulcers, wounds, fever and cough. The objective of the study was to evaluate the wound healing property of topical application of ethanolic extract of MC flowers in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Materials and Methods: Wound healing activity was assessed by incision and excision wound models. Five groups of 10 rats each were used for each of incision and excision wound model. Group I rats, non-diabetic control and group II rats diabetic control, were anointed topically with ointment base. The diabetic rats in test groups III, IV and V were anointed with topical MC extract ointment of 2.5\%, 5\% and 10\% respectively. Parameters observed were breaking strength of incision wound and wound contraction, epithelialization, hydroxyproline content of excision wound respec-tively. Results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey{\textquoteright}s post hoc test. Results: Breaking strength, rate of wound contraction and hydroxyproline content were significantly increased and period of epithelialization was significantly reduced in Group IV and V rats respectively. Conclusion: The topical application of ethanolic extract of Michelia champaca promotes wound healing in diabetic rats. Hence further study in humans is suggested.

}, keywords = {Diabetic Rats, Excision wound, Hydroxyproline, Incision wound}, author = {Amoolya Gowda and Venkatesh Shanbhag and Smita Shenoy and Eesha Rao Bangalore} } @article {174, title = {Areca Catechu: Effect of Topical Ethanolic Extract on Burn Wound Healing in Albino Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sept 2012}, pages = {74-78}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {74}, abstract = {

Background:\ Areca nut (Areca catechu\ Linn.) is commonly used for skin ulcers in Indian traditional medicine. Areca nut oil is prepared and is applied topically for burn wound healing. However, scientific study has not been conducted so far. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate burn wound healing activity of Areca catechu.\ Objective:\ To evaluate the burn wound healing property of Areca catechu kernel in normal as well as dexamethasone treated rats.\ Materials and Methods:\ Ethanolic extract of Areca catechu kernel was prepared and an ointment was made with 2\% of this extract. Burn wound was induced by standard procedure. Rats with burn wound model received either vehicle, standard drug or test drug. Two other groups were injected with dexamethasone to delay the wound healing process. The dexamethasone treated groups received either vehicle or test drug topically. Wound contraction rate and period of epithelialization were measured. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis.\ Results:\ The wound contraction rate was significantly increased in Areca catechu treated group in all the days compared to control. Period of epithelialization was faster in the drug treated group than control group. The dexamethasone treated group showed a significant delay in wound healing process when compared to control. Test drug showed a significant reversal in wound contraction rate and epithelialization period in dexamethasone suppressed burn wound healing model.\ Conclusion:\ This study has shown the wound healing property of Areca catechu. Further study is required to know the compounds responsible for its wound healing property and to understand the mechanism of action.

}, keywords = {Areca Catechu, Ayurveda, Burn Wound, Epithelialization, Siddha, Wound Contraction}, author = {Deepak Kumar Verma and Masuram Bharat and Deepak Nayak and Tara Shanbhag and Venkatesh Shanbhag and Ravindra Singh Rajput} } @article {190, title = {Chylothorax : a Aase Report}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {115-117}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Chylothorax, an accumulation of chyle in the pleural cavity, is a rare complication of penetrating or blunt trauma to the neck. It could result from damage to or obstruction of thoracic duct. Though rare in incidence, chylothorax can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. A milky fluid with high level of triglycerides in pleural fluid confirms diagnosis. This report is about a rare case of left chylothorax secondary to bull horn injury in the right side of neck and its manage-ment. A 48 year old male patient presented with bull horn injury on right side of neck with left side chylothorax. Initial management was conservative with pleural drainage. Later because of persistent chylous pleural fluid more than 1500- 2000/day for more than 5 days, we explored and ligated the thoracic duct in the neck. Post operative period was uneventful and patient was symptom free at 6 months follow up. Isolated thoracic duct injury in trauma cases is even rarer. Early diagnosis and timely surgical management saves the patient.

