@article {371, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Software and Applications}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {152-163}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {152}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the software and applications of accounting and financial policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the software and applications of accounting and financial policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles,Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject.subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes accounting and financial software and applications of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The software and applications of accounting and financial policy and procedures in pharmacy practice are continuous, accessible, and fast to retrieve information. Several factors might affect choosing accounting and financial software and applications, including services coverage, cost, and applicable and friendly usage. Conclusion: The software and applications policy is a new pharmacy accounting and financial initiative. The software and applications policy improves the accounting and financial retrieving and documentation system. In addition, it helps pharmacists to adhere to accounting and financial regulations in different places at healthcare organizations. Therefore, the accounting and financial software and applications policy is highly recommended for digital hospital and community pharmacy systems in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Applications, Financial, Policy, Saudi Arabia, Software}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {373, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Fire Safety Perspectives}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {167-174}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the occupational safety and health emphasis on fire safety policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of pharmacy practice fire safety policy and procedures. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy occupational safety and health policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. The policy included fire prevention, Emergency Plans, Fire Protection, Safety conditions, and requirements for the pharmacy buildings and medication stores. Results: The fire safety of pharmacy practice policy and procedures in pharmacy practice had various benefits, such as fire safety risk assessment, Usage of fire extinguishers type per each fire at each section of pharmacy services, illustrate the fire safety equipment requirement for pharmaceutical warehouse and pharmacy buildings, and instruction prevention of fire and during fire incident. Conclusion: Fire safety as part of occupational safety and health policy and procedures in pharmacy practice is a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. They will improve the pharmacy safety measurement and better occupational safety and health. In addition, it encourages pharmacy staff to adhere to local and international occupational safety and health regulations and standards. Therefore, The pharmacy occupational safety and health emphasis on fire safety highly recommended policies, procedures, and related risk assessment analysis in the pharmacy businesses in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Fire, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Naif Saleh Alamri and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Rola AL Kenani and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Farida Hamad Alsaiari} } @article {370, title = {Summary of Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern: Pharmacy Staff Knowledge about Antibiotics at Primary Health Care Centers}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {150-151}, type = {Pharmacy Infographics}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Deep learning in the new century is expanding pharmacy knowledge and practice. One of the latest tools used in the healthcare practice is an infographic. That can simplify scientific information into accessible, understandable knowledge. Using infographics in pharmacy practice has became critical for facilitating and understanding data and therapeutic guidelines, improving patient counseling, assisting healthcare professionals, and enhancing patient safety. It is the power of converting visual aid future of pharmacy practice.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.19}, author = {ZainabIbrahim Albahouth and Samiazaben Almurshadi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {372, title = {Total Quality Management Tools and Techniques: Flowchart}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {164-166}, type = {Flowchart}, chapter = {164}, abstract = {

The flow chart is a new tool used in the healthcare system. It can convert all processes into clear steps. The flow chart is used for pharmacy practice for problem analysis and solving, simplifying the pharmacy policy and procedures, enhancing understanding of pharmacy work flow, improving healthcare support pharmacy quality management, and Improving education and training. The pharmacy future to make life easy.

}, keywords = {Flowchart, Management, Quality, Techniques, Tools, Total}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.21}, author = {Maha Hussein Almadany} } @article {350, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Accounting Cycle}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {3-13}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {3}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the accounting cycle policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of pharmacy practice accounting cycle policy and procedures. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes the accounting cycle of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The accounting cycle policy and procedures in pharmacy practice consisted of various items. That has included Transaction identification, Journal entry, Posting to the general ledger, and Trial balance preparation. Besides, adjusted trial balance, financial statement preparation, Closing entries, and Post-closing trial balance. Conclusion: The accounting cycle policy and procedures are a new pharmacy initiative project. The accounting cycle policy and procedures in pharmacy practice provide accurate accounting and Financial Records, Improved Financial Management, Better tax compliance, and Improved Cash Flow Management and Decision Making. Therefore, the accounting cycle policy and procedures in pharmacy practice are highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Cycle, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {363, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Competency}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {115-126}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {115}, keywords = {Accounting, Competency, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {362, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Education and Training}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {101-114}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {101}, keywords = {Accounting, Education, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia., Training}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Riyadh M Alashban and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {361, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Feasibility Studies}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {92-100}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the Feasibility studies of policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of Feasibility studies policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles,Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes visibility studies policy and procedures in the Pharmacy policy. Results: The Feasibility studies of policy and procedures in pharmacy practice consisted of various angles, including general analysis of new ideas or projects, marketing analysis, operation studies, regulations analysis, and economic studies. In addition to SWOT Analysis and business model generations in pharmacy. Conclusion: The Feasibility studies policy is a new pharmacy financial initiative project in pharmaceutical care services. The Feasibility studies policy and procedures in pharmacy practice improve the economic analysis of any new program or project. In addition, it encourages hospital and community pharmacists to implement successful new pharmacy projects with scientific and financial regulations at healthcare organizations. Therefore, the Feasibility studies policy and procedures in pharmacy practice are highly suggested to implement further projects or programs for pharmacy businesses and professionals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Feasibility, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Riyadh M Alashban and Nujud Ibrahim Aldhewayan} } @article {352, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Financial Position Statement (Balance Sheet)}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {17-28}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Objectives: To the financial position statement (balance sheet) policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the Financial position statement (balance sheet) policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes the Financial position statement of the Pharmacy policy. Results: the financial position statement in pharmacy practice indicates its financial position at a particular time, indicating its assets, liabilities, and equity. The financial position statement showed the relationship between these three elements of the pharmacy{\textquoteright}s total assets, liabilities, and equity and how these items have changed over time. As illustrated in the review, various analyses are required for the financial position statement, including general analytics, profitability, liquidity, liabilities, efficiency, and price or market analysis or investment analysis policy and procedures. Conclusion: The financial position statement in pharmacy practice policy and procedures is a new initiative project for non-professional accountants. The financial position statement in pharmacy practice improves business and financial decisions. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to adhere to accounting and financial regulations at various places at healthcare institutions. Therefore, the financial position statement in pharmacy practice policy and procedures policy is highly recommended for implementation in the pharmacy business in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Accounting, Financial, Financial Position, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Riyadh M Alashban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Basmah Suliman AlHamdan and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi} } @article {354, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Income and Cash Flow Statements}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {36-48}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {36}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the income and cash flow statements policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the pharmacy practice{\textquoteright}s income and cash flow statements policy and procedures. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guideline, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes income and cash flow statements of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The income and cash flow statements policy and procedures in pharmacy practice had various benefits, such as Financial management, business and tax plan, and assessing the pharmacy profitability and expenditure management. Besides, the pharmacy business{\textquoteright}s liquidity and solvency. The income and cash flow statements suggested policy and procedures and related analysis in the pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The income and cash flow statements policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. They will improve the pharmacy business and better financial management. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to adhere to local and international financial and accounting standards and regulations. Therefore, in pharmacy practice, income and cash flow statements policy and procedures are highly suggested for pharmacy business in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Accounting, Cash Flow, Financial, Income Statement, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Basmah Suliman AlHamdan and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi} } @article {357, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Managerial Accounting}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {56-66}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the pharmacy practice{\textquoteright}s managerial accounting policy and procedures. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes managerial accounting of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice calculate the costs of products sold, working fees, labor costs, and other costs related to running a pharmacy. Managerial accounting in pharmacy practice can analyze the prices of various products and services, track sales revenue and profit margins, and improve pharmacy operations{\textquoteright} efficiency, effectiveness, and profitability. The steps of cost calculation policy and procedures were illustrated in the review. Conclusion: The managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice is a new pharmacy management initiative. The managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice can help pharmacy managers and administrators make effective financial decisions and plan pharmacy budgets and product pricing. Therefore, pharmacy career professionals in Saudi Arabia must implement the administrative-accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Financial, Managerial Accounting, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Riyadh M Alashban} } @article {359, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Quality Perspective}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {77-89}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {77}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the accounting system quality management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of accounting system quality management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guideline, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes accounting system quality management of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The quality management of accounting system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice has consisted of accounting auditing and financial performance indicators. The review declares accounting system quality indicators and financial indicators. Besides, the techniques of conducting quality management systems for accounting programs in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The quality management of accounting system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice demands keeping inventory products at an appropriate level, with cost control. Besides, monitor financial indicators and adhere to an accounting auditing system. Thus, quality management of accounting system policy and procedures is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals worldwide.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Quality management, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Riyadh M Alashban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Basmah Suliman AlHamdan and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Hussain Mohammed Ibrahim Aareji} } @article {358, title = {Advance knowledge of Physician about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {67-76}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {67}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s advanced knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge of some items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabian. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about Physician knowledge of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) calculations. Besides, the physician{\textquoteright}s understanding of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) adjusts based on diseases, Physician knowledge of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) components for various populations. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost onehalf responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of knowledge calculation of Total Parenteral Nutrition services components was (3.41). The element {\textquotedblleft}Total daily requirement of the protein{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.81). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Total daily requirement of the electrolytes{\textquotedblright} was (3.77). The average score of knowledge the Total Parental Nutrition services (TPNs) adjust with various diseases was (3.70). The element {\textquotedblleft}Hepatic Failure{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.30). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Renal failure{\textquotedblright} was (4.22). Conclusion: The advanced knowledge of physicians about parenteral nutrition calculations or adjusting parenteral nutrition based on the current disease was inadequate. Therefore, targeting undergraduates and postgraduate education and training is highly in the medical care.

}, keywords = {Advance, Knowledge, Physicians, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Riyadh M Alashban and Anwar Ghudair Alanazi and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {368, title = {Advanced Practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition by Physicians in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {140-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s advanced practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed advanced physician practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about physicians and Advanced Practice Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by Physicians, the types of prescribing, preparations, and administrations of the Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) system, The responsibility of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs). The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. In addition, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost one-half responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of items for advanced practicing Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) was (3.48). The {\textquotedblleft}Patient safety system for TPN{\textquotedblright} item scored the highest (3.74). Followed by The element {\textquotedblleft}Pediatrics TPN forms{\textquotedblright} (3.73) and The element {\textquotedblleft}Clean room for TPN preparation{\textquotedblright} (3.73). Most physicians had Customized Total Parenteral nutrition for geriatrics 228 (55.75\%) and Pediatric 225 (55.01\%). In using Standardized Total Parenteral nutrition, most physicians used for geriatrics, 283 (69.19\%) and 189 (46.21\%), do not know how to use it. In Pre-mixed Total Parenteral nutrition, most physicians used geriatrics 211 (51.59\%) and adolescents 209 (51.10\%). Conclusion: The advanced practice of parenteral nutrition by physicians was adequate. One-half of physicians practice the New model of parenteral nutrition. The physician had negative perceptions of the parenteral nutrition responsibilities of the pharmacist. The advanced practice of TPN should be considered for further evaluation and accountability in medical care.

}, keywords = {Nutrition, Parenteral, Physicians, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatma Al Raisi and Riyadh M Alashban and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {353, title = {Basic Knowledge of Physician about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {29-35}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge of some items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the Assessment of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) knowledge of physicians, The resources of Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) used by physicians. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closedended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the physician{\guilsinglright}s basic knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition is analyzed through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost one-half responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of physicians about the Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) was (2.57). The element {\textquotedblleft}Have you ever heard about the concept of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs){\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.22). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}know the requirements of TPN through peripheral line administration{\textquotedblright} (2.89). The element {\textquotedblleft}know the interaction of the drug with total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs){\textquotedblright} was (2.76). The most resources for Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) were the Saud Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) website 178 (43.63\%), Peer discussions 113 (27.70\%), and Medical association literature/guidelines/recommendations 112 (27.45\%). Conclusion: The basic knowledge of physicians about total parenteral nutrition is inadequate. Therefore, targeting education nutrition support for physicians is highly recommended, and the privilege of prescribing TPN should be reviewed.

}, keywords = {Basic, Knowledge, Physicians, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.5}, author = {Jawza F. Alsabhan and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Tashan Zaid Alanazi and Rashed Abdullah Nasser Almutairi and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {355, title = {The Basic Practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition by Physicians in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {49-55}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by the physician in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study is a cross-sectional survey highlighting the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by a Saudi Arabian physician. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by the physician at the institution, including the availabilities of Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) at the institution, physician prescribing TPN, the number of patients who need TPN, and the number of TPN orders. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the physician{\textquoteright}s data analysis of the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost onehalf responded from the Northern region (n=186 (45.48\%), and around one-Quarter of the responded physician were from the central area (n=106) (25.92\%), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (n=268) (65.53\%) versus (n=141) (34.47\%), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (n=198) (48.41\%) and 46-55 years (n=109) (26.65\%), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost onehalf of responders (n=176) (43.03\%) worked at an organization that had parenteral nutrition services (TPNs) services. However, less than a quarter had been ever requested any parenteral nutrition services (TPNs) (n=86) (21.03\%), with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). Most physicians do not ever request any parenteral nutrition services (TPNs) (n=179) (43.77\%), or they do not have any answer (n=144) (35.21\%). The estimated total number of TPN prescriptions was (21,344.50) daily, with an average of (16.25) TPN orders per responder working in hospital practice. Those prescriptions were needed; the total number of patients was (5,757); with an average of (60.3) patients per responder. The highest range number of patients was (n=108) (26.41\%) in a range (81-100) patients and 103 (25.18\%) in a field (1-20) patients daily. The average score of essential practice items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) at the institution was (3.31). The element {\textquotedblleft}Mission of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) system{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.61). The element {\textquotedblleft}Nutrition Support Team services were (3.56). Conclusion: Physicians{\textquoteright} essential practice of parenteral nutrition was inadequate despite the high number of patients and the number of TPN orders. Lack of parenteral nutrition education was the primary concern in the physician{\textquoteright}s parenteral nutrition practice in medical care.

}, keywords = {Basic, Physicians, Practice, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Jawza F. Alsabhan and Amal Abdulllah Alnasser and Ayman Uthman Alhussini and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {349, title = {Do we need Accounting and Financial Services for Pharmacy Practice?}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {1-2}, type = {Editorial }, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The pharmacist provides pharmaceutical care through various channels and services, including distributing medication, dispensing medicine information for patient counseling, and drug monitoring to prevent drug-related illnesses.[1-6] Distributive pharmacists and clinical pharmacists provide those essential performances and activities. Besides, the pharmacy technician supports the pharmacy teams.[5,7] Pharmaceutical care services expanded nationally and internationally.[8-22] The pharmacy strategic plan was established several years back and eventually updated and evaluated thoroughly.[23,35] Various pharmacy programs were founded, for instance, drug information services, total parenteral nutrition, medication safety, intravenous medicine preparation, and administration. Most of those services were inpatient services.[25-29] However, the pharmaceutical care services vision changed by Saudi Vision 2030 towards unique and advanced inpatient services, ambulatory care, and community services.[30,31] Additional new services, such as Saudi managed care services (Wasfaty), pharmacy research services, and pharmacy infection control, were planned before and recently founded[32-35] However, various ambulatory care pharmacy programs will be implemented soon.[23,24] One of the critical new facilities required in pharmaceutical care is financial and accounting services.\  Read more...

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {351, title = {Drug Review: Abrocitinib}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {14-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Registrations: Abrocitinib had been registered in the following countries United States of America (USA), United Kingdom (U.K.), Canada, and Saudi Arabia (SA). Trade name (USA.); CIBINQO{\textregistered} Registration number (S.A.); Not Available. Insurance Drug Formulary (S.A.); Not covered (28.1.2023). General Information: Registered Company: By Pfizer company. Regulatory Status: R.X. Mechanism of Action: It is an oral small-molecule inhibitor of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1). Indication Approved (Labeled) indication Atopic dermatitis (Moderate to Severe), Refractory to other systemic drug products, including biologics, or when the use of such therapies is inadvisable.[3]Read more..

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.3}, author = {Juman Alsaab} } @article {360, title = {Drug Review: Daridorexant}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {90-91}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {90}, abstract = {

Registrations: had been registered in the following countries United States of America (USA), United Kingdom (U.K.), Canada, and Saudi Arabia (SA). Trade name (USA.); QUVIVIQ{\textregistered} Registration number (S.A.); Not Available. Insurance Drug Formulary (S.A.); Not covered (28.1.2023). General Information: Registered Company: Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. Regulatory Status: R.X. Mechanism of Action: The treatment of insomnia is presumed to be through the antagonism of orexin receptors. In addition, the orexin neuropeptide signaling system plays a role in wakefulness. Blocking the binding of wake-promoting neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B to receptors OX1R and OX2R is thought to suppress wake drive. Read more...

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.11}, author = {Juman Alsaab} } @article {376, title = {Drug Review: Oteseconazole}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {187-188}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {187}, abstract = {

Registrations: It had been registered in the following countries: United Kingdom (U.K.), United States of America (USA), Canada, and Saudi Arabia (SA). Trade name (USA.); VIVJOA {\textregistered} Registration number (S.A.): Not available Insurance Drug Formulary (S.A.): Not available General Information: Registered Company: Mycovia Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Regulatory Status: R.X. Mechanism of Action: Inhibitor targeting the fungal sterol by inhibition of CYP51 results accumulation of 14-methylated sterols, which are toxic to fungi. Read more...

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.25}, author = {Juman Alsaab} } @article {369, title = {Drug Review: Terlipressin}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {138-139}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {138}, abstract = {

Registrations: It had been registered in the following countries: United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), Canada, and Saudi Arabia (SA). Trade name (USA.); TERLIVAZ {\textregistered} Registration number (SA); 11-367-07. Insurance Drug Formulary (SA); Covered. General Information: Registered Company: Mallinckrodt hospital products inc. Regulatory Status: RX. Mechanism of Action: Prodrug The active form is lysine vasopressin, the non-selective agonist of both V1 (smooth muscles of the arterial vasculature in the splanchnic region) and V2 receptors (collecting ducts of renal tubules). Read more...

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.17}, author = {Juman Alsaab} } @article {375, title = {KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {179-186}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health as a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The self-assessment is based on guidelines based on occupational safety and health societies{\textquoteright} regulations. In addition to Institution Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) criteria and KSA-Self assessment of pain management drug safety. The policy draft by one member by the second member was reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety specialists. The topic emphasizes self-assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health. Results: The KSA Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health consisted of nine items. That has included Characteristics of Pharmacy Services, Pharmacy and warehouse building, Fire Safety, Crises and Disaster Management. Besides the Medication Information, Pharmacy Safety Practice, Patient/Family Education, Pharmacy staff competency and training, and Total Quality and Risk Management. Each element had various closedended questions scored using the 5-point Likert response scale system. Conclusion: The KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy is a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. The KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy improves the Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health system foundations. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to adhere to Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health regulations in different places in the public and healthcare organizations. Therefore, the KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Occupational health, Pharmacy, Safety, Saudi Arabia, Self-assessment}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.24}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Naif Saleh Alamri and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Rola AL Kenani and Huda Juhaim Alruwaili} } @article {377, title = {Performances and Activities of Virtual Pediatrics Medication Counselling Clinic in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {189-194}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {189}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the activities and performances of a virtual pediatrics medication counseling clinic in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: it was a retrospective analysis of activities and performances of a virtual pediatric medicine counseling clinic operated by the pharmacist at a public pediatric and maternity hospital. The pharmacist documented all the activities, including demographic information of patients visiting the clinic, the reason for the counseling, medication requirements to be counseled, and patient counseling items based on international guidelines. The data analysis was done through SPSS version 20 and Microsoft Excel version 2021; descriptive analysis and logistic regression of factors associated with the reason for counseling. Results: The total number of patients who visited the virtual pediatric medicine clinic through 20 months was 1955, with (97.75) per month. The majority of patients were female in the year 2021, 204 (63.55\%) vs. female 900 (61.19\%) in 2021, compared to male 117 (36.46\%) vs. males in year 2022 628 (38.81\%) with non-significant differences (p=0.149). The majority of patients were diagnosed as Diabetic Miletus in both years, 145 (45.17\%) vs 884 (54.47\%), with statistical significance differences between two 2021 and 2022 (p=0.000). The majority of patients counseled due to high alert medication was 230 (71.65\%) in 2021 vs. 1198 (73.32\%) in 2022, with non-statistically significant difference between them (p=0.539), and chronic diseases such as diabetes and asthma 224 (69.78\%) vs. 901 (55.14\%) in the year 2021 and 2022 respectively with statistical significance differences between both years (p=0.000). Most medication counseled was Insulin Aspart in both years, 121 (21.72\%) vs. 909 (31.92\%), insulin Glargine 104 (18.67\%) in 2021 vs. 555 (19.49\%) in 2022, and Enoxaparin in both years 40 (7.18\%) vs. 205 (7.20\%). Conclusion: The virtual pediatric medicine counseling clinic served many patients, emphasizing pediatric chronic diseases such as Diabetes and Asthma. Future studies are highly recommended to measure the clinical and economic outcomes and patient satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Clinic, Counseling, Medication, Pediatric, Saudi Arabia, Virtual}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.26}, author = {Nouf Musleh Alassadi and Asma Mohammed Alzahrani and Haifa Shabeeb Almutairi and Tahani Mohammed Alotaibi and Mona Yousef Lubbad and Nouf Abdurazaq Alhaza and Raghad Maluoh Alanazi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {367, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Crisis and Disaster Management}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {129-137}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: To the Crisis and Disaster Management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of pharmacy practice{\textquoteright}s Crisis and Disaster Management policy and procedures. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety and health specialist. The topic emphasizes the Crisis and Disaster Management of the Pharmacy policy. Results: Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice indicates its preparation for an emergency position at a particular time, indicating its assets, competent pharmacy human resources, and related material. The Crisis and Disaster Management consisted of the General concept of crisis and disaster management and the Content of Pharmacy crisis and disaster management (Planning, Implementation, Execution, Training and Education, Exercise and test, Maintenance, and improvement). Conclusion: The Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice policy and procedures is a new initiative project for pharmacy career professionals. Crisis and disaster management in pharmacy practice improve public demand during healthcare emergencies and risk management decisions. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to participate in public voluntary and charitable activities at various places in healthcare institutions. Therefore, the Crisis and Disaster Management in pharmacy practice policy and procedures policy is highly recommended for implementation in the pharmacy business in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Crisis, Disaster, Management, Pharmacy, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Naif Saleh Alamri and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Rola AL Kenani and Ammar Ali AlAbdullatif and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Ibrahim Ali Al Mughira} } @article {379, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Education and Training}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {197-206}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {197}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the occupational safety and health system education and training in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of occupational safety and health policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy occupational safety and health policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety specialists. The topic emphasizes the occupational safety and health system education and training of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The pharmacy occupational safety and health Education and Training consisted of various items. That has included program objectives, admission requirements, teaching and education methodology, and occupational safety and health Education and Training steps in pharmacy practice. The occupational safety and health education and training contained five models. For instance, Fire safety at pharmacy services, Pharmacy Crisis and Disaster Management, and Pharmacy Material Safety Data Sheet. Besides, the Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health Surveillance and Monitoring and Quality Management of occupational safety and health. Each model describes the Module description, Learning Objectives, Module Outlines, and Competency items. Conclusion: The occupational safety and health system education and training in pharmacy practice is a new initiative for pharmacy career professionals. It will improve pharmacy occupational safety and health system skills and encourage all pharmacy staff (clinical, distributive pharmacist, and pharmacy technicians) to comply with occupational safety and health system regulations in different pharmacies in various healthcare organizations. Therefore, the occupational safety and health system education and training policy and procedures are required and mandated for pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Education, Health, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.28}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-sabaa and Naif Saleh Alamri and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami} } @article {366, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health Program in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {127-128}, type = {Editorial}, chapter = {127}, abstract = {

Medication safety is a well-known concept locally and internationally.[1] It deals with drugs inside the patient{\textquoteright}s health workers or healthcare providers.[2] In contrast, another safety issue discusses the safety of the patient or healthcare professionals. It is safe during the occupational and professional process.[3] There are safety concerns for the whole life during working, house, and practicing everyday life. The safety to prevent any destruction or threats of personal, equipment, material, or pharmaceutical products and the environment during health care operations.[4-6] Safety is required for ethical issues and humanity{\textquoteright}s safety. Providing a safe environment during regular work and jobs leads to work satisfaction and increases performance and activities.[7,8] Besides, practice safety performances that distribute safety concepts in society. Safety at work requires strictly following occupational health safety laws and regulations and voiding any financial penalties if not following the law.[7,8] besides the economic burden by preventing incidents for human life, equipment, and the environment.[7]

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {381, title = {Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health: Quality Perspective}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {208-216}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore quality management policy and procedures of the pharmacy occupational safety and health system in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the pharmacy occupational safety and health system and quality management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy occupational safety and health policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety specialists. The topic emphasizes the occupational safety and health system and quality management policy and procedures. Results: The review for quality management of occupational safety and health system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice has consisted of pharmacy occupational safety and health auditing and quality management performance indicators. Besides, it discusses the techniques of conducting quality management systems for occupational safety and health programs in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The quality management of occupational safety and health system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice demands keeping adherence to occupational safety health standards at an appropriate level, with unnecessary cost control. Besides, monitor key performance indicators of pharmacy occupational safety and health auditing system. Thus, quality management of occupational safety and health system policy and procedures is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals worldwide.