}, keywords = {Chylothorax, Post Operative Day, Thoracic Duct Injury}, author = {Priti P Shah and Shahaji Deshmukh and Tulshibagwala and Ravi Kharat} } @article {159, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Plectranthus Amnoinicus Against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {32-38}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Background:Plectranthus amboinicus, belonging to the genus Plectranthus, is widely used for medicinal purposes. Its leaves have been used traditionally as a heatoprotective.\ Objectives:\ The present study was aimed at evaluating the heapatotective activity of ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus against paracetamol induced heapatotoxicity in rats.\ Materials and Methos:\ Sic groups wistar rats were used in the study. The two control groups received gum acacia and paracetamol orally respectively. The three test groups were treated orally with paracetamol followed by 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of pletranthus amboinicus respectively. The sixth group (standard hepatoprotective) received paracetamol followed by N-aceltylcysteine 100 mg/kg orally. The hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by estimating serum alanine aminotransferase, asparatate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, tissue malondialdehyde levels and by histopathological analysis of the liver tissue. Results were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test.\ Results:\ Plectranthus amboinicus in doses of 600 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg siginificantly (p\<0.05) altered paracetamol induced changes in the serum and tissue enzyme levels to near normal values. It also improved the liver histopathology profile.\ Conclusion:\ The results of the study indicate that the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus, possesses hepathoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

}, keywords = {Hepatoprotective, N-acetylcysteine, Paracetamol, Plectranthus Amboinicus}, author = {Smita Shenoy and Hemanth Kumar and Thashma and Veena Nayak and Krishnananda Prabhu and Priya Pai and Indu Warrier and Somayaji and Venu Madhav and KL Bairy and Anoop Kishore} } @article {176, title = {In-vitro Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Abraga Chendhooram, a Siddha Drug}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {79-81}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

The present study was carried out to evaluate alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of abraga chendhooram which is a Siddha drug being used to treat diabetes mellitus. The ingredient of abraga chendhooram includes biotite (K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2), Sesbania grandiflora, Calotropis gigantea and Momordica charantia. In-vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assay was performed by standard procedure. Different concentrations of abraga chendhooram and miglitol (standard drug) were used. Abraga chendhooram exhibited a dose dependent alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, but it was less than standard drug. Further studies are warranted to look other possible mechanisms for its antidiabetic claim and to assess its safety

}, keywords = {Abraga, Ayurveda, Basma, Biotite, Diabetes Mellitus, Herbo-metallic, Mica}, author = {R. Sathish and R. Madhavan and Hannah R. Vasanthi and Arul Amuthan} } @article {164, title = {Protective Role of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) on Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {45-53}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Background:\ For many years, serologic markers have been used to assist cardiologists in the diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Once the serologic markers such as cardiac marker enzymes come to normal level upon a treatment, it clearly shows the treatment drug has the role in the management of MI.\ Objectives:\ The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of\ Nigella sativa\ seeds called black cumin on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in experimental rats.\ Materials and methods:\ The rats were randomly divided into four groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 rats received 1.0 ml of 0.5\% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) throughout the experimental period and served as the control. Group 2 rats received CMC as in group 1 and isoproterenol (85 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally twice at an interval of 24 hours on the 14th and 15th days. The rats in group 3 received black cumin (150 mg/kg body weight) intragastrically for a period of 15 days. Group 4 rats received black cumin and isoproterenol as said above and the experiment was terminated on 16th day and animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation after an overnight fast. Blood was collected for the estimation of biochemical parameters and heart dissected out for biochemical estimation and histopathological examination.\ Results:\ Along with VLDL, TG, cholesterol, free fatty acids, the levels of marker enzymes in serum such as AST, ALT, LDH, CK, and tissue lipid profile of TG, cholesterol, free fatty acids were significantly decreased (p \< 0.05), whereas the levels of CK-MB and HDL, LDL in serum and tissue lipid profile of phospholipids were significantly increased (p \< 0.05) in rats pretreated with black cumin compared to that of the group which received isoproterenol alone.\ Conclusion:\ Pretreatment with black cumin offered a protective effect against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats as evidenced by cardiac markers and lipid profile of the heart tissue.

}, keywords = {Black Cumin, Cardiac Markers, lipid peroxidation, Myocardial Infarction}, author = {M. Murugesan and M. Ragunath1 and T. Prabu1 and S. Nadanasabapathi and M. Sakthivel and V. Manju} } @article {188, title = {Rationality of Prophylactic Antibiotic use in Genitourinary Surgery in a Tertiary care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {106-110}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {106}, abstract = {