}, keywords = {Health, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Policy, Quality management, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.30}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohannad Ali Abu-sabaa and Naif Saleh Alamri and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maram Kamian Al Shammari and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami} } @article {374, title = {Safety and Occupational Health in Pharmacy Practice: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {175-178}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {175}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health services were created to align with pharmacy strategies in the future. The topic aims to declare Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health services as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This new project is driven by local and international Safety and Occupational Health regulations and standards of care. It was formulated from guidelines of pharmacy projects, the international business model, and management institution guidelines for the new project. Project management professionals draft this initiative in various stages, from initial planning to execution, monitoring, and control. Results: Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health services include fundamental elements such as a defined vision, mission, and goals, besides the pharmacy security, pharmacy fire safety, medication safety datasheet, hazard materials, pharmacy disaster, and safety equipment maintenance. Furthermore, the risk management model description ensures the project{\textquoteright}s continuation. Besides, the monitoring and control of the services were declared. Finally, the analysis investigates the transition to the operation project until the project is in the closed stage. Conclusion: Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health services are a new initiative in the pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi Vision 2030. Pharmaceutical firms require a clear vision, policy, and long-term partnership. Pharmaceutical care and manufacturer gatherings may be essential in developing appropriate pharmacy professional services zooming on patient care to reach optimal drug therapy management, prevent drug-related misadventures, and avoid unnecessary costs.

}, keywords = {Health, Initiative, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Naif Saleh Alamri} } @article {378, title = {Summary of Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern; Errors Perspective in Primary Health Care Centers}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {195-196}, type = {Pharmacy Infographics}, chapter = {195}, abstract = {

Deep learning in the new century is expanding pharmacy knowledge and practice. One of the latest tools used in the healthcare practice is an infographic. That can simplify scientific information into accessible, understandable knowledge. Using infographics in pharmacy practice has became critical for facilitating and understanding data and therapeutic guidelines, improving patient counseling, assisting healthcare professionals, and enhancing patient safety. It is the power of converting visual aid future of pharmacy practice.

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.27}, author = {ZainabIbrahim Albahouth and Samiazaben Almurshadi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {380, title = {Total Quality Management Tools and Techniques: Brainstorming}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {207}, type = {Flowchart}, chapter = {207}, abstract = {

The flow chart is a new tool used in the healthcare system. It can convert all processes into clear steps. The flow chart is used for pharmacy practice for problem analysis and solving, simplifying the pharmacy policy and procedures, enhancing understanding of pharmacy work flow, improving healthcare support pharmacy quality management, and Improving education and training. The pharmacy future to make life easy.

}, keywords = {Brainstorming, Management, Quality, Techniques, Tools, Total}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.29}, author = {Maha Hussein Almadany} } @article {345, title = {Attitudes and Perceptions of Pharmacists About Home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {161-172}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of home healthcare pharmacy services, barriers, which factors may discourage the implementation of home care pharmacy services, and recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of home healthcare pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about home healthcare pharmacy services was (4.33). The element {\textquotedblleft}Electronic prescribing in home healthcare pharmacy has a positive outcome to patients{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.45). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The off-labeling system in home healthcare pharmacy should be implemented to protect the healthcare providers from any liability{\textquotedblright} (4.44). The responders who agreed that they should be authorized and responsible for providing home healthcare pharmacy services to the patient was a pharmacist (4.30), clinical pharmacist (4.27), and Pharmacy technician (4.26), with statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). The average score for {\textquotedblleft}barriers might prevent home healthcare pharmacy services implementation{\textquotedblright} was (4.33). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Fear of legal liability{\textquotedblright} was (4.52), the aspect {\textquotedblleft}Limited number of pharmacists who are specialized in geriatric patients when needed {\textquotedblleft}was (4.46), and the element {\textquotedblleft}Unaware of the need and importance of home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} was (4.46). Conclusion: The attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services are acceptable. All obstacles preventing home care pharmacy services should be removed. Standardized home care pharmacy services are highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitudes, Home care, Perceptions, Pharmacists, pharmacy services, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saad Mashahen Alblawi and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maha Hussein Almadany and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {331, title = {Education and Training Research Policy in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {48-55}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study explores the Research policy of Research Education and Training in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The current topic is a narrative review of education and training procedures in pharmacy research. Litterateur was searched in various databases. That includes PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and academic Microsoft. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompass narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search keyword includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Moreover, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in research in pharmacy practice. The committee of pharmacy research was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of Research Education and Training. Results: Pharmacy Research{\textquoteright}s policy on Research Education and Training covered various topics, including the program objectives, admission requirements, teaching, educational methodology, and steps in pharmacy practice involving research, education, and training. Five models were used in research education and training. For instance, skills in searching for and reviewing the literature, research design and methodology, survey design, biostatistics, and research proposal writing. In addition, each model included a description of the module and Learning Objectives, Module Outlines, and Competency Items. Conclusion: The pharmacy research policy is a new initiative and a component of the pharmacy strategic plan. The Research Education and Training pharmacy policy aims to enhance pharmacists{\textquoteright} research abilities and encourage pharmacists to conduct various types of research in multiple settings within the public and healthcare sectors. Therefore, the Research Education and Training policy are critical for the pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Education, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {341, title = {The Home Care Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {122-131}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {122}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the clinical pharmacy in home health care services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing home care clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the workforce{\textquoteright}s pharmacists, Pharmacotherapy classes utilization for home healthcare patients, and therapeutic guidelines implemented in Home Healthcare Pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the home care clinical pharmacy practice is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most responders stated that pharmacy home healthcare workforces were five or more clinical pharmacists (35.14-41.89\%) and full-time pharmacy staff providing home health pharmacy services. Besides, five or more pharmacists (30.89-52.57\%) and five or more pharmacy technicians (31.25-51.09\%) with statistically significant differences between all workforce numbers (p=0.000). Most medications reviewed or dispensed for home healthcare patients include Nutrition support (4.50) and Vitamins and mineral supplements (4.49). They were followed by NSAIDs or Pain killers (4.46) and Antibiotics (4.45), with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of therapeutic guidelines implemented in Home healthcare Pharmacy services was (4.29). The element {\textquotedblleft}The standard considerations of urology disease therapy guidelines{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.44). The element {\textquotedblleft}The standard considerations of acute and chronic kidney disease therapy among geriatric patients{\textquotedblright} was (4.41), and the aspect {\textquotedblleft}The concerns and management of Gastrointestinal therapeutic guidelines{\textquotedblright} was (4.38). Conclusion: Nutrition support and vitamin were most used as pharmacotherapy classes for home healthcare services. The urology and nephrology therapeutic guidelines were most implemented. Future research is needed to determine most home care clinical pharmacy services and identify the role of clinical practitioners in home health care services in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Clinical, Home Healthcare, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghorm Allah Abdullah Aghamdi and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maha Hussein Almadany and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {336, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {82-91}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the knowledge of pharmacists about CPR medications services in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) drugs, assessment of primary and advanced knowledge, and the resources used for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were carried out with the study. The data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16 were implemented. Results: A total number of 439 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than onethird responded from the Central region (122 (31.69\%)), one Quarter responded from the Eastern region (91 (23.64\%)), and one-fifth responded from the southern part (79 (20.52\%)). Males responded more than females (203 (53.14\%)) versus 179 (46.86\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between all levels (p=0.219). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (152 (39.48\%)) and 46-55 years (134 (34.81\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of pharmacists had training courses in Basic Life Support (BLS) (293 ((77.11\%)), Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) (289 ((76.05\%)), Pediatric Cardiac Life Support (PCLS) (287((75.53\%)), and Neonatal Cardiac Life Support (NCLS) (203 ((53.42\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications was (1.67). The element {\textquotedblleft}know how to prepare and dispense ACLS medications list{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.04). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}there is an official standardized NCLS medications list{\textquotedblright} (1.94), and The element {\textquotedblleft}there is an official standardized PCLS medications list{\textquotedblright} (1.93). The average score of advanced knowledge of pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications was (1.86). The element {\textquotedblleft}know the compatibility of ACLS medications{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.31). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}know the drug - interactions with NCLS medications{\textquotedblright} (2.27), and The element {\textquotedblleft}know the drug - interactions with PCLS medications{\textquotedblright} (2.17). The resources used most about the CPR medications were Medical association literature/guidelines/recommendations 307 (76.56\%), Peer discussions 298 (74.31\%), and Scientific literature 293 (73.07\%). Conclusion: The pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of CPR medication was inappropriate. Therefore, undergraduate education and training of CPR medication is high recommended. Besides, involvement training for postgraduate studies is required to improve pharmacy staff knowledge of CPR services and patient outcomes in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Knowledge, Medications, Pharmacists}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rola AL Kenani and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Wafa Hussain Alshehre and Khawlah Ibrahim Alshahrani} } @article {335, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Health Insurance in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {72-81}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {72}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the knowledge of pharmacists about health insurance in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed Pharmacist knowledge of health insurance in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, The health insurance assessment of primary and advanced knowledge, and The Resources used about the health insurance drug therapy. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Knowledge of Pharmacists about Health Insurance is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 398 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (137 (34.51\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western part (109 (27.46\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (239 (60.35\%)) versus 157 (39.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (271 (68.26\%)) and 31-35 years (56 (14.11\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (300 (75.76\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (43 (10.86\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Almost one-half of pharmacists currently have health insurance coverage (239 ((60.05\%)) with equal or less than one year (108 ((42.52\%)), or 2-3 years (81 ((31.89\%)), have you been associated with your current insurance provider with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of pharmacists about health insurance was (1.91). The element {\textquotedblleft}the ethics used in health insurance pharmacist{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.19). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}the health insurance system covered the medications errors sentinel event{\textquotedblright} (2.05). The average score of advanced knowledge of pharmacists about health insurance was (1.95). The element {\textquotedblleft}the knowledge of medications covered by health insurance{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.38). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}the knowledge of the medications devices and health insurance{\textquotedblright} was (2.17). The most resources used for Pharmacist and health insurance information were health practitioners 179 (46.25\%) SFDA website 128 (33.07\%). They were followed by Scientific literature 117 (30.23\%) and Drug information resources ( Lexi comp-drug information, Micromedex, Epocrates 101 (26.10\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of health insurance was insufficient in Saudi Arabia. The Heath insurance pharmacy is in high demand for transformation plans with vision. Therefore, Targeting education and training during undergraduate and postgraduate studies is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Health, Insurance, Knowledge, Pharmacists, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abdulaziz Saad Ali Alrobiea and Shaimaa O Ahmadeen and Mohammad Abdullah Alghamdi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Atheer Fahad Al-Aqile} } @article {339, title = {Perception of Pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Pharmacy Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {112-121}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of CPR pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed the perception of Pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) pharmacy service in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, The Perception of pharmacists about a CPR pharmacy service, and barriers, which factors may affecting implementing a CPR pharmacy service. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were carried out with the study. The data analysis of the perception of Pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) pharmacy service is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16 were implemented. Results: A total number of 439 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than onethird responded from the Central region (122 (31.69\%)), one Quarter responded from the Eastern part (91 (23.64\%)), and one-fifth responded from the southern region (79 (20.52\%)). Males responded more than females (203 (53.14\%)) versus 179 (46.86\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between all levels (p=0.219). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (152 (39.48\%)) and 46-55 years (134 (34.81\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of pharmacists had training courses in Basic Life Support (BLS) (293 ((77.11\%)), Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) (289 ((76.05\%)), Pediatric Cardiac Life Support (PCLS) (287((75.53\%)), and Neonatal Cardiac Life Support (NCLS) (203 ((53.42\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about the CPR pharmacy service was (4.32). The element {\textquotedblleft}Pharmacist participation in CPR code led to positive changes{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.50). The pharmacists believe that The hospital promotes itself as an organization that pharmacist responds to CPR codes and other emergency-related issues (4.50). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Factors affected to prevent you to shares in the CPR codes{\textquotedblright} was (3.95). The highest score for the component {\textquotedblleft}Competency/ Clinical knowledge{\textquotedblright} was (3.38). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Shortage of pharmacy staff{\textquotedblright} was (4.41), and level of clinical knowledge makes it difficult to decide whether or not the Pharmacist participates in the CPR team {\textquotedblleft}was (4.39). Followed the element {\textquotedblleft}Uncertain association between the CPR medications and occurrences of Medication Errors (MEs) during CPR code{\textquotedblright} was (4.34), and the element {\textquotedblleft}Fear of legal liability{\textquotedblright} was (4.34). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of CPR code services is appropriate. Eliminating obstacles to CPR services implementation during undergraduate and postgraduate studies is required. The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s role needs to clarify, and periodic education and training are highly critical in pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Perception, Pharmacists, Pharmacy Services.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Wafa Hussain Alshehre and Rola AL Kenani and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Khawlah Ibrahim Alshahrani} } @article {346, title = {Perception of Pharmacists about Pharmacy Health Insurances Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {173-184}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {173}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the Perception of Pharmacist about Pharmacy Health Insurances Services in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a crosssectional survey discussing Pharmacists{\textquoteright} Perceptions of Pharmacy Health Insurances Services in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, perception of pharmacists about health insurance, barriers, which factors may Discourage you from implementing health insurance medications, recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of high-risk medicines, and medications health insurance responsibility. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Perception of Pharmacist about Health Insurances in pharmacy practice is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 398 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (137 (34.51\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western part (109 (27.46\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (239 (60.35\%)) versus 157 (39.65\%)), with statstically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (271 (68.26\%)) and 31-35 years (56 (14.11\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (300 (75.76\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (43 (10.86\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Almost one-half of pharmacists currently have health insurance coverage (239 ((60.05\%)) with equal or less than one year (108 ((42.52\%)), or 2-3 years (81 ((31.89\%)), have you been associated with your current insurance provider with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about health insurance was (3.62). The element {\textquotedblleft}The participation of pharmacists in Heath insurance system should be mandatory {\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.81). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The Heath insurance pharmacist can analyze the consumption of the medication at healthcare institutions{\textquotedblright} was (3.75). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}factors may Discourage you from implementing Health insurance at pharmacy practice{\textquotedblright} was (3.27). The score for the component {\textquotedblleft}The health insurance pharmacist was Not taught properly in pharmacy Schools {\textquotedblright} was (3.59). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Lack of Periodic training of pharmacy staff about the role of health insurance pharmacist {\textquotedblright} was (3.57). Most staff responsible for medications and health insurance was Heath insurance Pharmacist (3.65) more than Heath insurance Doctors (2.90) or accountant (2.70), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.001). The recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of pharmacist health insurance were {\textquotedblleft}Increase number of Heath insurance pharmacist staff {\textquotedblleft} 258 (69.07\%) and {\textquotedblleft}Implement of Heath insurance pharmacist at healthcare institutions{\textquotedblright} 252 (64.95\%). Conclusion: The Perception of Pharmacists about Health Insurance in pharmacy practice is appropriate. The pharmacy insurance system demands administrative support. Removing the obstacles and increasing pharmacy staff in health insurance organizations are highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {about Pharmacy, Health Insurances, Perception, Pharmacists, Services Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.24}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Shaimaa O Ahmadeen and Maha Hussein Almadany and Mohammad Abdullah Alghamdi and Atheer Fahad Al-Aqile} } @article {344, title = {Perception of Pharmacists About the High-Risk/Alert Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {151-160}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {151}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the perception of pharmacists about the High-Risk/ Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the perception of pharmacists about High-Risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and The Perception of High-Risk/Alert Medications, barriers, which factors may Discourage you from implementing High-Risk/Alert medications, and recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of High-Risk/Alert medicines. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6, were done with the study. In addition, the data analysis of the Perception of Pharmacists About the High-Risk/Alert Medications in Saudi Arabia is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about High-Risk/Alert medications was (3.88). The element {\textquotedblleft}Staff compliance with protocols, guidelines and order sets related to high-alert medications is required{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.38). The pharmacists believe that Standard protocols, order sets, and orders express IV and neuraxial high-alert medication infusions/doses are highly recommended (4.36). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Factors Discourage you to implement High-Risk/Alert medications{\textquotedblright} was (3.36). The highest score from the component {\textquotedblleft}The High-Risk/Alert medications are of a serious nature{\textquotedblright} was (3.92). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Lack of Periodic training of pharmacy staff about High-Risk/Alert medications {\textquotedblright} was (3.83), and {\textquotedblleft}Low level of clinical knowledge of High-Risk/Alert medications {\textquotedblleft}was (3.70). The most recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of High-Risk/ Alert medications were the Implementation of an electronic high-alert medications system 385(88.30\%), setup up the therapeutic protocol or guidelines for High-Risk/ Alert medications 347 (79.59\%), and standardizing the prescribing, preparation, dispensing and administration of High-Risk/Alert drugs 345 (79.13\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist attributed High-Risk/Alert medications as appropriate. Therefore, targeting periodic education and training. Besides, improving clinical knowledge and implementing an electronic High-Risk/Alert medications system are highly suggested to improve patient outcomes and avoid drug-related disorders at healthcare facilities in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Medications, Perception, Pharmacist}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohammad Abdulaziz AL-Tuwaijri and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Faisal Safouq Alanazi} } @article {334, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of High-risk/Alert Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {65-71}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {65}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing pharmacist knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, the High-risk/Alert medications assessment of basic knowledge, and The Resources used about the High risk or high-alert medications. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/ Alert medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of knowledge of pharmacists about High-risk/ Alert medications was (3.71). The pharmacists familiar with prohibited abbreviations during High-risk/Alert prescribing medications obtained the highest score (4.42). The element {\textquotedblleft}heard about the concept of High-risk/Alert medications{\textquotedblright} got the second highest score (4.39), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). Followed by the pharmacists familiar with look-alike sound-alike of Highrisk/ Alert medications (4.30) and know the narcotics and controlled medications (4.27) ), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). The most used resources for High-risk/Alert or high-alert medication information were Drug information resources (Lexi comp-drug information, Micromedex, Epocrates etc. 345 (78.05\%), and Scientific literature 222 (50.23\%). They were followed by Health practitioners 206 (46.61\%) SFDA website 157 (35.52\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications is adequate in Saudi Arabia. However, an expanded basic and advanced understanding of High-risk/Alert areas is needed to improve pharmacy performance, patient safety, and quality of life in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Knowledge, Medications, Pharmacist}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Randa Jaroudi and Faisal Safouq Alanazi and Musleh Samil Reshidi} } @article {320, title = {Pharmacy Research Policy and Procedures: New initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {01-02}, type = {Editorial}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

In recent years, the number of healthcare research studies with a focus on pharmaceutical care has increased in Arabic countries, emphasized in Saudi Arabia.[1-4] Furthermore, regulations and guidelines for conducting human scientific research have been developed in the healthcare system, as have types of research reporting or scientific publications.[5-17] The standards for conducting research place a greater emphasis on humanitarian, such as protecting human welfare, improving patient safety from any potential hazards, and improving clinical trial outcomes in healthcare systems. Therefore, patient protection was standardized, while the system also encouraged researchers to investigate healthcare services by categorizing research into different categories. The exempted ground is that; any study that does not harm patients, such as healthcare research, education surveys, native reviews, systemic reviews, and metaanalysis research, is exempted from the ethical committee{\textquoteright}s review and approval.[18,19].\  Read more....