Antimicrobial prophylaxis is the periprocedural systemic administration of an antibiotic, used to reduce the risk of postprocedural local and systemic infections. The present retrospective study was done in 100 patients who had undergone elective genitourinary surgery in a tertiary care hospital to investigate the rationality of prophylactic use of antibiotics in genitourinary surgery according to the American Urological Association recommendations 2011. All patients undergoing genitourinary surgery had received antibiotics. Injectable antibiotic was administered within 1 hr before surgery in 95\% cases and 1-2 hrs before surgery in 5\% cases. Preoperatively single antibiotic was used in 92\%, two in 7\% and three in 1\% cases whereas postoperatively single antibiotic was used in 91\%, two in 7\% and three in 2\% cases. Most commonly administered antibiotic group preoperatively as well as postoperatively was a second generation cephalosporin, cefuroxime along with a beta lactamase inhibitor, sulbactam (90\% cases) followed by the combination of cefuroxime and an aminoglycoside, amikacin (4\% preoperatively and 5\% cases postoperatively). The number and group of antibiotic used preoperatively and postoperatively were quite identical. The average duration of antibiotic use was 3-10 days. The prophylactic use of antimicrobials in genitourinary surgeries in this hospital was rational with respect to time of administration and choice of antibiotic group. However, the duration of antimicrobial use was highly irrational which must be controlled to prevent the emergence of resistance strains and decrease the adverse effects and cost of health care to the patient.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Genitourinary, Prophylactic, Rational}, author = {Rakesh Kumar and Jagminer Kaur Bajaj and Sukhbir Singh and Megha Sood} } @article {205, title = {Survey of Tamil Siddha Manuscripts in Possession of Traditional Healers in Northern Tamil Nadu}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {September 2012}, pages = {68-73}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {68}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional Medicine throughout the world has been passed on to the next generation mostly by oral tradition. The two codified medical traditions of India, Ayurveda and Siddha have also been similarly promoted and the medical literature is in the poetic form for continuity and easy memorization. Subsequently they were written down in palm leaves. Not all palm manuscripts, treasure of knowledge have been converted into books. Objective: To collect and digitize the traditional Siddha medical knowledge documented in the Siddha palm manuscripts in the possession of Traditional healers. Materials and Methods: The Centre for Traditional Medicine, Tamil Nadu, India, carried out survey among different practitioners of Traditional Medicine in northern Tamil Nadu, to locate and collect palm manuscripts and followed it with preservation, cataloging and digitization using digital scanners and photographic equipment. Results: Two hundred and fifty six works were analyzed and this paper presents the age, authorship, subject content and status of the palm manuscripts. Conclusion: The traditional knowledge present in the palm manuscripts are undergoing decay and the persons with knowledge to decipher are less. Hence there is an urgent need to decipher and publish the contents as books.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, India, Palm manuscripts, Siddha, Survey, Tamil Nadu, Traditional knowledge}, author = {S Rajkumar and N Srinivasan and T Thirunarayanan and R Sangeetha} } @article {181, title = {Tetracycline induced mucosal ulceration: A Rare Drug Reaction}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {82-84}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Although the side effect of tetracycline like GIT disturbance, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity and staining of teeth are fairly common but dermatological reaction is rare. In this article, we report a case of tetracycline induced intraoral lesions as well lesions on the glans penis which subsided after the discontinuation of tetracycline.

}, keywords = {Actinobacillus, Actinomycetemcomitants, Pericoronitis, Tetracycline}, author = {Rakesh Kumar and Vivek Sharma and Sukhbir Singh and Hardeep} } @article {152, title = {Trends in Prescribing Antimicrobials in an ENT Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {15-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background: The drug utilization study identifies the problems that arise from drug usage in healthcare delivery system and highlights the current approaches to the rational use of drugs. Objective: To study the trends in prescribing antimicrobials in an ENT outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Materials and method: An observational study was conducted in the OPD of ENT at Bapuji Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India from May to July 2011. Prescriptions of all patients were collected; relevant information entered in a preformed proforma and analyzed using the drug utilization 90\% [(DU-90\%)] method. The results were presented in percentages and analyzed using DU-90\% method. Result: A total of 300 prescriptions were analyzed. The common cases for which antimicrobials prescribed were infections like pharyngitis, acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), tonsillitis, laryngitis. It was noted that 142 patients (47.33\%) received amoxicillin alone, 52 patients (17.33\%) received combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, 43 patients (14.33\%) received cefixime, 40 patients (13.33\%) received cefuroxime and 23 patients (7.66\%) received azithromycin, levofloxacin and other antimicrobials. Conclusion: The present study showed that among the various antimicrobials used, only four antimicrobials figured in DU-90\% segment which were amoxicillin, combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and cephalosporins like cefixime and cefuroxime. Though azithromycin and levofloxacin are also frequently used drugs in upper respiratory tract infections, in this study they did not figure in the DU-90\% segment.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobials, DU-90\%, ENT, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection}, author = {K.Ramachandra and Narendranath Sanji and H.S. Somashekar3 and Abhishek Acharya and Keerthi Sagar J and Susheela Somappa Halemani} }