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar} } @article {342, title = {Practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {132-140}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {132}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacist practice of CPR services in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, The availabilities of CPR teams, and pharmacist participation in the teams. The hospital{\textquoteright}s specialties had pharmacy personnel participate with the CPR code. Besides activities the pharmacist provides during CPR code, medications are mainly used for CPR code and pharmacy CPR services implementations. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were carried out with the study. The data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16 were implemented. Results: A total number of 439 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (122 (31.69\%)), one Quarter responded from the Eastern part (91 (23.64\%)), and one-fifth responded from the southern region (79 (20.52\%)). Males responded more than females (203 (53.14\%)) versus 179 (46.86\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between all levels (p=0.219). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (152 (39.48\%)) and 46-55 years (134 (34.81\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of pharmacists had training courses in Basic Life Support (BLS) (293 ((77.11\%)), Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) (289 ((76.05\%)), Pediatric Cardiac Life Support (PCLS) (287((75.53\%)), and Neonatal Cardiac Life Support (NCLS) (203 ((53.42\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most pharmacists participated with CPR code with Adults CPR team 317 (81.07\%), Neonates CPR team 236 (59.75\%), and Pediatric CPR team 230 (58.08\%). Most hospital specialties had pharmacy personnel and participated with CPR code: Emergency 339 (86.26\%) and Medical (76.59\%). The activities provided during the CPR code by pharmacists mostly were the Administration of medications 314 (71.69\%), Preparation and dispensing of medications 278 (63.47\%), and Providing drug information 267 (60.96\%). During ACLS, the most used medicines were Amiodarone 326 (77.99\%), Dobutamine 323 (74.94\%), and Procainamide 304 (74.33\%). The average score of implemented items for CPR services was (4.09). The {\textquotedblleft}Mission of CPR{\textquotedblright} element obtained the highest score (4.23). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The vision of CPR including the (ACLS-PCLS-NCLS){\textquotedblright} was (4.18). In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}Policy and procedure of CPR{\textquotedblright} (3.94). The score for the component {\textquotedblleft}The strategic plan of CPR{\textquotedblright} was (4.02), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.009). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s full practice in CPR services is insufficient at most healthcare organizations. Pharmacist participation in the CPR code with whole provides distributive and clinical services that are highly demanded to prevent drug misadventures and improve patient clinical outcomes in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Pharmacists, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Wafa Hussain Alshehre and Rola AL Kenani and Khawlah Ibrahim Alshahrani} } @article {343, title = {Practice of Health Insurance Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {141-150}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the Practice of Health Insurance Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of health insurance in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and types of Health insurance coverage, present items for health insurance pharmacists at any healthcare institution, and Health insurance pharmacist practice implementation. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Practice Health Insurance Services by Pharmacists is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 398 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than onethird responded from the Central region (137 (34.51\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western part (109 (27.46\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (239 (60.35\%)) versus 157 (39.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (271 (68.26\%)) and 31-35 years (56 (14.11\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (300 (75.76\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (43 (10.86\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Almost one-half of pharmacists currently have health insurance coverage (239 ((60.05\%)) with equal or less than one year (108 ((42.52\%)), or 2-3 years (81 ((31.89\%)), have you been associated with your current insurance provider with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of practice items for health insurance pharmacists at any healthcare institution (is 1.78). The element {\textquotedblleft}Heath insurance and high-risk medications {\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (1.85). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Heath insurance pharmacist and home healthcare medication{\textquotedblright} was (1.84). The average score of Health insurance pharmacist practice implementation (is 3.29). The element {\textquotedblleft}The health insurance pharmacist employee as a staff member of Heath insurance departments or pharmacy services {\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.53). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The Heath insurance pharmacist had an active role in health insurance departments {\textquotedblright} was (3.53). Conclusion: The pharmacist practice of health insurance was inadequate. The health insurance system highly demands pharmaceutical care. Therefore, implementing health insurance pharmacists at healthcare organizations and other health insurance companies is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Health Insurance, Pharmacist, Practice, Saudi Arabia., Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.21}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohammad Abdulaziz AL-Tuwaijri and Mohammad Abdullah Alghamdi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Shaimaa O Ahmadeen and Atheer Fahad Al-Aqile} } @article {337, title = {Practice of High-Risk/Alert Medications by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {92-103}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the pharmacist practice of High-Risk/Alertmedications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of High-Risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and practices, Basic and advanced High-Risk/Alertmedications practice implementation, the High- Risk/Alertdrugs implemented in the following medication stages, and medications considered high alert or high risk at your institution. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of High-Risk/ Alert medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of the practice of pharmacists{\textquoteright} basic of High-Risk/Alertmedications was (3.81). The element {\textquotedblleft}The risk medications is a part of medications safety vision{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.18), and the element {\textquotedblleft}Policy and procedure of High-Risk/ Alertmedications {\textquotedblleft} was (4.18). Followed the {\textquotedblleft}The High-Risk/Alertmedications is a part of medications safety Mission{\textquotedblright} (4.12). The average advanced High-Risk/Alertmedications practice implementation score was (3.62). The element {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist share in medications safety committee for High-Risk/Alertmedications discussion{\textquotedblright} (4.12) and the element {\textquotedblleft}There is documentation of potential impact and outcomes with High- Risk/Alertmedications {\textquotedblleft} was (3.85). The average score of High-Risk/Alertmedications implemented in the medications stages was (3.99). The dispensing stage obtained the highest score (4.21), and the administration stage (4.12). Most drugs considered high alert or high risk at the institutions were antithrombotic agents 332 (77.39\%) and adrenergic agonists 330 (76.92\%). They were followed by insulin 285 (66.43\%) and inotropic medications 284 (65.97\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s practice of High- Risk/Alertmedication is sufficient in Saudi Arabia. However, more expanded training in anesthesia and operation rooms has been successfully implemented. That leads to many preventive drug-related problems and avoids unnecessary economic burdens on the healthcare system.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Medications, Pharmacist, Practice}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Randa Jaroudi and Hussain Mohammed Ibrahim Aareji and Faisal Safouq Alanazi and Maha Hussein Almadany} } @article {338, title = {The Practice of home healthcare services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {104-111}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {104}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the practice of home healthcare services by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed practice at home health care services in Saudi Arabia. The study comprised respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and home healthcare pharmacy services implementation and resources used for home healthcare pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6, were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the practice home healthcare services by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average number of home healthcare prescriptions was (17.46) daily per responder, with a total number (6,861) per day. The highest range number of prescriptions was (26-30) ((33.93\%) daily. Those prescriptions were dispensed to home healthcare (8.34) patients daily per each responder, with the highest range number of patients being (16-18) ((25.95\%) daily per each responder. The average score of the practice of pharmacists about the home healthcare Pharmacy implementations was (4.45). The element {\textquotedblleft}The medication error system is included in home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.60). The pharmacists believe that {\textquotedblleft}The research on home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} (4.57) and {\textquotedblleft}The cost analysis of home healthcare pharmacy services. The most used resources of the home healthcare pharmacy services in practice were Health Practitioners 265 (67.60\%) and Drug Bulletin 246 (62.76\%). They were followed by Internet 241 (61.48\%), Scientific literature 212 (54.08\%). Conclusion: The home care pharmacy practice by pharmacists is appropriate. Each pharmacist provides home care activities based on each type of healthcare organization. The vision, mission, and home care pharmacy strategy should be identified, and the home care pharmacist role must be unified at all healthcare institutions. Besides, further research about home care pharmacy practice is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {healthcare services, Home, Pharmacists, Practice, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Fawaz Abdullah Alrakaf and Fatima Abdulqader Alshamrani and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {330, title = {Research Policy: Narrative Review in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {41-47}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study illustrates the Research policy of narrative review design in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are English and encompass systemic reviews, meta-analyses, narrative reviews, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital and pharmacy practice. The committee of narrative review pharmacy research committee was formed. It consisted of numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of the narrative review model. Results: Pharmacy Research{\textquoteright}s policy on the narrative review model in pharmaceutical care services covered various topics, including the advantages and disadvantages of narrative review, the steps involved in conducting a drug review model, the steps involved in conducting disease drug therapy, and the steps involved in operating a new project in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The narrative review policy for pharmacy research is a new initiative within pharmacy research. The narrative review pharmacy policy facilitates communication between healthcare professionals regarding recent drug reviews and disease-specific drug therapy. Besides, the pharmacy is embarking on a new endeavor with a healthcare organization. Therefore, all narrative review models in pharmacy research policy are highly recommended for the careers of Saudi Arabian pharmaceutical professionals.

}, keywords = {Disease drug therapy, Drug review, Narrative review, New project, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {329, title = {Research Policy of Case Report and Case Series Design}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {36-40}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {36}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to declare the Research policy of case reports and case series design in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur looked up specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice in databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The time frame for the search was from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice was revised. The pharmacy research committee was formed and consisted of expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists who specialise in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of case reports and case series design. Results: The Pharmacy Research policy regarding the design of case reports and case series in pharmaceutical care services included several items. This included the advantages and disadvantages of case reports and case series, the steps involved in conducting case report research, and the steps involved in implementing the case series model in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The case report and case series policy in pharmacy is a new initiative that is part of the pharmacy research services and the pharmacy strategic plan. The case report and case series pharmacy policies help a healthcare organisation address its unique drug related issues. Additionally, the efficacy of the particular drug in treating the particular disease condition. Therefore, in Saudi Arabia, the case report and case series in pharmacy research policy are highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Case report, Case series, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Esraa S. Altawil and Maha Hussein Almadany and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {323, title = {Research Policy of the Institutional Review Board in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {15-19}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to declare the Research policy of the Institutional Review Board at pharmaceutical care services as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the research policy of the Institutional Review Board in pharmacy practice. Results: The Institutional Review Board{\textquoteright}s definition and functions were examined. The policies and procedures have been established. In pharmacy research, there were three distinct categories of actions. That includes Exempted Research, in which no risks to patients are involved. For example, a review of a new program or service, a cost analysis, therapeutic guidelines, review articles, a systematic review, a meta-analysis, or a cross-sectional study. Expedited Research posed little risk to patients. The Complete revision Research has a high risk of adverse effects on patients, such as clinical trials. Conclusion: The Institutional Review Board for research policies in pharmaceutical care services is a new initiative within pharmacy departments{\textquoteright} research and development efforts. The Institutional Review Board for research policies in pharmaceutical care services may enhance pharmacy research and the benefits of investments in pharmacy practice within a healthcare organization. Besides, prevent any adverse events associated with the investigational drug and improve patient clinical outcomes.

}, keywords = {Institutional Review Board, Pharmacy, Policy, Practice, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {321, title = {Research Policy of the Investigational Drugs in the Clinical Trial}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {03-08}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {03}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to explore the research policy of investigational drugs in the clinical trial as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term encompasses all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the research policy for investigational drugs in the clinical trial. Results: A general policy was established for investigational drugs in clinical trials, which included defining clinical trials and addressing related issues. Clinical trial approval policy, the role of the Institutional Review Board, the clinical responsibilities of the research team, and patient informed consent. Apart from that, clinical trials require patient records and auditing. Conclusion: The research policy for investigational drugs in a clinical trial is a novel initiative within pharmaceutical care research and development. The research policy for investigational drug in clinical trials protects patient rights and safety. Additionally, encourage pharmacy services to implement and conduct clinical trials in pharmacy practice at healthcare institutions of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical trial, Drug, Investigational, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha HusseinAlmadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {324, title = {Research Policy of the Research Data Management in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {20-24}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to declare the research policy of Data management in pharmaceutical care services as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the Research policy of Data management in pharmaceutical care services. Results: The data management policy for research at pharmaceutical care services was established. That includes the design of the data collection, the data resources, and the data collector. Additionally, the data preparation for analysis, the data{\textquoteright}s reliability and validity, and storage data. Conclusion: The Data management policy for research in pharmacy practice is a new initiative as part of pharmacy departments{\textquoteright} research and development efforts. Data management in pharmacy care services may increase the documentation of pharmacist research and activities. The basic foundation of pharmacy analytics is the new vision of pharmacy career professionals.

}, keywords = {Data management, Pharmaceutical Care, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {325, title = {Research Policy on Case-control and Cohort Study Design in Pharmaceutical Care}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {25-30}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study explores the Research Policy of Case-Control and Cohort Study Design in Pharmacy Practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the Pharmacy Research Policy for the Case-Control and Cohort Study Model. Results: The Pharmacy Research policy for the Case-Control and Cohort Study Design in pharmaceutical care services consisted of several components, including the advantages and disadvantages of Case-Control and Cohort Study Design and the steps involved in conducting Case-Control research, and the steps involved in conducting Cohort Study research in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The pharmacy research policy for the Case-Control and Cohort Study Design is a new initiative as part of the pharmaceutical care services. The pharmacy policy on Case-Control and Cohort Studies aims to improve pharmacists{\textquoteright} research abilities in healthcare institutions. Additionally, the new tools for documenting and validating adverse drug reactions. Therefore, the Case-Control and Cohort Study research policies in pharmacy are recommended for implementation in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Case-Control, Cohort Study, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Fakhar Al-Ayoubi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {327, title = {Research Policy on Cross-Sectional Studies in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {31-35}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study illustrates the Research policy of Cross-Sectional Studies in Pharmaceutical Care Services as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists who specialise in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasises the Pharmacy Research policy of crosssectional studies design. Results: Pharmacy Research{\textquoteright}s policy on cross-sectional studies design in pharmacy practice covered a variety of topics. This includes an examination of the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional studies design, as well as the procedures for conducting cross-sectional research in pharmaceutical care services. Conclusion: A novel initiative in pharmacy practice is the development of a pharmacy research strategy that governs the design of cross-sectional studies. The cross-sectional studies used to develop pharmacy policies increased the number and quality of pharmacy research at public and private healthcare organisations. Thus, the cross-sectional design in pharmacy research policy is a basic foundation to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cross-sectional, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {322, title = {Research Policy on Pharmacy Investigational Medication}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {09-14}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {09}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to demonstrate the Research Policy of Pharmacy Investigational Medication as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The time period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital settings. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes Pharmacy Research{\textquoteright}s policy on Investigational Medication. Results: The Pharmacy Research policy for Investigational Medication consisted of a number of components, including the administration of pharmacies, the procurement of investigational drugs, and the storage of investigational drugs. Additionally, the investigative drug prescription, the preparation of investigative drugs, the dispensing of investigative drugs, the administration of investigative drugs, and the monitoring of investigative drugs. There were a number of essential policy items, including the safety of investigational medications, the cost of investigational drugs, and the sponsors of investigational drug research. Conclusion: The Pharmacy Research policy for Investigational Medication is a new initiative as part of pharmacy practice research and development. Investigational Medication Pharmacy Research policy helps healthcare organizations improve patient safety and prevent drug-related morbidity and mortality. It is a component of Saudi Arabia{\textquoteright}s pharmacy strategic plan for Vision 2030 and pharmacy reimbursement initiatives.

}, keywords = {Drug, Investigational, Medication, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {332, title = {Research Policy on Research Pharmacist Competency}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {61-64}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study explores the Research policy of Research Pharmacist Competency as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacist competency in research practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The English language uses the terms and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of pharmacist competencies in Research. Results: The Pharmacist Competency on Pharmacy Research included several items, such as five modules of clinical pharmacist competencies. That consists of Patient care, research skills, communications, Professionalism, and continuing professional development. In addition, each model included a description of the module of various activities, pre-training and post-training exams, type of assessment, and assessment scores. Conclusion: The pharmacy research policy of Research pharmacist competency is a new initiative and a component of the pharmacy strategic plan. The pharmacy policy{\textquoteright}s research pharmacist competency aims to enhance pharmacists{\textquoteright} research abilities and encourage pharmacists to conduct various types of research in multiple settings within the public and healthcare sectors. Therefore, the Research pharmacist competency policy is critical for the pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Competency, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {328, title = {Research Quality Management Policy}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {56-60}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study illustrates the Research policy of quality management in pharmacy research practice as a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a narrative review of pharmacy research{\textquoteright}s quality management policy and procedures. Litterateur researched specific quality management research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The time covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The keyword used is in the English language and encompasses systemic reviews, meta-analyses, narrative reviews, and guidelines or regulations. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, the national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital and pharmacy practice. The committee of quality management policy of pharmacy research formulated and consisted of numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy and procedures, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the quality management of Pharmacy Research policy as the narrative review model. Results: Pharmacy research policy quality management is a new topic in pharmaceutical care services. It covered various topics, the steps involved in conducting quality management, and indicator policies and procedures. Besides, quality management pharmacy research can be implemented into various sections. That included patient care, research skills, communication, Professionalism, cautious development. Each part had a key performance indicator and related optimal level. Conclusion: The quality management policy for pharmacy research is a new initiative within pharmacy research. The quality management pharmacy policy assists the pharmacy research performance and keeps up-to-date development with key performance indicators. Therefore, all quality management models in pharmacy research policy are highly suggested for the pharmacy research practice in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Key performance indicator, Pharmacy, Policy, Quality management, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {283, title = {Attitude and Perception of Physicians towards Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {20-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objectives: Spontaneous reporting systems are indispensable as they aid perceive serious unknown adverse drug reaction (ADR). To assess the physician{\textquoteright}s perceptions and attitudes of adverse drug reaction reporting in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study with an authenticated survey distributed to different physicians and dentists in Saudi Arabia. A self-administered electronic survey involved of demographic data and perception of the ADR reporting system and factor facilitated or prevented reporting system. Results: The total number of participants was 151. Of those, 111 (73.5\%) were physicians, while dentists were 39 (26.5\%). The average score physician{\textquoteright}s perception about the prominence of the ADR reporting system was 4.46, with a statistically noteworthy difference within answers of each component (p\<0.05). The average score of the physician{\textquoteright}s perception of factors that enabled the ADR reporting system was 4.13 with a statistically momentous difference within answers of each component (p\<0.05). The average scores of perception physicians were 3.13, with a statistically significant difference between the responses of each facet (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The physicians{\textquoteright} perception of ADR and related issues was optimistic. The physicians request periodic training of ADR identification and reporting program. The pharmacist plays a perilous responsibility to improve the ADR system with healthcare providers.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Attitude, Perception, Physician, Reporting, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Hassan Alamoudi and Sabah Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {314, title = {Clinical Outcome of Herbal Medicine-related Problems for Respiratory Viral Infections}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {138-143}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {138}, abstract = {

Background: The use of herbal medicine to treat dissimilar respiratory conditions has been assumed for many decades. This survey analysis explores the clinical outcomes of herbal medicine-related problems for respiratory viral infections in Saudi Arabia. Design and Setting: A self-administered, structured questionnaire was sent to the public online, counting questions on the responders{\textquoteright} demographics and questions gaging different clinical outcomes of herbal medicine-related problems when treating respiratory viral infections in Saudi Arabia. Data analysis was performed through SPSS program version 26. Results: 486 participants responded to this questionnaire. 89.92\% of the responders were from the west area in Saudi Arabia, 56.49\% were in the age group between 18 and 30 years old. 18.32\% were healthcare practitioners, while 53.85\% of these practitioners were physicians. 18.74\% of the responders applied herbal medications three times daily for respiratory viral infections. Only 4.31\% of the responders established having side effects during the past year from herbal medications, while 3.58\% visited a pharmacy for these side effects. Their healthcare professionals asked 20.04\% about the use of herbal medications. Factors increasing the occurrence of adverse events were: that residents of the western region (p value=0.002), age group between 18 and 30 (p-value=0.046), females (p-value\<0.001), low monthly income (p-value=0.013) and non-healthcare professionals (p-value=0.001). Conclusion: Although the occurrence of herbal medication-related problems is not common in Saudi Arabia, it can need medical assistance. Awareness of the public of the herbal medications adverse events is decisive.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Herbal medicine, Outcome, Problems, Viral Infections Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Alhazmi and Murouj Almaghrabi and Ghaida Alzahrani and Mohammad Almatrafi} } @article {287, title = {Dentist{\textquoteright}s Perception of Medication Safety in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {41-46}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Objectives: The study aims to discover the dentist{\textquoteright}s perceptions of medication safety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is an analysis of a cross-sectional survey that reconnoitered the dentist{\textquoteright}s medication safety perceptions in Saudi Arabia. It selfreported an electronic survey of dentists, comprising dentists from internship to the consultant, dental specialties in Saudi Arabia. The survey contained respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about dentists and perception of medication safety in dental care. Also, the perception of barriers averts off employment of the medication safety system in dental care. The 5-point Likert response scale system was employed with closed-ended questions. The data analysis of the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety is finished through the survey monkey system. The statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft excel sheet version 16 were used in the study. Results: The total number of responding dentists was 242, with the majority of them coming from the central region 95 (39.26\%) with statistically momentous among the areas (p\<0.05). Of those, 144 (59.75\%) were male, while 97 (40.25\%) were female, with statistically significant between them (p\<0.05). The average scores of dentist{\textquoteright}s perceptions of medication safety in dental care were 3.99; the dentist{\textquoteright}s high scores component was relaxed to ask for assistance support from colleagues or peers concerning medication safety (4.27). Medications storage with labeling is a vital element of medication safety in dental care (4.26). The average scores of perception of barriers prevent you from instigating medication safety in dental care (3.52). The high scores element was level of clinical knowledge about dental medications safety services (3.98) and lack of periodic training of dental staff dental medications safety services (3.94). The reliability test includes Cronbach alpha (0.933) and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω (0.920). Conclusion: The dentist{\textquoteright}s perceptions of medication safety were flawless in Saudi Arabia. Periodic education and training medication safety in dental care is obligatory to improve the dental medication safety system and patient outcomes in dental care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Dentist, Medication, Perception, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fouzia Abdul Karim Bukhary and Rahmah Abdulilah Alsinan} } @article {288, title = {Dentist{\textquoteright}s Practice of Medication Safety in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {34-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

Objectives: The study aimed to exemplify the dentist{\textquoteright}s practice of medication safety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It examines a cross-sectional survey that deliberated the dentist{\textquoteright}s medication safety practice in Saudi Arabia. It self-reported an electronic survey of dentists, including dentists from internship to consultant, dental specialties in Saudi Arabia. The survey entailed respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about dentists and the implemented medication safety in dental care, the medication{\textquoteright}s safety items stated in dental care, and dental medications implemented the medication{\textquoteright}s safety. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closedended questions. The data analysis of the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety is completed through the survey monkey system. The statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft excel sheet version 16 were employed in the study. Results: The total number of responding dentists was 242, with the mainstream of them coming from the central region 95 (39.26\%) with statistically noteworthy among the areas (p\<0.05). Of those, 144 (59.75\%) were male, while 97 (40.25\%) were female, with statistically significant between them (p\<0.05). The average scores of the executed items for medication safety in dental care were 3.12 with high scores element was adverse drug reactions documentation system (3.26), and the vision of medication safety in dental care was 3.23. The average scores of frequently of the medications safety items reported in dental care was 3.17 with high scores element was pregnancy and lactation altering system (3.88) and patient{\textquoteright}s education of dental medications (3.60). The highest scores of medication Safety (to authorities) the responsibility of types of healthcare professionals was a pharmacist (4.34) and dentist (4.23). The reliability test includes McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω (0.980) and Cronbach alpha (0.979). Conclusion: The dentist{\textquoteright}s practice of medication safety was inadequate in Saudi Arabia. Implementation of medication safety in dental care is obligatory to prevent dental mistakes and drug-related problems. Also, the study aimed to improve the patient safety culture among dental practices in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Care, Dentist, Medication, Practice, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fouzia Abdul Karim Bukhary and Rahmah Abdulilah Alsinan} } @article {294, title = {Forensic Pharmacy Practice: New Initiatives in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {89-91}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the services provided by the forensic pharmacy as the new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a new project derived from the national and international forensic pharmacy services guidelines. The project has been formulated from the global business model, which is the pharmacy project guidelines of the new project. The initial project is written by the project management professional. It consisted of the initial and planning phase, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The scope of forensic pharmacy services was explored with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The services revealed clinical and economic benefits to the patients. The risk management model assures the continuation of the project. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the forensic services as declared. Finally, the project{\textquoteright}s transition from the operation phase to the closing phase has been explored in this study. Conclusion: The forensic pharmacy practice is a new initiative project, and it was among the pharmacy strategic plan. The forensic pharmacy services were found to meet the requirement of the forensic pharmacy workforces, overcome the requirement of pharmacy services, and improve forensic clinical pharmacy staff. Therefore, it highly suggests implementing forensic pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic pharmacy, Initiative, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {284, title = {Knowledge of Medication Safety among Dentists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study aimed to affirm the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is an analysis of a cross-sectional survey that conferred dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge of medication safety in Saudi Arabia. Selfreported an electronic survey of dentists, comprising dentists from internship to the consultant, dental specialisms in Saudi Arabia. The survey contained respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about dentists and knowledge information of designated medication safety elements, and the resources of knowledge of medication safety elements in dental care. The 5-point Likert response scale system was employed with closed-ended questions. The data analysis of the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety is completed through the survey monkey system. The statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft excel sheet (version 16) were used in the study. Results: The total number of responding dentists was 242, with the mainstream of them coming from the central region 95 (39.26\%) with statistically substantial among the areas (p\<0.05). Of those, 144 (59.75\%) were male, while 97 (40.25\%) were female, with statistically significant between them (p\<0.05). The total average scores of dentist knowledge of medication safety in dental care were 2.78 with high scores element, knowledge of the high alert medication in dental care was 3.48, consider the Medication Errors (MEs) as a sentinel event (3.25), and familiar with medications reconciliation in dental care (3.23). The most resources employed for medication safety for dental care were health practitioners [129 (54.20\%)] and scientific literature [118 (49.58\%)]. The reliability test was evaluated in McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω (0.955) and Cronbach alpha (0.955). Conclusion: The dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety was insufficient in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Targeting training and education of dental medication safety during undergraduate and postgraduates school of dentistry is highly suggested to improve patient{\textquoteright}s safety in dental care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Dentists, Experiences, Knowledge, Medication safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fouzia Abdul Karim Bukhary and Tawfik A. M. Khoja and Rahmah Abdulilah Alsinan} } @article {291, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Nuclear Pharmacy Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {51-59}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Goal: The knowledge of nuclear pharmacy is essential in pharmacy practice. In addition, the nuclear pharmacy services demand various diagnoses and drug therapy management. In this study, we aimed to explore pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about nuclear pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a crosssectional qualitative study. In this study, we distributed an electronic validated reliability questionnaire to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. Students were excluded from this study. The survey collected demographic data of the responders and the knowledge of pharmacists about nuclear pharmacy, radioactive drugs, and resources of nuclear pharmacy. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, and Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 235 pharmacists responded to the survey questionnaire. Of them, 142 (63.96\%) were male, and 80 (36.04\%) were female, with a statistically significant difference between them (p\<0.001). About two-thirds of the pharmacists had earned a Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree (149 (63.40\%)) and Diploma in Pharmacy (75 (31.91\%)), with statistically significant differences among all qualifications (p\<0.001). The average score for pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of nuclear pharmacy services was 1.61, with high scores obtained for the elements{\textemdash}knowledge of the nuclear pharmacist has additional salary in Saudi Arabia (1.76) and radiation safety considerations (1.73). The average score was obtained for knowledge of radiopharmaceutical products (1.63), and the highest score on knowledge was obtained for 131I-Sodium Iodide capsule five mCi (for thyroid therapy) (1.8) and 201Tl-Thallium solution five mCi (for cardiac imaging) (1.8). The resources used to access information about nuclear pharmacy services were drug information resources (93 (40.09\%)), scientific literature (83 (35.78\%)), and the internet (83 (34.48\%)). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of nuclear pharmacy services and radiopharmaceutical products was poor. Therefore, to expand nuclear medicine, including pharmacy-related nuclear services, we recommend implementing the education and training program on nuclear pharmacy in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Nuclear, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ali Taer Al-Asmri and Mohammed Abdulaziz Ayoub Asiri and Abdulaziz Saleh Alnabbah} } @article {313, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Pharmacy Infection Control in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {129-137}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This crosssectional survey study was conducted to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists, including dentists from interns to consultants and pharmacy specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their knowledge regarding some of the selected pharmacy infection control elements in dental care. We also collected information regarding the resources they use to obtain knowledge of pharmacy infection control. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain their responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire, with one-quarter of them coming from the central region (97 (22.35\%)), and northern region (92 (21.2\%)), with non-statistically significant differences between regions (p=0.637). Of the total responders, 212 (48.96\%) were female, and 221 (51.04\%) were male responders, with non-statistically significant differences between them (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The total average score of pharmacy infection control assessment for basic knowledge was 3.34, with high scores obtained for the elements knowledge of hand hygiene (3.86) and personal protective equipment (3.83). In comparison, the lowest scores were obtained for the elements knowledge of the accidental sharp devices immunization system (2.80), and the infection control pharmacist gets more salary than regular pharmacist (2.91). The total average score of knowledge of frequently used disinfection and antiseptics products at your healthcare institution (3.60) and the high scores were obtained for the elements knowledge of peroxygens (hydrogen peroxide) (4.63) and alcohol (isopropyl alcohol 70\%) (4.63). In comparison, the lowest scores were obtained for the element knowledge of phenolics (ortho-benzyl-parachlorophenol) (2.76) and the iodophors (povidone-iodine ointment 10\%) (2.99). The score for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 0.927, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s αwas 0.924, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.933, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.973, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.989. Conclusion: Pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control was inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, targeting to provide the necessary education and training for undergraduate and postgraduate students to improve patient infection control within pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Infection Control, Knowledge, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {295, title = {Nuclear Pharmacy Practice: New Initiatives in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {47-50}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the nuclear pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project derived through the international nuclear pharmacy services guidelines. The project has been formulated from the global business model and pharmacy project guidelines of a new project. Various project management tools write the new project. It consists of the initial and planning phases, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The project presents nuclear pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The nuclear pharmacy services showed various benefits, including clinical and economic benefits to the patient. The risk management model description assured the continuation of the project. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the services were explored. Finally, the transition to operation project through the closing project stage is explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The nuclear pharmacy services is a new initiative project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It includes a pharmacy strategy in Saudi Vision 2030. The nuclear pharmacy services required the pharmacy workforces, all requirements of basic nuclear pharmacy services foundations. Therefore, the implementation of nuclear clinical pharmacy services is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Nuclear, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {292, title = {Perception of Pharmacists about Nuclear Pharmacy Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {80-88}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Goal: In this study, we aimed to explore the nuclear pharmacy perception in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional study including all pharmacists and pharmacy interns in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Students were excluded from this study. We distributed the electronic survey to the participants which consisted of two parts. The first part collected demographic information, and the second part collected information of perception of pharmacists about nuclear pharmacy services and reasons preventing nuclear pharmacy services. The responses were obtained through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed via Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software. Results: A total of 235 pharmacists responded to this survey. Of them, 142 (63.96\%) were male and 80 (36.04\%) were female responders, with statistically significant differences between them (p\<0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (115 (48.94\%)) followed by those in the age group of 31{\textendash}35 years (57 (24.26\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p\<0.001). About two-thirds of the pharmacists had obtained Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree (149 (63.40\%)) and Diploma in Pharmacy (75 (31.91\%)), with statistically significant differences between the degrees (p\<0.001). The total average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}pharmacist perception of nuclear pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} was 3.54. We obtained high scores for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy required to complete the drug therapy for cancer patients{\textquotedblright} (3.77) followed by the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy should be mandatory{\textquotedblright} (3.75). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}under-working in nuclear pharmacy in the healthcare institutions{\textquotedblright} (3.74). The total average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}barriers prevent the implementation of nuclear pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} was 3.54 with high score obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}lack of periodic training of pharmacy staff about nuclear pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (3.81). The most recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of nuclear pharmacy was implemented nuclear pharmacy residency program (170 (72.65\%)). Moreover, set up the therapeutic protocol or guidelines for nuclear pharmacy (147 (62.82\%)). Conclusion: The perception of pharmacists about nuclear pharmacy services was acceptable. The nuclear pharmacy system demands workforces, nuclear management guidelines, and implementation of nuclear pharmacy residency program. We highly recommend to resolve all nuclear pharmacy challenges in order to improve healthcare services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Nuclear, Perception, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ali Taer Al-Asmri and Mohammed Abdulaziz Ayoub Asiri and Abdulaziz Saleh Alnabbah} } @article {317, title = {Perception of Pharmacists about Pharmacy Infection Control in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {160-168}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {160}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the perception of pharmacists about pharmacy infection control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this crosssectional study, we aimed to explore the perception of pharmacists about pharmacy infection control in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their perception of pharmacy infection control. In addition, we analyzed the barriers that prevent the implementation of pharmacy infection control in pharmacy practice. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed with the use of Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 212 (48.96\%) were female, and 221 (51.04\%) were male responders, and there was no statistically significant difference between them (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of responders held Bachelor in Pharmacy degree (281 (64.75\%)) and Master in Pharmacy degree (94 (21.66\%)), and Diploma in Pharmacy (90 (20.74\%)). The average score of physician perceptions of pharmacy infection control was 3.47. Furthermore, high scores were obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}the system in my healthcare institution including policies and procedures related to pharmacy infection control is good at minimizing the occurrence of infection-related problems inside or outside pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (3.96) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacy infection control implementation has led to positive changes for patients and healthcare institution{\textquotedblright} (3.83). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}perceptions of barriers that prevent you from implementing pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} was 3.39. In addition, high scores were obtained for the elements {\textquotedblleft}Level of clinical knowledge of pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} (4.10) and {\textquotedblleft}Uncertain association between the pharmacy infection control and the drug-related infection{\textquotedblright} (3.65). The scores for single-test reliability analysis for McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 0.838, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was0.837, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.849, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.910, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.960. Conclusion: The perception of pharmacy infection control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was found to be satisfactory. Therefore, we need to implement and provide periodic education and training in pharmacy infection control in Saudi Arabia to improve the perception.

}, keywords = {Control, Infection, Perception, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {302, title = {Pharmacist Practice of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {111-119}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {111}, abstract = {

Goal: The current study expected to demonstrate the forensic pharmacy practice in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is an analysis of a cross-sectional study. An electronic survey was dispersed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. All students were omitted from the existing study. The survey consisted of demographic data about responders and practice aspects and implementations of forensic pharmacy. All analysis was completed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), and Survey monkey. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost threequarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically significant among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacist feature elements of forensic pharmacy services were 2.5. The high scores element was forensic pharmacy and potential drug-drug interactions (1.42). On the contrary, the lowest score aspect of nuclear pharmacy was forensic pharmacy, education and training program (1.26). The average score of forensic pharmacy practice implementation was 3.15. With high scores was the pharmacist always parts in crimes medicine committee (3.74), while the lowest forensic pharmacy practice implementation scores were attendance several courses or workshops about forensic pharmacy (2.41). Conclusion: The pharmacist part elements or the practice applications of forensic pharmacy were insufficient. The pharmacist plays an active role in the forensic pharmacy practice. Recognized forensic pharmacy with a clear job description of pharmacy staff with the relationship with forensic medicine and forensic strategic planning is mandatory to improve forensic pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi} } @article {301, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {92-101}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Goal: The knowledge of forensic pharmacy is a grave issue in practice. For example, forensic pharmacy services are obligatory for crime and drug-related death investigations. The current study purposes to affirm Pharmacist knowledge of forensic pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a qualitative examination with a cross-section design. An electronic validated and reliability survey was dispersed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. All students were omitted from the study. The questionnaire checked demographic data about the responders and pharmacist{\textquoteright}s basic and advanced knowledge of forensic pharmacy and resources of forensic pharmacy. Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, and survey monkey did all analysis. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost three-quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically significant among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of forensic pharmacy services were (2.0) with high scores element was the valuation of basic knowledge of the forensic pharmacy was the medications induced addiction (2.74). In contrast, the lowest scores were the job description of forensic pharmacist (1.5). The average score advances knowledge of forensic pharmacy (1.92). The highest score knowledge was the cardiovascular medications (3.00), while the lowest score knowledge of advanced knowledge of forensic pharmacy was the resources of forensic pharmacy (1.37). The most resources applied for Forensic pharmacy services were internet 224 (56.71\%) and healthcare practitioners 222 (56.20\%). Conclusion: The pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of forensic pharmacy services was insufficient. Therefore, the preventing of crimes problems and drug-related death are obligatory to improve patient outcomes. The undergraduate and postgraduate education and training of forensic pharmacy services in highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Knowledge, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi} } @article {300, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Perception of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {120-128}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {120}, abstract = {

Goal: To illuminate the pharmacist perception of forensic pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is cross-sectional of convenient sampling and planned number of the subject with power eighty. An electronic survey was dispersed to the pharmacist and pharmacy intern, excluding pharmacy students and other healthcare professionals. The survey entailed of demographic data, pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of forensic pharmacy, and barriers preventing implementation of forensic pharmacy. Survey monkey, Microsoft Excel, and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) were used in this study. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost three-quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically momentous among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacist perception of forensic pharmacy services were (3.93). The high scores element was under-working in forensic pharmacy in the healthcare institutions (4.15). On the contrary, the lowest score medical staff feel like their mistakes are held against them when an event is stated (3.35). The total average scores of barriers prevent the implementation of forensic pharmacy services were (3.41) with high scores element was lack of periodic training of pharmacy staff about forensic pharmacy (4.13). At the same time, the lowest score aspect of forensic pharmacy was the pharmacist shred in forensic sciences is too trivial to work (1.88). The most suggestions for facilitating forensic pharmacy implementation were implementing an electronic forensic pharmacy 306 (77.86\%) and raise the number of forensic pharmacist staff by 319 (81.17\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist had a positive insight of forensic pharmacy. However, various barriers are requisite to eliminate to start the implementation of forensic pharmacy services. Therefore, education and training are indispensable elements for establishing forensic pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Perception, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Rehab Sultan Najmi} } @article {281, title = {Physician{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Adverse Drug Reaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {6-12}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Objectives: To state the physicians and dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge and responsiveness of the adverse drug reaction (ADR) and reporting system in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a cross-sectional design of an authorized self-administered electronic survey about awareness and knowledge valuation of the ADR reporting system in Saudi Arabia. The electronic survey contained of demographic data and designated knowledge assessment of participants about the ADR reporting system. Results: The total number of participants was 151. Of those, 111 (73.5\%) were physicians, while dentists were 39 (26.5\%). Of those (93.38\%) responders who perceived of the ADR reporting system and (54.3\%) knew the diverse types of hypersensitivity reaction. Also, (45.33\%) knew the official form of ADR reporting system, (43.71\%) knew to reflect the ADR as sentinel events and (34.44\%) knew about the legal provision in the medicine act that provides pharmacovigilance activities in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion: The physicians knowledge of ADR and reporting system was insufficient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Targeting education and training is a planned goal to recover physicians{\textquoteright} ADR knowledge and all healthcare professionals and ADR{\textquoteright}s documentation system.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Knowledge, Physician, Reporting, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Hassan Alamoudi and Sabah Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {282, title = {Physician{\textquoteright}s Practice of Adverse Drug Reaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {13-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

Objectives: To discover the healthcare providers (physicians and dentists) practice of the adverse drug reaction reporting system in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a crosssectional study with a self-administered electronic authenticated survey distributed to Saudi Arabia physicians and dentists. The survey contained of demographic data and rudiments of practicing the ADR reporting system, the number of ADR reported, the method of ADR reporting systems. Results: The total number of participants was 151. Of those, 111 (73.5\%) were physicians, while dentists were 39 (26.5\%). Of those 52 (35.68\%), only those who reported the ADR despite most responders 138 (92.62\%) thought the ADR reporting system was critical. The average scores of physicians practice ADR elements were 2.59. The physicians and dentists{\textquoteright} responders had a high score of the agreement; ADR{\textquoteright}s essential tasks as a pharmacist. Conclusion: Over the past twenty years, more than theory studies and our study specified that ADR physicians{\textquoteright} reporting was terrible. The switching accountability of ADR reporting from healthcare providers to the pharmacist is highly suggested.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Physician, Practice, Reporting, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Hassan Alamoudi and Sabah Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {293, title = {The Practice of Nuclear Pharmacy Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {70-79}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {70}, abstract = {

Goal: In this study, we aimed to illustrate the practice of nuclear pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. An electronic survey was distributed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. Students were excluded from this study. The survey consisted of demographic data about responders and pharmacy practice aspects of nuclear pharmacy. The data were collected using the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS). Results: A total of 235 pharmacists responded to the survey, with most of them coming from the southern region (82 (34.89\%)), central region (49 (20.85\%)), and western region (47 (20.00\%)), with statistically significant differences between the regions (p\<0.001). Almost two-thirds of the pharmacists had obtained Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree (149 (63.40\%)) and Diploma in Pharmacy (75 (31.91\%)), with statistically significant differences between all the pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). Most pharmacists were staff pharmacists (119 (51.29\%)) and interns (43 (18.53\%)). The total average score of elements of the practice of nuclear pharmacy services was 1.69. The highest score was recorded for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy and facilities, equipment, and place for preparation are available{\textquotedblright} (1.79), followed by the elements {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy and drug monitoring system{\textquotedblright} (1.78) and {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy and radiation safety{\textquotedblright} (1.77). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy practice implementation{\textquotedblright} was 3.39. High scores were obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy should be covered by health insurance{\textquotedblright} (3.79) and {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy outsourcing is highly recommended{\textquotedblright} (3.67). The highest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy currently is the responsibility was a nuclear pharmacist{\textquotedblright} (4.28) and {\textquotedblleft}toxicologist laboratory{\textquotedblright} (3.55). Conclusion: The various aspects of pharmacists based on the elements of the practice implementation of nuclear pharmacy were insufficient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pharmacists play an active role in the nuclear pharmacy practice. Further studies on nuclear pharmacy services should be conducted thoroughly and setup strategic plan to improve nuclear pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Nuclear, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ali Taer Al-Asmri and Mohammed Abdulaziz Ayoub Asiri and Abdulaziz Saleh Alnabbah} } @article {315, title = {The Practice of Pharmacy Infection Control by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {144-152}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to illustrate the practice of pharmacy infection control by pharmacists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this crosssectional study, we aimed to assess the practice of pharmacy infection control by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the pharmacists and about the implemented pharmacy infection control practices. The practice of pharmacy infection control and pharmacy infection control responsibilities among the types of healthcare professionals. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed with Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, one-quarter belonged to the central region (97 (22.35\%)), followed by the northern region (92 (21.2\%)), and there were no statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.637). Most of the responders were from a community pharmacy (81 (18.62\%)), Ministry of Health (MOH) hospital (69 (15.86\%)), and military hospitals (49 (11.26\%)), with statistically significant differences between working sites (p=0.000). Moreover, 212 (48.96\%) were female, while 221 (51.04\%) were male, with non-statistically significant among the areas (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)) with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average score of the elements related to the implementation of pharmacy infection control practices was 3.07, with high scores obtained for the aspect {\textquotedblleft}the vision of pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} (3.79) and {\textquotedblleft}mission of pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} (3.55). In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}competition in infection control pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (2.51) and infection control pharmacy and quality management (2.65). The average score for the element implementation of pharmacy infection control practice was 3.47, with high scores obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist share in infection control committee{\textquotedblright} (4.37) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist was always a staff member of infection control or pharmacy departments{\textquotedblright} 3.84. In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for the element attending several courses or workshops about pharmacy infection control (3.17). The scores for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 922, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was0.919, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.930, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.973, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.990. Conclusion: In this study, pharmacists{\textquoteright} practice of pharmacy infection control was found to be inadequate in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, implementing infection control in pharmacy practice is required to prevent drug-related infection control problems. In addition, we recommend improving the infection control practice in pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Control, Infection, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {298, title = {Public{\textquoteright}s Experiences and Expectations of Pharmacists during Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {60-69}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Goal: To elucidate the public{\textquoteright} experiences and expectations of pharmacists during COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is three cross-sectional of convenient sampling and calculated number of the subject with power eighty. It was a self-reported electronic survey for the population in the King of Saudi Arabia. It encompassed all citizens who lived in Saudi with the age of more than 18 years and above. The survey entailed of the demographic data patients actual experiences of pharmacists during COVID-19 and patients actual expectations of pharmacists during any other pandemic situation. Survey monkey, Microsoft Excel, and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) were used for the analysis. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 461. Of those, 440 (95.44\%) were Saudi, and 344 (74.62\%) were female, with statistical significance between nationality or gender answers (p\<0.001). Almost two-thirds of the responders had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 319 (69.20\%) with statistically noteworthy between among all academic qualifications (p\<0.001). Most of the responders were non-healthcare professionals 338 (74.45\%), and physicians and nurses representative high percentages 37 (35.92\%) and 31 (30.10\%), respectively, with statistically significant among the remaining answers (p\<0.001). The total average scores of patients{\textquoteright} actual experiences of pharmacists during COVID-19 were 3.41. The high scores element was pharmacists routinely counsel me regarding the safe and appropriate use of my medications (3.79), and the pharmacist implemented the MOH covid-19 instructions and guidelines (3.77). The total average scores of patients actual expectations of pharmacists during any other pandemic situation were 3.71 with high scores element was the pharmacist expand their services and will most of my medications request by online and mobile application (3.88) and the pharmacist applied software applications for education for drugs and any pandemic (3.86). Conclusion: The public{\textquoteright} experiences and expectations of pharmacist during COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia is very optimistic. Therefore, targeting education, training, declaring the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s role during pandemic situations, emergency public health emphasizing therapeutic guidelines and preventing drug-related problems is highly proposed for implementations in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Expectations, Experiences, Pharmacists, Public, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Dona Abdullah Alajmah and Shatha Alhassan Alnami} } @article {316, title = {Public{\textquoteright}s Perception and Attitude of Herbal Medication for Respiratory Viral Infections}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {153-159}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {153}, abstract = {

Background: The use of herbal-origin medications is overgrowing, snowballing belief in its absolute safety. However, some herbal medicines have revealed severe adverse events that may reach death. Hence, it is vital to understand the perception and attitude of patients towards using herbal medications. Objectives: This survey analysis goals to gauge patients{\textquoteright} perceptions and attitudes towards herbal medicine to manage respiratory infections. Design and Settings: A self-administered, structured questionnaire was sent to the public online, counting questions on the responders{\textquoteright} demographics and questions about different herbal medications and their use to treat viral respiratory infections. The survey also encompassed questions to evaluate patients{\textquoteright} perceptions and attitudes towards the use of herbal medicine. Data analysis was implemented through SPSS program version 26. Results: Four hundred and eighty-six responders contributed in this questionnaire. 89.92\% of the responders were from the west area, and 94.62\% had a Saudi nationality. 56.49\% were in the age group between 18 to 30 years old. 46.27\% were students, while only 23.44\% were employees. 53.69\% had an income \<3000 SR. 18.32\% were healthcare practitioners, and 53.85\% were physicians. 45.42\% of the patients did not use herbal medications over the last year. 44.01\% found herbal medicines effective and valuable, and 41.98\% of the responders described herbal medicines as operative. Patients{\textquoteright} gender (p-value=0.025) significantly affected patients{\textquoteright} perception of using herbal medications, where females showed a significantly better perception than females. The validity was tested by Mac (0.96), Cronbach (0.958), Guttmann 2 (0.961), and Guttmann 6 (0.973). Conclusion: The attitudes and perceptions of herbal medicine use among patients in Saudi Arabia are scarce. Awareness of the general public about herbal medications should be amended.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Herbal Medication, Perception, Public, Saudi Arabia., Viral Infections}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.21}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Alhazmi and Murouj Almaghrabi and Ghaida Alzahrani and Mohammad Almatrafi} } @article {297, title = {Public{\textquoteright}s Perception of Pharmacy Services during Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {102-110}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Goal: To exemplify the public{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacy services during COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is three cross-sectional of convenient sampling and calculated number of the subject with power eighty. It was a self-reported electronic survey for the population in the King of Saudi Arabia. It encompassed all citizens who lived in Saudi with age more than 18 years and above. The survey contained of the demographic data patient{\textquoteright}s perception of medication delivery service during COVID-19. Besides, the patient{\textquoteright}s experiences of drug information inquiries were linked with the pharmacist during COVID-19. Survey monkey, Microsoft Excel, and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) were used in this study. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 461. Of those, 440 (95.44\%) were Saudi, and 344 (74.62\%) were female, with statistical significance between nationality or gender answers (p\<0.001). Almost two-thirds of the responders had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 319 (69.20\%) with statistically noteworthy between among all academic qualifications (p\<0.001). Most of the responders were non-healthcare professionals 338 (74.45\%), and physicians and nurses illustrative high percentages 37 (35.92\%) and 31 (30.10\%), respectively, with statistically significant among the remaining answers (p\<0.001). The total average scores of patient{\textquoteright}s perception of medication delivery service during COVID-19 were 2.50. The high scores element was answering drug information inquiries (3.30), medications home delivery (2.80), and requesting medications through a mobile application (2.78). The total average scores of patient{\textquoteright}s experiences of drug information inquiries communicated with a pharmacist during COVID-19 were 2.76 with high scores element was the drug administration inquiries (3.37). In addition, dosage/ schedule inquiries (3.29) and Pharmacoeconomics/medications cost inquiries (3.18) were also entailed. Conclusion: The public{\textquoteright}s perception of medication delivery service and experiences of drug information inquiries transferred with the pharmacist during COVID-19 was not optimum. Therefore, targeting a strategic plan of hospital and community pharmacy services during pandemic situations is highly suggested. In addition, further studies of hospital and community pharmacy services individually during a pandemic or emergency public health are mandatory in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Perception, Pharmacy, Public, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Dona Abdullah Alajmah and Shatha Alhassan Alnami} } @article {280, title = {Role of Pharmacist in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health with an emphasis on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Scie}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the role of Pharmacist in an epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health with an emphasis on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Methods: It is a new initiative services drove by national and international infection control, epidemic, pandemic, and medicine disaster guidelines. The projects formulated the latest project from pharmacy project guidelines, the international business model, and project management institution guidelines. Project management professionals steps write the initiative project. It consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The Role of Pharmacists in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health emphasizes COVID-19 with a defined vision, mission, and aims. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on patients, as illustrated in the review. The continuity of the project is assured by the risk management model description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project through the closing project stage is explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The Role of Pharmacists in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health emphasizing COVID-19 is essential and beneficial. The Pharmacist might contribute to the infection control at the pharmacy and healthcare system, provide enough supply from medications, and be involved in public health education about epidemic or pandemic management; it is highly suggested to implement other counties in Saudi Arabia the world.

}, keywords = {Disaster, Emergency, Epidemic, Pandemic, Pharmacist, Public health, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah} } @article {318, title = {A Strategic Plan for Pharmaceutical Companies: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {169-175}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {169}, abstract = {

Objectives: The manufactures pharmaceutical care strategic plan was created to align with Saudi Vision 2030. The purpose of this topic is to declare the strategic plan of pharmaceutical companies{\textquoteright} services as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This new project is driven by local and international pharmaceutical care strategic plan. It was formulated from the international business model, guidelines of pharmacy projects, and management institution guidelines for the new project. This initiative is drafted by project management professionals and consists of several stages from the initial to planning phases, execution, monitoring and controlling stages. Results: Pharmaceutical manufacturers{\textquoteright} strategic plans included several fundamental elements of a pharmaceutical company{\textquoteright}s strategic plan, such as a defined vision, mission, and goals. The strategic plan had five goals, twelve initiatives, and 75 objectives. Furthermore, the risk management model description ensures the project{\textquoteright}s continuation. Besides, the monitoring and control of the services were declared. Finally, the analysis investigates the transition to operation project through the closing project stage. Conclusion: The pharmaceutical companies{\textquoteright} strategic plan is a new initiative that is part of the pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi Vision 2030. Pharmaceutical firms require a clear vision and policy, as well as a long-term partnership. Pharmaceutical care and manufacturer gatherings may play an important role in developing an appropriate pharmacy career plan focusing on patient care to achieve optimal drug therapy management and prevent drug-related misadventures and also avoid unnecessary costs.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Pharmaceutical Companies, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Abdaziz Almana and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah} } @article {250, title = {Adult Standardized Concentration of Antibiotics Intravenous Infusion: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {20-26}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the adult standardized concentration of Antibiotics intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of Antibiotics services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of Antibiotics intravenous infusion services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients as exemplified in the review. The continuous of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project though closing project stage was explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of Antibiotics intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of Antibiotics will lessening drug-related problems and improve patient safety at hospital practice; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Antibiotics, Concentration, Intravenous, Saudi Arabia, Services, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hani Alhamdan and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {251, title = {Adult Standardized Concentration of Cardiovascular Medications Intravenous infusion: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {64-69}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the adult standardized concentration of cardiovascular intravenous infusion as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of cardiovascular services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of cardiovascular medications intravenous infusion services defined as vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients, the continuous of the project assured by risk management model description and the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated in the review. The transition to operation project though closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of cardiovascular intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of cardiovascular will diminish healthcare professional workload and avoid economic burden on healthcare system; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Cardiovascular, Concentration, Intravenous, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Afnan Owedah Alshomrani and Faiz Abdullah. Bahadig and Hani Alhamdan} } @article {252, title = {Adult Standardized Concentration of Central Nervous System Medications Intravenous Infusion: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {103-107}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the adult standardized concentration of central nervous system medications intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of central nervous system medications services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of central nervous system medications intravenous infusion services defined as a vision, mission and goals. The services had various profits including clinical and economic on patients, the continuous of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services and the transition to operation project though closing project stage explored in the analysis as illustrated in the review. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of central nervous system medications intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of central nervous system medications maybe leads to reduction of medication errors and improve patient safety culture at healthcare organization; it is highly suggested to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Central nervous system medications, Concentration, Intravenous, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hani Alhamdan and Faiz A Bahadig} } @article {248, title = {Adult Standardized Concentration of Chemotherapy Intravenous Infusion: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {35-44}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the adult standardized concentration of chemotherapy agent intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of chemotherapy agent services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of chemotherapy medications intravenous infusion services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients as explored in the review. The continuous of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project though closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of chemotherapy agent intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of chemotherapy medications will reduce medication misadventures, decrease healthcare professional workload and avoid economic burden on healthcare system; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Chemotherapy, Concentration, Intravenous, Medications, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah. Bahadig and Hani Alhamdan} } @article {253, title = {Adult Standardized Concentration of Miscellaneous Medications Intravenous Infusion: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {131-136}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {131}, abstract = {

Objectives: To establish the adult standardized concentration of miscellaneous medications intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of miscellaneous medications services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of miscellaneous medications intravenous infusion services defined as a vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients, the continuous of the project assured by risk management model description and the monitoring and controlling of the services as explored in the review. The transition to operation project though closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of miscellaneous medications intravenous infusion services are a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of miscellaneous medications might diminution drug related problems, reduction of healthcare professional workload and avoid additional redundant cost; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Concentration, Intravenous, Miscellaneous medications, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.27}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hani Alhamdan and Faiz A Bahadig} } @article {242, title = {Antibiotics Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Reviews}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {14-19}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the antibiotics therapeutic interchanges. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases included the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various type of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to substitute based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future evaluation. After evaluation, there were 27 studies discussed the therapeutic interchange of antibiotics. Of those 27 studies, eight studies included for evaluation. Conclusion: Antibiotics therapeutic interchange system properly applicable implementation in practice. Further studies mandate to validate antibiotic therapeutic interchange. Antibiotic therapeutic interchange is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Drug, Literature, Review, Therapeutic interchanges, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {266, title = {Anti-psychiatric Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Reviews}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {59-63}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {59}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the anti-psychiatric therapeutic interchanges drug therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases comprised the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to alternative based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 repeated studies, and 380 studies included for future assessment. After assessment, there were 20 studies discussed the therapeutic interchange of anti- Psychiatry. Of those 20 studies, three studies included for evaluation. Conclusion: Anti-psychiatric therapeutic interchange is seldom finding in the kinds of literature. Few observational studies discussed this matter. Further studies claim to standardized Anti-psychiatric therapeutic interchange in practice.

}, keywords = {Anti-psychiatric, Drug Therapy, Literature, Review, Therapeutic interchanges}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah. Bahadig} } @article {243, title = {Asthma Disorders Therapeutic Interchanges Drug : A Narrative Reviews}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {94-97}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Objective: To analysis the anti-asthmatic medications therapeutic interchanges drug therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases comprised the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It encompassed the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of Anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to another based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future assessment. After assessment, there were 14 studies about therapeutic interchange of medicines for asthma. Of those 14 studies, one study included for evaluation. Conclusion: Anti-asthmatic therapeutic interchange studies are occasionally finding in the literature. International asthma management guidelines as an alternative interchange of this matter. Further studies claim to standardized anti-asthmatic therapeutic interchange pharmacy field.

}, keywords = {Asthma, Drug, Literature, Review, Therapeutic interchanges, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {241, title = {Cardiovascular Medications Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Reviews}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {51-58}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the cardiovascular medications therapeutic interchanges. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases included the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy, type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to alternative based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future evaluation. After evaluation, there were 64 studies about therapeutic interchange of cardiovascular medications. Conclusion: The cardiovascular therapeutic interchange studies are wide-ranging and common available findings in the literature. Most of the studies have observational non-randomized. Comparative studies published in management guidelines as an alternative interchange of this matter. Cardiovascular therapeutic interchanges are highly recommended for execution in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cardiovascular, Drug, Literature, Review, Therapeutic interchanges, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {244, title = {Chronic Diseases Therapeutic Interchanges Drug Therapy: A Narrative Reviews}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {98-102}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {98}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the chronic diseases (gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatic arthritis etc.) therapeutic interchanges drug therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases included the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication based on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to alternative based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future evaluation. After evaluation, there were 19 studies about therapeutic interchange of chronic medications (Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or Gastrointestinal disorder (GIT). Of those 19 studies, eight studies included for evaluation. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal and rheumatic arthritis medications, therapeutic interchange more practical and prevent the economic burden on healthcare systems. The implementation of therapeutic interchange of those medications is highly recommended at healthcare institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Chronic diseases, Gastrointestinal, Literature, Medications, Review, Rheumatic arthritis, Therapeutic interchanges}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {272, title = {Dermatology Medications Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Reviews}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {124-127}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the dermatology medications therapeutic interchanges therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases comprised the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to substitute based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future assessment. After assessment, 375 Records were excluded due to Non dermatology therapeutics interchange. Of the previous search, there were 5 studies that had been found discussed the dermatology medications therapeutic interchanges. Conclusion: There were few studies about medications used in skin disorder therapeutic interchange. It is better to start for generic substitutes and based on the international Therapeutic dermatology guidelines.

}, keywords = {Dermatology Medications, Initiative, Saudi Arabia, System, Therapeutic Interchange}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.25}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah. Bahadig} } @article {273, title = {ENT Medications Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Review}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {128-130}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Objective: To analysis the ENT medications therapeutic interchanges therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases comprised the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to another based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future assessment. After assessment, 375 Records were excluded due to non-ENT therapeutics interchange. Of the previous search, there were 5 review studies that had been found discussed the ENT medications therapeutic interchanges. Conclusion: There are no randomized controlled or observational studies about ear, nose, throat therapeutic interchange. The ENT therapeutic guidelines as evidence sources of therapeutic interchange in this subject.

}, keywords = {Ear, ENT, Literature, Nose, Review, Therapeutic interchanges, Throat}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.26}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah. Bahadig} } @article {265, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Clinical Pharmacy Services: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {48-50}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the clinical pharmacy services during the mass gathering hajj period as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering clinical pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on the healthcare system, as described in the review. The continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage illustrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy services during the mass gathering hajj period is a new initiative project in the mass gathering medicine. Multiple clinical pharmacy services can be started during a mass gathering with an emphasison decrease morbidity and mortality; it is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical pharmacy, Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Sultan Mesfer Aljumayi and Hani Mohammed Ali Jumah and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {269, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Community Pharmacies Services: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {87-89}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {87}, abstract = {

Objective: To illustrate the pharmacy indicators during the mass gathering hajj as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering community pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various advantages, including clinical and economic on patients and healthcare services as demonstrated in the review. The continuation of the project assured by risk management elements description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage declared in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering medication safety is a new initiative project is part of the mass gathering medicine. There are various part of medication safety services can be started during mass gathering; it is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Community pharmacy, Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Sultan Mesfer Aljumayi and Hani Mohammed Ali Jumah and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {268, title = {Mass Gathering Hajj Emergency Pharmacy: New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {84-86}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {84}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the mass gathering hajj emergency pharmacy as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering emergency pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits, including clinical and economical on pilgrims, as described in the review. The continuity of the project assured by the risk management model description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the services as demonstrated. The transition to operation project though closing project stage exemplified in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering emergency pharmacy is a new initiative project in the mass gathering medicine. There are various emergency pharmacy services can be started during the mass gathering with clinical emergency pharmacy; it is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Emergency pharmacy, Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Osama Hamad Alahmadi and Majed Mohammd Alluhibi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {264, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Medication Safety Services: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {45-47}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the mass gathering hajj medication safety as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The medication safety services during the mass gathering with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on patients and healthcare services, as described in the review. The extension of the project assured by risk management elements description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated. The conversion of operation project, though closing project stage illustrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering medication safety is a new initiative project that is part of the mass gathering medicine. There is various part of medication safety services can be started during the mass gathering; it is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Medication safety, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Osama Hamad Alahmadi and Majed Mohammd Alluhibi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {270, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Pharmacy Indicators: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {114-116}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {114}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the mass gathering hajj pharmacy indicators as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is inscribed through project management professionals and contained several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pharmacy indicators during the mass gathering with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had several benefits with monitoring the clinical and economic of mass gathering pharmaceutical care, as demonstrated in the review. The continuation of the project guaranteed by the risk management model description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the services as demonstrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage declared in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering pharmacy indicators is new initiative project is part of the mass gathering medicine. There are several sections of pharmacy indicators can be initiated during mass gathering; it is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hajj, Indicators, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia., Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Abdulrahman Safar Alqthami and Fareed Ali Alharpi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {263, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Pharmacy Infection Control: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {5-9}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the pharmacy infection control services during the mass gathering Hajj period as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering pharmacy infection control services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various aids, including clinical and economical on pilgrims, as illustrated in the assessment. The continuation was of the project assured by the risk management model description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project, though closing the project stage, explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering pharmacy infection control services are a new initiative, part of the mass gathering medicine. There are various pharmacy transition care services can be started during the mass gathering with an emphasis on pharmacy personnel, infection control; it is highly suggested to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Control, Hajj, Infection, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Lamees Essa Abdullah Hakami and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Taha Mohamd Rafuden Bakhsh and Nojoud Adnan Khayat and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {262, title = {National Mass Gathering Pharmaceutical Care Program at Healthcare Institution in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the pharmaceutical care services during mass gathering (MG) Hajj at the healthcare organizations in Saudi Arabia (SA). Methods: It is a descriptive analysis of a newly established program at the MOH in SA called MG pharmaceutical care program during Hajj and Umra Seasons, which was analyzed within the Pharmacy Strategic Plan 2012-2020 and update the plan with new Saudi vision 2030. Results: MG pharmaceutical care program is a new program established by the healthcare organizations in the last four years, which amongst to provide pharmaceutical care services in various fields. Conclusion: The mass gathering of pharmaceutical care services is a new initiative, part of the mass gathering medicine. The program should expand after the foundation stage with performance indication monitoring and follow up. Further assessment of the new project is required to validate the clinical and economic outcomes to research the high level of quality and professionalism in the future.

}, keywords = {Healthcare, Institution, Mass Gathering, National, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Hameed AL-Muwallad and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Taha Mohamd Rafuden Bakhsh and Nojoud Adnan Khayat and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {245, title = {Ophthalmic medication Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Reviews}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {120-123}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {120}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the ophthalmic medication therapeutic interchanges therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases comprised the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of Anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to another based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future evaluation. After evaluation, there were 5 studies had been found discussed the ophthalmic medications. Conclusion: Ophthalmic medications therapeutic interchange is rare in finding studies about the topic. It recommended starting generic interchange or evidence-based ophthalmic therapeutic international guidelines.

}, keywords = {Eye, Literature, Ophthalmic, Review, Therapeutic interchanges}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.24}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {254, title = {Pediatrics Standardized Concentration of Antibiotics Intravenous Infusion: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {27-34}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {27}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of antibiotics intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of antibiotics services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of antibiotics intravenous infusion services defined as a vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients, the continuous of the project assured by risk management model description and the monitoring and controlling of the services as explored in the review. The transition to operation project though closing project stage established in the analysis. Conclusion: The pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of antibiotics intravenous infusion services are a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of antibiotics will prevent drug related misadventures and implement of patient safety at healthcare organizations; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Concentration, Intravenous, Neonates, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah. Bahadig and Hani Alhamdan} } @article {255, title = {Pediatrics Standardized Concentration of Cardiovascular Intravenous Infusion Medications: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {70-75}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {70}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of cardiovascular intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of cardiovascular intravenous infusion services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: Results indicates that the pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of cardiovascular intravenous infusion services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits including clinical and economic on patients, the continuous of the project assured by risk management model description and the monitoring and controlling of the services as explored in the review. The transition to operation project though closing project stage confirmed in the analysis. Conclusion: The pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of cardiovascular intravenous infusion services is a new initiative as part of the intravenous admixture program. The pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of cardiovascular might diminution the workload of healthcare, pharmacy staff and avoid additional unnecessary economic burden on healthcare system; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cardiovascular, Concentration, Intravenous, Neonates, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Services, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hani Alhamdan and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {258, title = {Pediatrics Standardized Concentration of Central Nervous System Intravenous Infusion Medications: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {108-112}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {108}, abstract = {

Objectives: To establish the pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of central nervous system intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of central nervous system intravenous infusion services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of central nervous system intravenous infusion services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits including clinical and economic on patients, the continuous of the project confident by risk management model description and the monitoring and controlling of the services as explored in the review. The transition to operation project though closing project stage confirmed in the analysis. Conclusion: The pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of central nervous system intravenous infusion services is new initiative as part of the intravenous admixture program. The pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of central nervous system intravenous infusion properly reduce medication errors and improve patient safety culture system; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Central Nervous System, Concentration, Intravenous, Neonates, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Services, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.21}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig and Hani Alhamdan} } @article {257, title = {Pediatrics Standardized Concentration of Chemotherapy Intravenous Infusion: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {76-83}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Objectives: To discover the pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of chemotherapy intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of chemotherapy intravenous infusion services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of chemotherapy intravenous infusion services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various paybacks including clinical and economic on patients as discovered in the review. The continuous of the project was assured by risk management model description and the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project though closing project stage demonstrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of chemotherapy intravenous infusion services is a new initiative as part of the intravenous admixture program. The pediatrics and neonates standardized concentration of chemotherapy intravenous infusion will lessen medication errors and recover patient safety at healthcare system; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Concentration chemotherapy, Intravenous, Neonates, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A Bahadig and Hani Alhamdan} } @article {259, title = {Pediatrics Standardized Concentration of Miscellaneous Mediations Intravenous Infusion: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {137-142}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {137}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the pediatrics and neonates{\textquoteright} standardized concentration of miscellaneous mediations intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of miscellaneous mediations intravenous infusion services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pediatrics and neonates{\textquoteright} standardized concentration of miscellaneous mediations intravenous infusion services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits including clinical and economic on patients, the continuous of the project assured by risk management model description and the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared as explored in the review. The transition to operation project though closing project stage demonstrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The pediatrics and neonates{\textquoteright} standardized concentration of miscellaneous mediations intravenous infusion services is a new initiative as part of the intravenous admixture program. The pediatrics and neonates{\textquoteright} standardized concentration of miscellaneous mediations intravenous infusion might improve patient outcome and avoid added unnecessary cost; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Concentration, Intravenous, Miscellaneous, Neonates{\textquoteright}, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Services, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.28}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hani Alhamdan and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {260, title = {Pharmacist Prescribing System: A New Initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {90-93}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {90}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the pharmacist prescribing system as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national Pharmacist prescribing system services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pharmacist prescribing system services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients as illustrated in the review. The continuation of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The pharmacist prescribing system services is new initiative, part of the clinical pharmacy program. The Pharmacist prescribing system will reduce drug-related problems, improve clinical and economic outcomes of patients and the healthcare system and create patient{\textquoteright}s safety culture at healthcare organization; it is highly recommended to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Pharmacist, Prescribing, Saudi Arabia, Services, System}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saleh Ibrahim ALdakheel and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {271, title = {Pharmacy Transition Care Services during Mass Gathering Hajj in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {117-119}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the pharmacy transition care services during the mass gathering hajj period as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The mass gathering pharmacy transition care services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on pilgrims, as demonstrated in the review. The extension of the project assured by risk management elements description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated. The conversion of operation project, though closing project stage, demonstrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The pharmacy transition care services during the mass gathering is a new initiative, part of the mass gathering medicine. Various pharmacy transition care services can be started during mass gathering; it is highly recommended to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hajj, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services, Transition Care}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Naif Olaythah Alharbi and Fareed Ali Alharpi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} } @article {247, title = {Therapeutic Interchange: New Initiative System in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {10-13}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Objective: To validate the therapeutic interchange system at healthcare institutions as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national therapeutic interchange system programs. The projects drove the therapeutic interchange system guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The therapeutic interchange services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various aids, including clinical and economical, on patients and the healthcare system, as exemplified in the assessment. The continuation was of the project assured by the risk management model description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project, though closing the project stage, explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The therapeutic interchange system is a new initiative, part of the formulary management. There are various therapeutic interchange system classes of medications can be started though antibiotics, gastrointestinal medications and anti-psychiatric medications; it is highly recommended to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug Therapy, Initiative, Medications, Saudi Arabia, System, Therapeutic Interchange}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {62, title = {Adherence Assessment of Medication Errors Reporting System at the Public Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {105-109}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Objective: Medication errors have noteworthy implications in the field of patient safety. Error detection through a dynamic supervision and an efficient error reporting system unveils medication errors and boosts safe practices. The overall goal of this study is to explore the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s adherence to medication errors reporting system in adults and pediatrics at the public hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article describes 9 months retrospective cohort study in year of 2015. A retrospective study was conducted on all inpatients at a 300-bed hospital where all medication procedures in each ward were monitored by a clinical pharmacist. The study was conducted at the Public Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The hospital had medication safety officer with medication safety committee. The program led by trained pharmacist and delivered basic medication safety education programs to all health professional. The medication error report consisted of patient demographic information, qualification of committing mistakes, time of errors occurs, type of medication errors, reasons for medication errors, medications stages involved and errors outcome. Results: The total number of reports were 805. The most common adherence documentation of error involving medications were cost related information (100\%), error related information with an average (90.59\%), patient related information (50.37\%) and drug related information (49.39\%). While the action related information (0.57\%) was harmless. The most common completed of error related information were causes of medication errors 775 (96.3\%) and type of medication errors 770 (95.6\%) followed by outcome of medication errors 764 (94.9\%) and medication process stages involved 711 (88.3\%). While the patient{\textquoteright}s demographic information completed only (50\%) in reports. Conclusion: Despite the medication error reporting is consider new at the public hospital, the number of reporting was high. The system needs more determination to follow completeness medication errors reporting system and that by development of an electronic reporting system, program awareness and positive documentation system feedback changes in pharmacy practice.

}, keywords = {Adherence, Medication errors, Ministry of Health, Public, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nisreen Al-Shubaar and Nadia Lubad and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {64, title = {Assessment of Patient Satisfaction with Pharmaceutical Services in Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {116-121}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {116}, abstract = {

Objective: Patient satisfaction is considered as a measure of the quality of care in health system. Investigation of satisfaction with pharmaceutical services will disclose gaps in training and barricades of implementation. The study examined patient satisfaction of pharmaceutical services at Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-sectional self-administered survey of patient satisfaction of pharmaceutical care in Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province, Saudi Arabia. The survey comprises two parts; the first part was demographic data about the patients, the second part was several domains about various pharmaceutical care services at East Province in Saudi Arabia. The 5-point Likert response scale system used with closed and ended questions. The survey scattered through five hospitals in East Province involved a public, pediatrics, maternity and psychiatry hospitals ambulatory care patient. All data and variables analyzed by Microsoft Excel program version 10. Results: The study sample size was 892. Out of 892 patients, 815 (95.66\%) was Saudi and 37 (4.34\%) was non-SaudiSaudi. Of that 213 (25\%) was female and 639 (75\%) was male. The majority of patients were between the ages of 20-40 (61.33\%) and 41-60 years (39.44\%) old. The average score of pharmacy location and related issues was 3.69/5.00. The domain of pharmacy location was ranked highest (4.05/5.00), while the domain of pharmacy waiting area was ranked lowest (3.47/5.00). The average score of medication related issues was 4.28/5.00. The domain of the drug label stickled with all medications was ranked highest (4.43/5.00), while the domain of the medication reconciliation was ranked lowest (3.56/5.00). The average score of pharmacist related issues was 4.66/5.00. The domain of the pharmacist assure by your name before dispensing was ranked highest (4.58/5.00), while the domain of the pharmacist provides you with medication counseling and encourages you to ask questions was ranked lowest (3.91/5.00). The overall pharmacy evaluation was 4.55/5.00. Conclusion: The patient satisfaction of pharmacy services was adequate at MOH hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia. The outcomes showed a lack in pharmacists {\textquoteleft}interaction with patients and exertions should be focused towards involvement in a more patient-oriented training in Saudi hospital pharmacies.

}, keywords = {Assessment, East Province, Ministry of Health, Patient, Pharmaceutical, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.20}, author = {Mohammed Mohsen Almaznai and Osama Mohammed Almadani and Ibrahim Abdul Karim Aloraifi and Saleh Ali Alsallouk and Hussain Alkabaz and Abdulaziz Saud Alotaibi and Hamdi Abdullah Alamri and Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi and Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {63, title = {Attitudes and Perceptions of Healthcare Professionals towards Pharmaceutical Care Services in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {110-115}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Objective: Pharmaceutical care is a health science discipline in which pharmacists deliver patient care that improves medication therapy and helps health, wellness and disease prevention. An important issue in this area emphases on patient oriented rather than drug product-oriented service. The aim of this study to evaluate the attitudes and perceptions of health care professionals towards Pharmaceutical care services in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A 4-months cross-sectional survey of healthcare professionals was conducted in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two-part demographic information and second part forty-nine questions divided into four domains. It included domain one: It included domain one: Primary or essential information about healthcare providers pharmacists, domain two: healthcare professionals information about the ambulatory care pharmacy, domain three: healthcare professionals information about pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling and domain four: Healthcare providers perception of Pharmaceutical care services. All type of healthcare professionals included in the study. A 5-point Likert-type scale was used. There were open and closed-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media by using what{\textquoteright}s App to more than one thousand healthcare professionals overall Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was made in an electronic format and it analyzed domain two: healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s information about Pharmaceutical care services through survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were 170 healthcare providers. Of those 150 (93.8\%) were Saudi and 10 (6.25\%) were non-Saudi. The gender distribution 129 (75.9\%) were females and 41 (24.1\%) were males. The most of the healthcare professionals were pharmacists 81 (47.65\%), followed by nurses 27 (15.88\%) and physicians 23 (13.53\%). The majority of patient had visited a pharmacy more than 10 times in the past 12-months was 53 (31.36\%), while 40 (23.67\%) of respondents visited a pharmacy more than 5 to 9 times. The most common performances of pharmaceutical care services were dispensing of prescribed medication 119 (73.91\%), medication consultation 89 (55.28\%), dispensing of over the counter medications 88 (54.66\%) and dispensing of non-medications supplements 74 (45.96\%). The highest scores of pharmaceutical care services provides to the patients were at private{\textquoteright}s hospitals (3.45) and non-MOH governmental hospitals (3.40). The most current experience of perception and challenges with high propriety scores were few pharmacist and clinical pharmacists, un-available of patient medication counseling privacy and Unclear handwriting prescription. The most Future Perception suggestion with high Propriety and Opportunity scores were Increase awareness of pharmacist role in public health and Implement patient counseling clinic operated by the pharmacy. Conclusion: Healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s insight is the dynamic tool to develop pharmacy services. Increase the number of the clinical pharmacist, expand the awareness of pharmacist to the public and implement patient counseling clinic, will change the future vision of pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitudes, Healthcare Professionals, Perceptions, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {68, title = {The Clinical Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions in Total Parenteral Nutrition services in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {135-140}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Objectives: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is the perilous component of nutritional care for neonatal, pediatric and adult patients. TPN is designated for someone who cannot or should not consume nutrients through their regular oral pathway. In this study, we explored the clinical outcomes of pharmacist intervention in Parenteral Nutrition at the public hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: In prospective cohort studies, we simulated the data of 12 months of 2015 related to TPN services for neonatal, pediatric and adult patients. Most of the TPN units at hospitals works eight hours per day and seven days per a week. The hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia has 300 beds. The pharmacist intervention consisted of an International Study Model, measure level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation, and patient with outcome impact. The data were analyzed through Survey Monkey system. Results: The total number of pharmacist interventions were 402 of recognized TPN-related problems. The total number of TPN orders was 394 prescribed to 82 patients. The majority of patients were neonates 303 (75.56\%) followed by Pediatrics 97 (24.19\%). The highest number of critical care interventions were found to be potentially serious 108 (28.8\%) and potentially significant 174 (46.4\%). The documented rationale of clinical intervention activities was inappropriate dose 93 (24.8\%) drug therapy omission 50 (13.3\%) and inappropriate route of administration 41 (10.9\%). Most of the patient outcomes were laboratory value improved 170 (45.33\%) and patient condition improved 137 (36.53\%). Conclusion: TPN clinical pharmacist had an essential vital role of preventing a TPN-related problem, improve patient outcome, and avoid the unnecessary supplementary cost. Increasing TPN clinical pharmacist assigned for all TPN services at all health care system in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Assessment, Clinical outcomes, Interventions, Pharmacist, Total Parenteral Nutrition program}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Aisha Omar Fallatah and Nisreen Al-Shubaar and Abdulaziz Abdullah Qohal and Lila Yahya Alameer} } @article {45, title = {Cost Analysis of Activities for Network Drug Information Centers at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {45-51}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to analyze the cost of network drug information services at the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Method: In this study, we simulated the 2-month cross-sectional survey data of all drug information centers at the MOH hospitals. Any drug store that has provided services to the healthcare professionals and the public participated in the questionnaire. National, regional and local drug information centers in the healthcare institutions participated in this survey. All type of hospitals or primary care centers (e.g. public, pediatric, maternity and psychiatry) were included in this study. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collects demographics data and the second part analyzes the cost of activities of drug information centers. The clinical activities were derived from the model of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP). The type cost consisted of related central drug information activities, the cost of the patient-centered drug information activity and the cost of Administrative drug information activities. All cost used US dollar currency. Results: The survey was distributed to 60 drug information centers and a total of 46 centers responded to the survey; the response rate was 76.66\%. Most of the hospitals (11 (23.9\%)) had 100{\textendash}199 beds and the others (11 (23.9\%)) had 200{\textendash}299 beds. The total daily cost of drug information activities was 6,002.18 USD. The highest cost of drug information activities was central drug information activities (2,654.69 USD (44.23\%)) followed by the administration of drug information activities (2,280.59 USD (37.99\%)) and patient-specific drug information activities (1,066.9 USD (17.77\%)). The highest daily cost of drug information activities among central drug information center was responding to drug information inquiries ((536.24 USD)) followed by the residential training ((9274.46 USD)) and pharmacist{\textquoteright}s training ((263.14 USD)). Conclusion: The central activities of drug information centers costed the highest. Expanding the services to patient-specific activities will decrease morbidity, mortality and justify cost analysis at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Activities, Cost Analysis, Drug Information Centers, Ministry of Health, Network, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary} } @article {198, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Antibiotic Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s7-s10}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s7}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study to explore the cost analysis of selected pediatrics antibiotics formularies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted of selected four antibiotics (Nitrofurantoin, Oseltamivir, Chloroquine and Clindamycin). The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost, Costs fixed including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of anti-hypertension pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Nitrofurantoin per each preparation was (14.13 USD) which consisted of standard cost (0.31 USD) and the direct cost was (13.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Oseltamivir per each preparation was (16.95 USD) which consisted of standard cost (0.33 USD) and the direct cost was (16.62 USD). The average estimated cost of Chloroquine per each preparation was (6.645 USD) which consisted of standard cost (4.36 USD) and the direct cost was (6.645 USD). The average estimated cost of Clindamycin per each preparation was (14.478 USD) which consisted of standard cost (2.018 USD) and the direct cost was (12.46 USD). Conclusion: There are varieties in the cost analysis between selected pediatric formulation and manufactured ready-made products. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them. The cost analysis of pediatrics formulation was used for health insurance coverage and to meet the updated pharmacy strategic plan and Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.37}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz Bahadig and Mohammad Jabir Al Harbi and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {199, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Anticonvulsant Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s11-s14}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s11}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the cost analysis of pediatrics anticonvulsant formulations in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through of providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted of selected four anticonvulsant medications. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost, Costs fixed including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of anticonvulsant pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD. The average estimated cost of Levetiracetam per each one preparation was (53.313 USD). The total annual cost of Levetiracetam was (18,126.42 USD). The average estimated cost of Topiramate per each one preparation was (22.66 USD). The total annual cost of Topiramate was (1,087.68 USD). The average estimated cost of Rufinamide per each one preparation was (29.342 USD), while the total annual cost of Rufinamide was (293.42 USD). Conclusion: This is the first study about cost analysis of anticonvulsant pediatrics formulations in KSA and Middle East. There are some differences in the cost analysis between the pharmacy preparations and manufactured related to internal and external reasons. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them the preparations. The cost analysis of pediatrics formulation meets the Saudi vision 2030 strategic plan in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsant, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.38}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz A. Bahadig and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal and Khulud Khalid Alnami} } @article {197, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Antihypertensive of Pediatric Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s2-s6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s2}, abstract = {

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to explore cost analysis of pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective study of cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-bed pediatric and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section of this hospital receives the specific formulation from the physician. Then, the expert pharmacist applied the international standard for clinical compounding and provides services to the healthcare staff and patients over 8 hr per day for 5 days per week. The pediatric formulations consisted of but not limited to antibiotics, anti-tuberculosis (TB) medications and anti-hypertensive medications. The cost analysis included the variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost and fixed expenses such as direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs used have been analyzed in US dollar currency. In this study, we analyzed the cost of antihypertensive medications for pediatric use through the Microsoft Excel software (version 10). Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was 53.82 USD and consisted of 58.58\% (31.53 USD) for personal cost, 25.14\% (13.53 USD) for overhead cost, 3.34\% (1.8 USD) for material and supply cost and 12.93\% (6.96 USD) for the non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of Propranolol, Captopril, Methyldopa, Amlodipine and Hydralazine per each preparation was (8.27 USD, 2.37 USD, 6.88 USD, 17.385 USD) and (49.44 USD), respectively. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which demonstrated the cost analysis of antihypertensive pediatric formulation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The pediatric formulations with cost analysis can involve health insurance coverage. Targeting the cost analysis of all pediatric formulation is highly recommended to fit with Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Antihypertensive, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Pediatric, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.36}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Fouad Al Doughan and Faiz A. Bahadig and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {200, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Anti-tuberculosis Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s15-s18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s15}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we explored the cost analysis of selected pediatric antituberculosis formulations available at the pharmacy of a pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective cost analysis study of pediatric anti-tuberculosis formulations conducted at a pediatrics and maternity hospital having 300 beds in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section of this hospital receives the specific formulation from the physician. Then the expert pharmacist provides the clinical compounding services to healthcare staff and patients over 8 hr per day for 5 days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted of selected anti-tuberculosis medications. The cost analysis included variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost. Fixed costs included direct cost, nonsalary cost and overhead cost. All costs were derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs were analyzed in terms of US dollar currency by using the Microsoft Excel software version 10. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric anti-tuberculosis formulations per hour was (53.82 USD), which included 58.58\% (31.53 USD) personal cost, 25.14\% (13.53 USD) overhead cost, 3.34\% (1.8 USD) material and supply cost and 12.93\% (6.96 USD) non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of rifampicin per preparation was (11.36 USD). The total annual cost of rifampicin was (1363.20 USD). The average estimated cost of pyrazinamide per preparation was (6.835 USD). The total annual cost of pyrazinamide was (68.35 USD). The average estimated cost of isoniazid per preparation was (8.515 USD). The total annual cost of isoniazid was (85.15 USD). Conclusion: Two anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulations (rifampicin and isoniazid) were available for various prices, whereas pyrazinamide was not available as pediatric formulation either locally or in USA and UK. The pharmacist should prepare all anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulation when needed. The cost analysis of all anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulations should be determined in order to meet health insurance and the strategies of New Saudi Vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Anti-tuberculosis, Clinical compounding, Cost, Ministry of Health, Pediatric formulations, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.39}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal and Mayssa Ahmed Assiri} } @article {201, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Autoimmune and Gastrointestinal Pediatric Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s19-s23}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s19}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the cost analysis of selected autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective cost analysis study of autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations at a pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The extemporaneous pharmacy section regularly receive prescriptions with specific formulation from physician. The expert pharmacist applies the international standard of clinical compounding for all pediatric formulation related issue over 8 hr per days for 5 days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected autoimmune and gastrointestinal medications. The cost analysis includes variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost and fixed costs includes direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All costs were derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs were considered based on US dollar currency. In this study, we analyzed the cost of autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations through the use of Microsoft Excel software version 10. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of hydrocortisone per preparation was (12.896 USD). The total annual cost of hydrocortisone was (1547.52 USD). The average estimated cost of prednisolone per preparation was (4.6 USD). The average estimated cost of allopurinol per preparation was (6.99 USD) and the average estimated cost of sildenafil per preparation was (25.05 USD). The average estimated cost of omeprazole per each one preparation was (24.07 USD) and the total annual cost of omeprazole was (7221 USD). The average estimated cost of ranitidine per preparation was (5.248 USD) and the total annual cost of ranitidine was (2760.45 USD). The average estimated cost of baclofen per preparation was (21.266 USD) and the total annual cost of baclofen was (7655.76 USD). Conclusion: Based on the cost analysis, the cost of selected pediatric autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations were higher than the ready-made products manufactured by pharmaceutical companies. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them. The cost analysis of pediatric formulation can be used to cover health insurance and meet the updated pharmacy strategic plan and New Saudi Vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Autoimmune, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Gastrointestinal, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.40}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Faiz A. Bahadig and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {204, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Excipients and Vehicles of Pediatric Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s32-s35}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s32}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore cost analysis of excipients of pediatric formulations in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through by providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected excipients of pediatric formulations. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs including direct costs, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of excipients of pediatric formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD and consisted of 58.58 \% (31.53 USD) for personal cost, 25.14 \% (13.53 USD) for overhead cost, 3.34\% (1.8 USD) for material and supply cost, 12.93 \% (6.96 USD) for non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of Simple Syrup per each preparation was (1.974USD). The total annual cost of simple syrup was (426.38 USD). The average estimated cost of methyl cellulose 1\% plus simple syrup per each preparation was (3.721USD). The total annual cost of methyl cellulose 1\% was (759.1USD). The average estimated cost of methyl cellulose 1\% per each preparation was (2.5 USD). The total annual cost of methyl cellulose 1\% was (584.8 USD). The average estimated cost of methyl cellulose 2\% per each preparation was (3.655 USD). The total annual cost of Methyl Cellulose 2\% (438.6 USD). Conclusion: This is the first of cost analysis of excipients of pediatric formulations in Saudi Arabia. Most of excipients of pediatric formulations products not registered in the famous countries. The hospital pharmacy updates annually all cost analysis of excipients pediatric formulations. The pharmacist should select the best and appropriate excipients for the formulations. The cost analysis project as part of updated the pharmacy strategic plan with new Saudi Vision 2030.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Excipients, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Vehicles}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.43}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhada and Faiz A. Bahadig and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {203, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Nephrology Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s28-s31}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s28}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore cost analysis of selected renal pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through by providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected renal products. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs, including, direct costs, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of Nephrology pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Hydrochlorothiazide per each preparation was (5.204 USD) and the total annual cost of Hydrochlorothiazide was (2,071.2 USD). The average estimated cost of Acetazolamide per each preparation was (5.72 USD) the total annual cost of Acetazolamide was (366.1 USD). The average estimated cost of Spironolactone per each preparation was (2.513 USD) and the total annual cost of Spironolactone was (1,507.8 USD). The average estimated cost of Sodium citrate per each preparation was (1.23 USD) with a total annual cost of Sodium citrate was (599.01 USD). The average estimated cost of Citric Acid per each preparation was (1.136 USD) with a total annual cost of Citric Acid was (81.782 USD). Conclusion: Cost analysis of pediatrics formulation with emphasis on medications used for renal diseases is primary tool of pharmacoeconomic and health insurance. The pharmacist play role in the preparation of renal medications and cost analysis related issue. This is new study in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Gulf or Middle East countries with and meet the new Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Nephrology, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.42}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz A. Bahadig and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {202, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Oral Electrolyte Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s24-s27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s24}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore cost analysis of selected oral electrolytes pediatrics formulations in the Kingdom Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through of providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted selected four selected electrolytes. The analysis of the cost was included the variable expenses like personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs include direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. This study analyzed the cost of anti-hypertension pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of potassium chloride 10\% per each preparation was (2.053 USD) and the total annual cost of potassium Chloride 10\% was (172.452 USD). The average estimated cost of potassium chloride 7.5\% per each preparation was (1.342 USD) with the total annual cost of potassium chloride 7.5\% was (228.14 USD). The average estimated cost of sodium bicarbonate 8.4\% per each preparation was (0.7551 USD) with the total annual cost of sodium bicarbonate 8.4\% was (54.36 USD). The average estimated cost of calcium carbonate 200 mg/mL per each preparation was (5.45 USD) with the total annual cost of calcium carbonate 200mg/mL was (1,046.4 USD). The average estimated cost of sodium chloride 5.8\% per each preparation was (1.117 USD) which the total annual cost of sodium chloride 5.8\% was (167.55 USD). Conclusion: Most the electrolyte pediatrics formulations which are not available in the local or international market. Pharmacists should continue to prepare them with lower economic burden. The study was first done in KSA and meet new health strategic plan of Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Electrolyte, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.41}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {40, title = {Cost Efficiency of National Drug Information Center Services Through Ministry of Health Hotline Calling Center (937) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {17-20}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Objective: Since January 2013, the national drug information center (NDIC) has started providing services and since December 2013, it is answering all the public and professional inquiries made through the Ministry of Health (MOH)-Hotline Calling Services (937). Therefore, in this study, we explored the cost avoidance analysis of national drug information inquiries by the hotline services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: We simulated the drug information inquiries related to the adults and children for the duration of 12 months of 2014 through MOH-hotline calling services (937). At least 10 on-call clinical pharmacists and expert trained pharmacists were receiving calls made from public and professionals inquiring about drug information. The data were collected in the drug information data collecting form through manual documentation system of drug information inquiries. Results: The drug information pharmacist implicated that the high-cost avoidance at the public side came from the dose standardization (30,310 USD (37.5\%)) of the total cost avoidance followed by the drug administration and adverse drug reaction (16,532 USD (20.45\%) and 9,347.5 USD (11.56\%), respectively), which represent more than 50\% of the total cost avoidance from the public side. With regard to professional inquiries, the drug information pharmacist implicated that the highest cost avoidance was through inquiries related to drugs in pregnancy, which was around 7,527.50 USD (26\%) of the total cost followed by the drug administration, drug{\textendash}drug interaction and drug identification (4,792 USD (16.5\%); 4,141.50 USD (14.3\%); and 4,135.50 USD (14.2\%), respectively), which represent more than 50\% of the total cost avoidance from the professional side. Conclusion: NDIC was the first in calculating cost avoidance from answering drug information inquiries from professional and public separately in the Middle Eastern countries. It is highly implicated in the drug information services in the healthcare organization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cost, Drug Information Center, Efficiency, Hotline, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hajer Yousef Almudaiheem} } @article {44, title = {Cost of Total Parenteral Nutrition Services at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {39-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Objectives: The estimation of cost of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a part of the pharmacoeconomic program at the Ministry of Health (MOH), Saudi Arabia. In this study, we explored the cost analysis of TPN services by using American Model with local cost. Methods: Simulation was performed for all 6 months of TPN services for neonate, pediatric and adult patients. King Salman Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was chosen as the study site; it has 300 beds. The physician or the pharmacist prescribed TPN to their patients. The pharmacist reviews and prepares TPN. The nurse administers TPN and follows up with the doctor or the pharmacist. TPN was prepared through sterile 797 standards and automated compounding facilities. The costing was derived from MOH information database. The cost was calculated based on the variable expenses including personal cost, material cost and supply cost. Fixed costs included direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All costs were estimated in US dollar currency and local prices. Results: A total number of 112 patients were prescribed with (1631) TPN orders; the total volume of TPN was 619,161.90 mL. Of these, 103 (91.96\%), 6 (5.36\%) and 3 (2.68\%) were prescribed for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. Of those with TPN orders, 1484 (90.99\%), 108 (6.62\%) and 39 (2.39\%) were prescribed for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. The total average number of orders per day was 4.47. Of those, 4.07, 0.3 and 0.11 was for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. The average duration of TPN for adults, neonatal and pediatric patients was 18, 14.4 and 13 days, respectively. The total average direct cost for active ingredient in the TPN was 61.81 USD. Of those, 38.54 USD (62.35\%), 16.63 USD (26.91\%) and 6.64 USD (10.74\%) was for pediatric, adult and neonatal patients. The estimated cost of TPN services for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients was 863.74 USD, 691.3 USD and 618.16 USD per day, respectively. The total annual and daily estimated expenditures of TPN orders were 629,865.02 USD and 212.22 USD; 44,795.24 USD and 207.39 USD; and 5,303.77 USD and 68.00 USD respectively for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients. The total annual and daily estimated cost were 314,764.70 USD and 3,055.97 USD; 22,398.12 USD and 3,733.02 USD; and 2,652.00 USD and 884.00 USD respectively for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients. Conclusion: In this study, we performed cost-estimation of the TPN in Saudi Arabia. This is the first study at MOH in Saudi Arabia. It is an essential basic element of pharmacoeconomic program and cost analysis of TPN-related healthcare services.

}, keywords = {Cost, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Aisha Omar Fallatah and Amjad Ahmad AL qahtani and Nesreen Al-Shubbar and Maha F Al-Yahya and Estiqlal Hussain Al-Smail} } @article {226, title = {Demand for Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Primary Healthcare Centers during the Past 12 Years (2006-2017) and in the Future (2018-2030) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {182-185}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {182}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the demand of pharmacy technician workforce at Ministry of Health{\textquoteright}s (MOH) Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) over the past 12 years (2006{\textendash}2017) and in the future (2018{\textendash}2030) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of the demand of MOH{\textquoteright}s pharmacy technician workforce during the past 12 years (2006-2017) and in the future (2018-2030). All data were derived from the MOH{\textquoteright}s Statistical Year Books and any missing information regarding the pharmacy technician workforce will be estimated through allied healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} data from each region including data on gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and excluded all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforces at MOH hospital setting. All calculations were based on MOH{\textquoteright}s workforce standards of PHCs and updated literature. All calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel version 10. Results: The demand for number pharmacy technicians based on the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:3) was (4{\textendash}1,392) with an average number of (608.92) pharmacy technicians required. The demand for number of pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:4) was (37,453{\textendash}46,058) with an average number of (41,611.17) pharmacy technicians required. While the demand for pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:2) was (18,281{\textendash}22,218) with an average of (20,159.67). The number of pharmacist: pharmacy technicians required in the future based on the ratio standard (1:3) was 27,867{\textendash}34,138 with an average number of (30,885.42) pharmacy technicians required. In the future (2018{\textendash}2030), the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians based on the ratio standard (1:4) was (47,600{\textendash}64,317) with an average of (54,895.23) pharmacy technicians required. However, the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians based on the ratio standard of (1:2) was (23,154{\textendash}31,286) with an average number of (26,689.30) pharmacy technicians required. The number of pharmacist: pharmacy technician required based on the ratio standard (1:3) was (35,377{\textendash}47,802) with an average number of (40,792.27) pharmacy technicians required. Conclusion: In this study, the demands and future forecasting of pharmacy technician workforces was determined. The pharmacist to pharmacy technician ratio should be standardized. Pharmacy technicians may be utilized at community pharmacies in the future. Periodic analysis of demand and forecasting at PHCs is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.30}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {210, title = {Emergency Medications Order for Adults: Standardized Concentration System in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {204-205}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

The general administration of pharmaceutical care released several publications related to the administration of intravenous medications, which mention about the concentration of intravenous medications for adults, pediatrics and neonatal patients. The publications also include several emergency medications with their concentrations. This new initiative was started in order to guide physicians to select the primary emergency medications in intravenous drip administration. The medications were selected based on common evidence-based standardized concentration for adults. This project required to control high-alert medications and prevent drug-related errors. The list of medications may be covered as computerized physician order entry and this project may be implemented as pharmacy project management.

}, keywords = {Adults, Emergency, Medications, Saudi Arabia, Standardized Concentration}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.44}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal Mansour Al Nemari and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nouf Alaza and Malika Alshamari} } @article {209, title = {Emergency Medications Order for Neonates and Pediatrics: A Standardized Concentration System in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {206-207}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {206}, abstract = {

The national pediatric pharmacy program was founded in 2014. It is a part of the pharmacy strategic plan. This program has implemented several projects including preparation and administration of intravenous medication to neonates and pediatric patients. The complementary new initiatives program is the neonates and pediatrics standardized concentration of emergency medications with an emphasis on medications used to treat critically ill patients and in emergency department. This new project has physician order form with selected dilutions, concentrations and route of administration. The form may be converted to a computerized order form. The new initiatives of the project may be implemented through project management tools. The project prevents drug-related problem and decrease economic burden on healthcare system for neonates and pediatrics hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Concentration, Emergency, Medications, Neonates, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.45}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nouf Alaza and Malika Alshamari} } @article {227, title = {Forecasting (2018-2030) and the Demand of Clinical Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Over Twelve Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {186-189}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Background: The workforce of clinical pharmacy technician is one the elements of pharmacy strategic plan in Saudi Arabia. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to explore the demand clinical pharmacy technician{\textquoteright}s workforce at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals and primary health care centers over the past twelve years (2006- 2017) and forecasting during the years (2018-2030) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of MOH hospitals, Primary Health Care Center (PHCs) of the pharmacy technician{\textquoteright}s workforce and forecasting for future years (2018-2030). All data were derived from the Ministry of Health statistical year books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician{\textquoteright}s workforce that will be estimated through allied healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s data in each region including gender. It included all types of pharmacy technicians included in the study while excluded all pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforce at MOH intuitions. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals or PHCs updated literatures. All calculation was done using Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The total average of hospitals was 253.92 in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at MOH hospitals will be (4,579.08) over twelve years (2006-2017) with a range (2,899 to 6,619). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at primary healthcare centers will be (1,303) over twelve years (2006-2017) with a range (891 to 1,623). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at hospital forecasting will be (10,271.34) over thirteen years (2008-2030) with a range (8,797.44 to 11,887.11). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at primary healthcare centers forecasting will be (14,270.87) over thirteen years (2018-2030) with a range (12,223.05 to 16,515.79). Conclusion: The Ministry of Health hospitals and primary care centers sectors will be with the highest demand for clinical pharmacy technician in the future. The ratio of pharmacist to clinical pharmacy technician needs to be standardized at hospitals and primary healthcare services. Further, the analysis of the clinical pharmacy technician workforce is required in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical Pharmacy technician, Demand, Forecasting, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Workforces}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.31}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {225, title = {Forecasting (2018-2030) and the Demand of Hospital Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Over Twelve Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {178-181}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {178}, abstract = {

Objectives: The workforce of hospital pharmacy technician is one the elements of pharmacy strategic plan in Saudi Arabia.: The purpose of this study is to explore the demand workforce of pharmacy technician at MOH hospitals over the past twelve years (2006-2017) and forecasting during (2018-2030) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of Ministry of Health pharmacy technician workforce demand and forecasting in the future (2018- 2030) at MOH organization practice. All data were derived from the Ministry of Health Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician workforce that will be estimated through allied healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s data in each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and exclude all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforce at MOH hospital setting. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospital with update literatures. All calculation was done used Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The number of pharmacy technician demand based on optimum pharmacy and pharmacist. The pharmacy technician ratio (1:4) demand was (21,212.6-26,091) with an average (22,934.68). While with a ratio of (1:2) the number of pharmacy technician demand was (7,410-8,859) with an average (8,320.55). The number of pharmacy technician forecasting of a ratio (1:3) was (14,300-17,475) with an average (15,627.62). The forecasting number of pharmacy technician in the future within years (2018-2030) over thirteen years based on optimum pharmacy and pharmacist. The pharmacy technician ratio (1:4) forecast was (33,898.6-45,803) with an average (39,577.00). While with a ratio of (1:2) the number of the forecasting pharmacy technician was (16,303-22,028) with an average (19,034.31). The number of pharmacy technician forecasting of ratio (1:3) was (25,100 - 33,916) with an average (29,305.54). Conclusion: The demand of pharmacy technicians and forecasting in the future were determined. The ratio of pharmacist to pharmacy technician in the hospital practice should be standardized. An annual study on hospital pharmacy technician workforce is recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Demand, Forecasting, Hospital, Ministry of Health, Pharmacy technician, Saudi Arabia, Workforces}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.29}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {41, title = {Healthcare Professional{\textquoteright}s Perception and Attitude toward Pharmacist during Pharmacy Visit in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {21-25}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception and attitude toward pharmacist during pharmacy visit in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception toward pharmacist. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part has 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) the first domain captures information regarding healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} general perception of the pharmacist; (2) the second domain is regarding healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} perception of pharmaceutical care services; (3) the third domain is about healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} perception of visiting ambulatory care pharmacy; and (4) the fourth domain is regarding healthcare professionals perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. All type of healthcare professionals included in the study. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media, namely, WhatsApp to more than one thousand healthcare professionals throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was distributed in an electronic format and this study analyzes and presents data regarding domain three, that is, healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} perception of visiting ambulatory care pharmacy through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 170 healthcare professionals responded to the survey. Of them, 150 (93.8\%) were Saudi and 10 (6.25\%) were non-Saudi professionals. There were 129 (75.9\%) female and 41 (24.1\%) male responders. Most of the healthcare providers were pharmacists (81 (47.65\%)), others (33 (19.41\%)), nurses (27 (15.88\%)) and physician (23 (13.53\%)). Most of the healthcare professional visited the pharmacy in the past 12 months (53 (31.36\%)) for more than 10 times, whereas the others 40 (23.67\%) visited at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients (143 (87.2\%)) spent less than 16 min waiting for the medication from the pharmacy. The average score of healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s general perception toward a pharmacist during pharmacy visit was 3.51. The statement {\textquotedblleft}received all medications prescribed to me{\textquotedblright} received the highest score (4.05), whereas the statement {\textquotedblleft}pharmacy{\textquoteright}s waiting area is located at the convenient place{\textquotedblright} received the lowest score (3.07). The average score of healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception toward a drug monitoring pharmacist during the pharmacy visit was 2.58. The statement with the highest score was {\textquotedblleft}the patient revived a copy of prescription contained medications{\textquotedblright} (2.99), whereas the statement with the lowest score was {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist gives follow-up call to the patient as prescribed{\textquotedblright} (1.86). The score for general evaluation of pharmacy visit was (3.31) with preference to visit the pharmacy or recommend it to patient{\textquoteright}s bothers or friends was (3.26). Conclusion: The healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of a pharmacist during the pharmacy visit was good. Pharmacy{\textquoteright}s waiting area, medications reconciliation and adherences missed. Improving of healthcare providers{\textquoteright} needs will augment healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perceptions and raise healthcare provider{\textquoteright}s satisfaction during pharmacy visit.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Healthcare professional, Ministry of Health, Perception, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia, Visit}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {223, title = {Hospital Pharmacy Technician Workforce over 12 Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {163-170}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {163}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the workforce of pharmacy technician at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals over the past 12 years (2006{\textendash}2017) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 12 years (2006{\textendash}2017) of MOH pharmacy technician workforce at hospital practice. All data were derived from MOH{\textquoteright}s Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information of pharmacy technician workforce was estimated through allied healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s data at each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and excluded all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforces at MOH hospital setting. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals. All calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel version 10. Results: A total of 8373 pharmacy technicians were employed with 6620 (79.06 \%) and 1623 (19.38\%) pharmacy technicians employed at various hospitals and primary healthcare centers, respectively; while in the medical administration sectors was 130 (1.55 \%). The total number of pharmacy technicians were 4578 (range: 2899{\textendash}6620). The average number of pharmacy technicians working per bed per region of the hospital was 0.25 (range: 0.08{\textendash}1.66). The average number of pharmacy technicians per pharmacist per region was 3.04 (range: 2.00{\textendash}5.57) annually. The average number of male pharmacy technicians was 195 (85.15\%) (range: 114{\textendash}285), whereas the number of female technicians was 34 (14.84\%) (range: 21{\textendash}46). An estimated average number of 211 (92.14\%) were Saudi nationals per region (range: 104{\textendash}319), whereas an average of 18 (7.86\%) were non-Saudi individuals (range: 10{\textendash}41). Conclusion: There are more number of pharmacy technicians working at MOH hospitals. The majority of them were Saudi nationals and there were more males than that of female technicians. The ratio of pharmacist to technician was acceptable. The annual assessment of pharmacy technician workforce in the MOH healthcare institutions is required in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hospital, Ministry of Health, Pharmacy technician, Saudi Arabia, Workforce}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.27}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {51, title = {Medication Storage at Home among People in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {52-59}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Objective: Storing medications at home is a global practice. By storing medications in an appropriate and safe environment, we can prevent accidental poisoning. Information is scarce regarding the storage of different types of medications at homes in Al-Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the types of medications stored at homes among people residing in Al-Qassim region. Methodology: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional survey conducted through the random distribution of a pre-validated structured questionnaire among the public and private sector employees and people from all walks of life above the age of 18 years in Al-Qassim region. The survey was designed electronically through Survey Monkey system and was distributed through social media. Results: A total of 708 subjects responded to the survey. Most of the responders were females (485 (68.10\%)). About half of the responders were in the age group of 18{\textendash}29 years (393 (58.31\%)) with a significantly dominant female population as compared to males (p\<0.05). The most frequently stored medications were related to headache (462 (65.25\%)) and pain (445 (62.85\%)). Most of the responders stored their medications in the refrigerator (467 (65.96\%)) or in their bedroom (324 (45.76\%)). A total of 633 medications were found to be stored at homes during this survey. The top 20 most frequently stored medications were paracetamol (266 (42.02\%)) and ibuprofen (42 (6.64\%)). Conclusion: The results of this study show an alarming situation about the methods of storing medication and types of medicines stored among the residents of Al-Qassim region. More and more campaigns and awareness programs should be conducted through different types of social media to educate the people regarding the appropriate methods of storing medications at home. Such awareness programs should stress more regarding safe methods of storage and spread awareness regarding how to identify the appropriate method of disposal to prevent harmful impact on the environment.

}, keywords = {Al-Qassim, Home, Medication Storage, Pattern, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.10}, author = {Afaf Badr Alenazi and Mansour Saleh Alsharidah and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Suliman Abdulaziz Alghazy and Abdul-Aziz Abdullah Alqadi and Amir Marzouk} } @article {219, title = {Merger of Journals}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s1}, type = {Editorial}, chapter = {s1}, abstract = {

Dear Readers,

We would like to officially announce the merger of International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences and International Journal of Pharmacy and Health Sciences to bring it in a single publication. We are very much keen on publishing high quality standard articles which will lead to indexing in different databases. Please note that the merger is effective from 1st October, 2019.

About International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences (IJPCS)

The International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal. The journal accepts articles in the form of full-length original research, short communications, reviews, case reports, letter to an editor and new drug information. The journal gives importance to articles from ethnopharmacology, in-vivo and invitro studies of synthetic drugs/chemicals and clinical studies comparing different modalities of treatment in the fields of Traditional Systems of Medicine and Allopathic medicine. Read More ...

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.35} } @article {220, title = {National Antidote of Poisoning Distribution System: New Initiatives in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {141-155}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the national antidote of poisoning distribution system as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project, the national antidote of poisoning distribution system. The project drove the antidote of poisoning distribution guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The antidote of poisoning distribution system with a defined vision, mission and goals was initiated. The services had various advantages with clinical and economic impacts on patients and healthcare services as illustrated in the review. The extension of the project was assured by risk management elements description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the services was demonstrated. The conversion to operation project though closing project stage was revealed in the analysis. Conclusion: The national antidote of poisoning distribution system is new initiative project and is considered as a part of the management of poisoning. There are multiple locations of antidote distribution services suggested and it is highly required in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antidote, Distribution, National, Poisoning, Saudi Arabia, System}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.24}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {221, title = {National Medication Utilization Evaluation Program in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {156-157}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {156}, abstract = {

The national Medication Utilization Evaluation Program at the Ministry of health in Saudi Arabia with complimentary of physician order techniques is new system founded in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The programming part of pharmacy strategic planning and national pharmacy practice at health care services at the Ministry of health. The Medication Utilization Evaluation program started with evidence-based medicine guidelines. The new project of Medication Utilization Evaluation physician order was one the outcome of the program. The program steps development through central committee by Pharmacy department at the most prominent hospital crossover regions in Saudi Arabia. The project is complementary of pharmaceutical concept and alerting system of misuse of medications and subsequences medication-related problems and avoids the unnecessary economic burden on the healthcare system. The new national Medication Utilization Evaluation project is new in Saudi Arabia, Gulf, and Middle East counties.

}, keywords = {Evaluation, Medication, Ministry of Health, Ministry of health in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia, Utilization}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.25}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {66, title = {National Pharmacists On-the-Job Training program at the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {94-98}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the pharmacists on the job training at the Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a descriptive analysis of pharmacists on the job training at the Ministry of Health hospitals. It was within the pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The study used the changed pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: The pharmacists on job training system reputable with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system had some properties including human or economic and other defined in the review. The continuation of the system guaranteed by risk management model explanation. Also, the monitoring and controlling of the system as exemplified. The convention to operation project though closing project stage established in the examination. Conclusion: The pharmacists on job training system well-known within the healthcare system and pharmacy regulations. The pharmacists on the job training system are regularly refining consequently at all Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Job, Ministry of Health, Pharmacists, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alatty2} } @article {46, title = {National Pharmacy Inventory Management System at the Ministry of Health Institutions in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {02-10}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {02}, abstract = {

The National Pharmacy Inventory Management system is a new initiative program at the Ministry of Health hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The system designed by expert pharmacists and clinical pharmacist from different region cross Saudi Arabia. The system drove from national and International regulation and guidelines of pharmaceutical societies around the world. The system was starting from procurement phase through storage, dispensing and storage system at the logistic warehouse of the Ministry of Health. The system guides the end user how to request medications by group tender or direct purchase, medications inventory management, and close follow up procedures. The system had a vision, mission, and goals. The review discussed the full detail policy and procedures of the pharmacy inventory system. The topic addressed the risk management of the program, and key performance indicators to measure the impact of the program. The new initiative system was the first project at Ministry of Health hospital implemented to improve management availability and prevent over or under the stock of medications and subsequently the avoidance of additional economic burden on health care system at Ministry of Health in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Inventory, Management, Ministry of Health, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {229, title = {National Survey of Pharmacokinetic Services in Saudi Arabia: Perceptions and Barriers of Service Implementations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {194-198}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {194}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacokinetic services at the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on perceptions and barriers of service implementation. Methods: This is a 2-month cross-sectional national survey of pharmacokinetic services with a focus on pharmacy management and resources at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part consisted of 43 questions divided into three domains. The questions were derived from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) guidelines and from the literature. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. An electronic questionnaire was distributed to the coordinators of the clinical pharmacy services or drug information centers at MOH hospitals and it analyzed the perceptions and barriers of pharmacokinetic service implementations section through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 43 hospital pharmacies responded to the questionnaire, with the response rate of 86\%. The majority of pharmacokinetic services were provided to the adult patients (37 (86.05\%)) followed by the pediatric and geriatric patients (19 (44.19\%) and 13 (30.23\%), respectively) with most of the responding hospitals having less than 20 beds (23 (53.5\%)). The categories with most of the barriers of pharmacokinetic service implementation were lack of knowledge (20 (64.52\%)), lack of pharmacokinetic education (16 (51.61\%)) and lack of an expert pharmacist in pharmacokinetic services (16 (51.61\%)). Most of the responders agreed that clinical pharmacokinetic services were necessary for hospitals (23 (53.5\%)). The responders agreed that the clinical pharmacist through pharmacokinetic services had a positive financial impact and cost avoidance on healthcare system (23 (53.5\%)). Most of the responders stated that pharmacokinetic services improve the safety and efficacy of patient care (33 (89.2\%)). Most of the responders agreed that the pharmacokinetic services improved patients{\textquoteright} clinical outcome (33 (89.2\%)) and prevented drug-related problems (33 (89.2\%)), whereas few of the pharmacokinetic services were provided only 10 (29.4\%) over 24 hr per day. Conclusion: Despite the positive attitude of hospital management toward pharmacokinetic services, there was a lack of education and training regarding the same at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Revision of strategic planning of pharmacokinetic services with regard to their improvement and implementation are required at all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Barriers Ministry of Health, Perceptions, Pharmacokinetics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.33}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy} } @article {237, title = {National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee in Saudi Arabia: Formulary Management System}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {227-231}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {227}, abstract = {

Objective: Formulary management is an integrated patient care process which enables physicians, pharmacists and other healthcare professionals to work together to promote clinically sound cost-effective medication therapy and positive therapeutic outcomes. Effective use of healthcare resources can minimize overall medical costs, improve patient access to more affordable care and provide an improved quality of life. A formulary not only includes a list of medications and medication-associated products but also includes medication-use policies, important ancillary drug information, decision support tools and organizational guidelines. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to provide the guiding principles for the Formulary Management System at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part contained 93 questions divided into four domains. The scope, structure and responsibilities, the formulary management system, the evaluation of drug formulary and decision-making and the committee meetings organization and management. The electronic survey was distributed to 50 drug information centers at MOH hospitals. It analyzed the formulary management system at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 50 drug information centers responded to our questionnaire. The statement with highest score was related to the committee formulary system of medications usage through ensuring the safety of prescribing, distribution, administration and monitoring of medications (3.8); the process for managing drug product shortages (3.76); and the medications are requested for the addition or deletion from the drug formulary (3.68). Most of the hospitals had an open drug formulary (30 (60\%)), with remaining responders having closed drug formulary (20 (40\%)) with the total number of medications in the drug formulary (300{\textendash}899) at 32 (64\%) of the responded hospitals. The average score of type of method related to drug usage evaluation statements was 3.36, with the statement with high average score was review of medication error report (3.94) and review of medication sentinel incident reports (3.48), whereas the statement with lowest score was an investigational drug therapy approved (2.88). Conclusion: Two-thirds of the hospitals had open drug formulary. Drug utilization evaluation system should review for the majority of the hospital. update the formulary management system required with close monitoring for all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Formulary Management System, Ministry of Health, National Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.50}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy and Faiz A Bahadig Rph} } @article {235, title = {National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee in Saudi Arabia: Evaluation of Drug Formulary and Decision-Making}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {232-236}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {232}, abstract = {

Objective: Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia should develop, organize and administer a formulary system that follows the principles to optimize patient care by ensuring access to clinically appropriate, safe and cost-effective medications. This can be achieved through the Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee{\textquoteright}s (PTC) role in the evaluation of hospital{\textquoteright}s drug formulary and decision-making. The primary purposes of the PTC are policy development, communication and education and formulary management. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the hospital drug formulary evaluation and decision-making at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of PTC at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part consisted on 93 questions divided into four domains. An electronic survey was distributed to all drug information centers at MOH hospitals and analyzed the evaluation of drug formulary and decision-making through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 50 drug information centers responded to the questionnaire (100\%). Restricted drug usage (3.88), new drug entities (3.74), new dosage form (3.6) and new strength (3.6) were the majority of the requests for inclusion in the formulary. A total of 1-3 medications were evaluated monthly by the PTC at 41 (82\%) hospitals. Most of the healthcare providers were allowed to request for the addition or deletion of medications: PTC members 38 (76\%), attending medical staff 35 (70\%), pharmacy staff 10 (20\%) and formulary subcommittees 10 (20\%). The formal economic analysis of the drug formulary revision was rarely or never conducted at 26 (42\%) hospitals. The responsible person for the economic evaluation was drug information pharmacist (21 (42\%)), pharmacy department (nonspecific) (17 (34\%)) and the pharmacy and medical department (14 (28\%)). Conclusion: Evaluation of hospital{\textquoteright}s drug formulary and decision-making was not adequate at the majority of the hospitals. Education and training about drug evaluation with an emphasis on cost analysis and impact are mandatory. An electronic addition new medications with close formulary is required with close monitoring for all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Decision-Making, Drug Formulary, Evaluation, Ministry of Health, National Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.51}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy and Faiz A Bahadig Rph} } @article {236, title = {National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee in Saudi Arabia: Meetings, Organization, and Management}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {237-241}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {237}, abstract = {

Objective: Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee (PTC) is required for the effective running of a hospital. In the beginning, there was no such concept of drug committee, but with the advent of time, the need for an effective PTC started increasing. In the PTC, the pharmacist, physicians and nurses play an important role, in addition to the presence of an administrative. This study aims to explore the importance of having effective meetings organization and management of PTC at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this study was to explore the meetings organization and management of PTC at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of PTC at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part consisted of 93 questions divided into four domains: Domain 1: the scope, structure and responsibilities; domain 2: the formulary management system; domain 3: evaluation of drug formulary and decision-making; and domain 4: organization and management of committee meetings. This questionnaire was prepared in an electronic format and was distributed all drug information centers at MOH hospitals. It analyzed organization and management of committee meetings through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 50 drug information centers responded to the questionnaire (100\% response rate). The person leads the discussion in PTC was a Chairman of the Committee (29 (58\%)), Chief of Pharmacy (13 (26\%)) and Director of Drug Information (3 (6\%)). The number of scheduled meetings per year (1{\textendash}4) was 18 (36\%) per hospital with a duration (1-2 hrs) at 48 (96\%). Most of discussions were related to medications of infectious diseases (26 (52\%)) and cardiovascular diseases (21 (42\%)). Most of the challenging recommendations that needed implementation was a lack of resources (37 (74\%)), lack of hospital administrator support (23 (46\%)) and lack of pharmacist role (18 (36\%)). Conclusion: The PTC is a demanding scientific resource and administrative support. Total quality management system, workload analysis, positive outcomes of PTC were lacking. Special education and training needs to be provided to all the healthcare providers with hospital administrator{\textquoteright}s support.

}, keywords = {Meetings, Ministry of Health, National Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, Organization and Management, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.52}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy and Faiz A Bahadig Rph} } @article {215, title = {National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committees in Saudi Arabia: Scope, Structure and Responsibilities}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {222-226}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {222}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Pharmacy and Therapeutics (PTC) committee, sometimes aptly named the Formulary Committee. PTC is charged with determining the hospital formulary, decisions are made about the inclusion or exclusion of new pharmacotherapeutic and diagnostic agents for inpatients and outpatients. This committee is typically composed of a multidisciplinary team of pharmacy, physician, nursing and hospital clinical and administrative leadership. The aim of the study was to explore the Therapeutic Committee at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia: scope, structure and responsibilities. Methods: It is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of 93 questions divided in two parts: the first part collects the demographic information, the second part contains questions on 4 domains: (1) scope, structure and responsibilities, that is including questions about the pharmacy and therapeutic committee membership, clear mission, vision and values of the pharmacy and therapeutic committee, the responsibilities of the PTC committee and the Sub-committees of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, (2) formulary management system, (3) evaluation of drug formulary and decision-making, (4) committee meetings organization and management. The survey was distributed to the fifty-drug information centers at Ministry of Health hospitals. The survey was in an electronic format with analyzed scope, structure and responsibilities through the survey monkey system. Results: The total number responders were fifty drug information centers. Of those, 48 (96\%) was Saudi and 2 (4\%) was non-Saudi. There were 16 (32\%) females and 34 (68\%) were males. Most of the PTC committee members consisted of a chief of pharmacy department 45 (90\%), medical director 41 (82\%), physician medical 40 (80\%) and head of drug information center 32 (64\%). The highest score statements related to committee were the functions of PTC (3.78), objectives (3.61), mission (3.57), with least one was a vision (3.56) and values (3.5). The most responsibility scoring statement was distributed the addition and deletion (4.08), all the departments receive the copy of the revised formulary (4.04), drug evaluation and selection for the hospital was (3.9), drug policy development was (3.9), while the lowest scores were Holds educational programs within the hospital (3.25) and drug monitoring system was (3.57). Most of the subcommittee existed antibiotic committee 38 (76\%), medication safety committee 38 (76\%), followed by drug utilization committee 9 (18\%) and therapeutic guidelines committee 9 (18\%). Conclusion: One-third of hospital missed drug information center pharmacist as the member of PTC committee and the pharmacy qualifications of committee members need to improve. Update the committee system and close monitoring required for all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, National, Responsibilities, Saudi Arabia, Scope, Structure}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.49}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy and Faiz A Bahadig Rph} } @article {61, title = {National Survey of the Pharmacokinetics Services at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia: Drug Therapy Monitoring and Healthcare Professional Education}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {99-104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Objectives: A clinical pharmacist offers vital support in the expansion of a final prescription with improved patient management and enhanced safety. The aim of the current study to explore the Pharmacokinetics services at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on drug therapy monitoring and patient{\textquoteright}s education. Methods: This is a 2-months cross-sectional national survey related to the Pharmacokinetics services with a focus on drug therapy monitoring and education of pharmacist at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts; the first part captures demographic information and the second part contained 43 questions designed by the authors. It was derived from American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) guidelines and from the literature. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants; there were close-ended questions. The electronic questionnaire was distributed to all the coordinators of the clinical pharmacy services or to the drug information centers at MOH hospitals. All analysis was done through survey monkey system. Results: A total of 43 hospital pharmacies returned the survey, for a response rate of 86\%. The most clinical pharmacokinetics services documented were drug quality reporting 34 (87.18\%), drug information inquiries 35 (83.33\%), adverse drug reaction 35 (81.40\%) and medication error 35 (81.40\%). Highest clinical impact and cost avoidance of clinical Pharmacokinetics services were drug information inquiries 25 (60.98\%), the drug quality reporting system 21 (53.85\%) and pharmacist intervention 21 (52.5\%). Analysis of monthly workload for clinical Pharmacokinetics services were a number of drug information inquiries 28 (70\%) and the number of prescriptions needs 25 (64.1\%). The clinical Pharmacokinetics services education and training for pharmacists were found at average 7.8 (20.89\%) hospitals with high percentages type of educations was short education course 1-5 days [15 (39.47\%)] and long training course 4-5 weeks [8 (21.05\%)]. While Pharmacokinetics services education and training for healthcare provider were found at main 6 (15.66\%) hospitals only with high percentages type of educations was short education course 1-5 days [8 (20.00\%)] and Pharmacokinetics competencies 7 (18.92\%). Conclusion: Pharmacokinetics services on drug therapy monitoring was not competent at half MOH hospital, while only few of the hospitals had pharmacokinetics education and training to offer. Implementing the MOH pharmacokinetics services strategy with an emphasis on the drug therapy monitoring with education and training is required at all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Education, Healthcare, Ministry of Health, Monitoring, Pharmacokinetics Services, Saudi Arabia, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah} } @article {39, title = {National Survey of the Pharmacokinetics Services at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia: Prescribing and Dispensing Medication}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {11-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacokinetics services at the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on prescribing and dispensing medication. Methods: This is a 2-month crosssectional national survey of pharmacokinetics services. The study consisted of two parts: the first part captures demographic information and the second part is a questionnaire with 43 questions divided into three domains. The questions are derived from the guidelines of the American Society of Health- System Pharmacists (ASHP) and from the literature. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants; there were close-ended questions. The electronic questionnaire was distributed to all the coordinators of the clinical pharmacy services or to the drug information centers at MOH hospitals, The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 43 hospital pharmacies responded to the survey; the response rate was found to be 86\%. The pharmacists and nurses had privileges of prescribing medication as per pharmacokinetics services in nearly 18 (46.15\%) and 16 (41.03\%) hospitals respectively. At 14 (37.84\%) hospitals, pharmacists have the privilege to request an estimation of patient{\textquoteright}s drug levels and at 12 (30.77\%) hospitals, they have the privilege to change drug sampling time. At 15 (38.46\%) hospitals, nurses have the privilege to request an estimation of patient{\textquoteright}s drug level and at 12 (31.58\%) hospitals, they have the privilege to change drug sampling time. The commonly prescribed medications via pharmacokinetics consultation were gentamicin (23 (71.88\%)), phenytoin (23 (71.88\%)), carbamazepine (22 (70.97\%)), sodium valproate (22 (70.97\%)) and warfarin (22 (70.97\%)). The pharmacokinetics altering system during an electronic prescription was found in 9 (26.5\%) hospital pharmacies and the pharmacist was found to participate in pharmacokinetics research in 8 (23.5\%) hospitals. Conclusion: Healthcare providers including the pharmacists and nurses have a significant role in providing pharmacokinetics services to the patients. Expanding these services with standard guidelines and the electronic prescription is required in order to prevent drug- Pharmacokinetics related problems, improve the clinical outcome of the patient and reduce the economic burden.

}, keywords = {Dispensing, Medication, Ministry of Health, Pharmacokinetics, Prescribing, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy} } @article {211, title = {Neonates and Pediatrics Electrolyte Replacement Therapy Order: New Initiative and Implementation System in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {211-212}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {211}, abstract = {

The national medications safety program founded in 2013 at the Ministry of Health hospitals and primary care centers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The program focused on adults, pediatrics and neonatal populations. The program was part of the pharmacy strategic plan. The electrolyte replacement therapy preparation and administration for neonates and pediatrics published and distributed as required of the medication safety program. The new initiatives as complementary project was a standardized concentration of electrolyte replacement therapy for neonates and pediatrics implemented at specific hospitals of the Ministry of health. The new project as regular physician{\textquoteright}s order form and coveted to computerized physician order entry. The new project prevents neonates and pediatrics medication errors of electrolyte replacement therapy. The project is a new initiative at Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi, Gulf and Middle East countries.

}, keywords = {Electrolyte, Ministry of Health, Neonates, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Standardized Concentration}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.47}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nouf Alaza and Malika Alshamari} } @article {67, title = {Patient Satisfaction of Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services in Pediatric and Maternity Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {129-134}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objective: The ambulatory pharmacy practice is a crucial part of the healthcare system that delivers pharmaceutical care to the patients who are not admitted to the hospital. The aim of the study to explore the patient satisfaction of ambulatory care pharmacy services in Pediatrics and Maternity Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient satisfaction of ambulatory care pharmacy services in Pediatrics and Maternity Hospital, Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of forty-eight (48) questions divided into two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part contains questions on 11 domains: (1) medication availability, (2) patient counseling, (3) pharmacist and patient relationship, (4) medication reconciliation, (5) medication aberrance, (6) pharmacy location, (7) pharmacy waiting area, (8) pharmacy communications, (9) pharmacy waiting time, (10) pharmacy recommends to others, (11) overall patient satisfaction of pharmacy services. The survey was distributed to the hospitals in Riyadh city, included pediatrics and maternity hospitals ambulatory care patient. The survey was in an electronic format and it analyze the results through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 237 patients responded to the survey. Out of 237 patients, 217 (91.6\%) was Saudi and 20 (8.4\%) was non-Saudi. There were 151 (63.7\%) female and 86 (36.3\%) male responders. Most of them were in age group of 18-44 years (70\%) without any significant differences in the age groups among the hospitals. The highest level of education was high school 91 (38.4\%) followed by the Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree 93 (39.2\%) and an intermediate school 44 (18.6\%). The mean [{\textpm}standard deviation (SD)] waiting time to get the medications was 13.6{\textpm}4.75 min. The average scores of domains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were 3.11, 3.1, 3.61, 1.87, 1.72, 3.4, 2.77, 1.93, 3.68 and 3.56, respectively. With a total of 231 (97.4\%) responders, general evaluation of pharmacy services was found to be very good to excellent, whereas 228 (96.2\%) responders recommend the pharmacy to their family or friends and 224 (95.3\%) responders prefer to revisit pharmacy. Conclusion: More than two-thirds of the patients were pleased with ambulatory care pharmacy services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medication reconciliation, medication adherence and pharmacy waiting area domains were not found to be satisfied. Improving ambulatory care pharmacy services will avert drug misadventures, avoid additional cost and surge patient satisfaction with pharmacy services.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care, Ministry of Health, Patient, Pediatrics, Pharmacy, Riyadh, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alshamari and Hawazen Abdullah Al-Kammash and Aroub Alhamidi and Walaa Aboziad and Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi and Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi} } @article {43, title = {Patient Satisfaction of Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {32-38}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient satisfaction of ambulatory care services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient satisfaction of ambulatory care pharmacy services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of 48 questions divided into two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part contains questions on 11 domains: (1) medication availability, (2) patient counseling, (3) pharmacist and patient relationship, (4) medication reconciliation, (5) medication aberrance, (6) pharmacy location, (7) pharmacy waiting area, (8) pharmacy communications, (9) pharmacy waiting time, (10) pharmacy recommends to others and (11) overall patient satisfaction of pharmacy services. The survey was distributed to the three hospitals in Riyadh city, included public, pediatrics and emergency hospitals ambulatory care patient. The survey was in an electronic format and it analyze the results through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 606 patients responded to the survey. There were 338 (55.8\%) female and 268 (44.2\%) male responders. Most of them were in age group of 18{\textendash}44 years (65.3\%) without any statistically significant differences in the age groups among the three hospitals (p\<0.5). The highest level of education was high school (232 (38.4\%)) followed by the Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree (191 (31.6\%)) and an intermediate school (117 (19.4\%)). Most of the patients visited the ambulatory care pharmacy 3 to 4 times in the past 12 months (239 (41.1\%)), whereas the others (105 (18.1\%)) visited the ambulatory care pharmacy for the first time. The mean ({\textpm}standard deviation (SD)) waiting time to get the medications was 18.36{\textpm}11.32 min and there were statistically significant differences among the three hospitals (p\<0.5). The average scores of domains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were 3.35, 3.2, 3.7 and 1.96, 1.8, 3.7, 3.25, 2.14, 3.61, 3.54, respectively. With a total of 381 (62.87\%) responders, general evaluation of pharmacy services was found to be very good to excellent, whereas 369 (60.9\%) responders recommend the pharmacy to their family or friends and 315 (52.5\%) responders prefer to revisit pharmacy. Conclusion: More than half of the patients were satisfied with ambulatory care pharmacy services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medication reconciliation, medication adherence and pharmacy communication domains were not found to be satisfied. Improving ambulatory care pharmacy services will prevent drug misadventures, avoid additional cost and increase patient satisfaction with pharmacy services.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care services, Ministry of Health, Patients, Riyadh, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hawazen Abdullah Al-Kammash and Aroub Alhamidi and Walaa Aboziad and Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi and M. Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi and Malika Alshamari and Nahedh Rashed Alotaibi and Nesreen Al-Shubbar} } @article {214, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s General Perception and Attitude toward Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {242-245}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {242}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient{\textquoteright}s perception and attitude toward pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient perception of pharmacists. The survey consisted of 49 questions divided in two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part contains questions on 4 domains: (1) patient general perception of pharmacist, (2) patients perception of pharmaceutical care services, (3) patient perception of visiting ambulatory care, (4) patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used. The questions were open and closed-ended. The survey was distributed through social media at a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors interviewed the patients with an electronic survey documentation. The survey was in an electronic format and it analyze domain one primary or necessary information about patient medication through the survey monkey system. Results: A total of 617 patients responded to the survey. Of them, 536 (87.7\%) were Saudi and 75 (12.3\%) were non-Saudi nationals. There were 457 (74.1\%) female and 160 (25.9\%) male responders. In the past 12 months, most of the patients [222 (36\%)] visited the pharmacy more than 10 times, whereas the others [122 (19.8\%)] visited the pharmacy at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients 481 (83.5\%) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The highest score was obtained for the statements related to pharmacy job vital in our society (4.63), the pharmacist had a very significant role in preventing medication errors (4.4), the necessity of present pharmacist schools (4.09) and the pharmacist is the first person ask him about drugs (4.01). More 60\% of responders will choose the pharmacy as professional specialty or suggest the family members or friend select the pharmacy professional. The pharmacist shared in public education through the television and media (3.7) and newspaper (3.65) followed by schools (3.56) and public education exhibitors (3.48). Most of the patients visited the pharmacist to seek help in health diseases 429 (73.1\%), the pharmacist knows more about drug doses and adverse drug reaction 224 (38.16\%, followed by free consultation and 166 (28.28\%) and no need for an appointment for pharmacy visit. Also, the patient refused to utilize the pharmacy just for cosmetics 404 (67\%). Conclusion: According to our results, patient{\textquoteright}s perception during pharmacy visit was found to be acceptable. Majority of patients had a good perception of a pharmacist and his role with patients and the general public. The pharmacist should expand pharmaceutical care services overall healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitude Pharmacists, Patient, Perception, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.53}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {42, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s Perception of a Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Relationship and Counseling Skills in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {26-31}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of a pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist. The survey consisted of two part: the first part gathers demographic information and the second part contains 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) the first domain captures data regarding the patient{\textquoteright}s general perception about the pharmacist; (2) the second domain captures data regarding the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmaceutical services; (3) the third domain was regarding the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of visiting ambulatory care; and (4) the fourth domain captures the data regarding the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media at a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, at an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors interviewed the patients with an electronic survey documentation. The survey was distributed in an electronic format. In this study, we analyzed domain four, that is, about the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 617 patients responded to the survey. Of them, 536 (87.7\%) were Saudi and 75 (12.3\%) were non-Saudi nationals. There were 457 (74.1\%) female and 160 (25.9\%) male responders. Most of the patients (222 (36\%)) visited the pharmacy more than 10 times in the past 12 months, whereas the others (122 (19.8\%)) visited the pharmacy at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients (481 (83.5\%)) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The average score of patient perception of a pharmacist with communication and relationship skills was 3.66. The following statements received highest scores: {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist politely delivers the medication{\textquotedblright} (4.09) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist answers the questions in an excellent way{\textquotedblright} (3.87). The statement with lowest score was {\textquotedblleft}communication with pharmacy by phone at any time{\textquotedblright} (3.04) (Table 2). The average score of patient{\textquoteright}s perceptions of pharmacists with medications counseling skills was 3.6. The statement with highest score was {\textquotedblleft}all the medications received were packed{\textquotedblright} (4.35) and {\textquotedblleft}the patient understands what the pharmacist was saying{\textquotedblright} (4.1). The statement with lowest score was {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist provides you information about the proper storage of your medication{\textquotedblright} (3.04) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist explains all the possible side effects{\textquotedblright} (3.12). The statements with highest scores of patient relationship with drug information centers were {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist answers patient{\textquoteright}s question through drug information center{\textquoteright}s hospital over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.44) and {\textquotedblleft}poisonous cases first contact the national drug information center or any hospital drug information center any time through MOH hotline 937 over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.37). Conclusion: Patient{\textquoteright}s perception toward pharmacist{\textquoteright}s communication and counseling skills need to improve with an emphasis on patient{\textquoteright}s privacy, contacting facilities and instructions to drug-related problems. Improvement of patient demand will raise patient{\textquoteright}s perceptions and avoid the unnecessary additional cost.

}, keywords = {Counselling, Ministry of Health, Perception, Pharmacist, Relationship, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {228, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s Perception of Pharmaceutical Care Services; Challenges and Improving in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {190-193}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {190}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of Pharmaceutical care services; challenges and developments in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-sectional survey of patient perception of pharmacists. The survey consisted of two-part demographic information and second part forty-nine questions divided into four domains. It included domain 1: Patient general perception of pharmacist domain 2: patients{\textquoteright} perception of pharmaceutical care services, domain 3: patient perception of visiting ambulatory care and domain 4: Patient{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling. The 5-point likert response scale system was used. The questions were open and closed-ended. The survey was distributed through social media and as a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors did the patients interview with electronic survey documentation. The survey was made an electronic format and it analyzed domain two about patient perception of pharmaceutical care services; challenges and developments in Saudi Arabia through the survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were 617 patients. Of those, 536 (87.7\%) was Saudi and 75 (12.3\%) was non-Saudi. The gender distribution 457 (74.1\%) were females and 160 (25.9\%) were males. The majority of patients visited the pharmacy in the past 12-months was 222 (36\%) more than ten times while 122 (19.8\%) attended (5-9 times). Most of the patient visited the pharmacy at evening 395 (64.6\%). Most of the patients{\textquoteright} 481 (83.5\%) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The most pharmaceutical care services provided to patients were dispensing of prescribed medication 390 (70.8\%), medication consultation 262 (47.5\%), dispensing of non-medications, supplements 233 (42.3\%) and dispensing of over the counter medications 229 (41.6\%). The high scores of the pharmaceutical care services provide to the patients were in private{\textquoteright}s hospitals (3.71) and community pharmacies (3.63). The most current experience of perception and challenges with high propriety scores were some pharmacy crowding, medication labels missed and patient privacy missed. The most future perception suggestion with high propriety and opportunity scores were published the pharmacy location through social media and implementation of adverse drug reaction reporting for patients. Conclusion: Patients{\textquoteright} perception is a crucial tool to improve pharmaceutical care. Monitor implementation of the patient medication education system with private places, monitoring of drug-related problems will support the future vision of patient perception and attitude towards the pharmacist.

}, keywords = {Challenges, Patient, Perception, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.32}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {230, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s Satisfaction of Pharmacy Ambulatory Cares at the Emergency Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {199-203}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {199}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient satisfaction of pharmacy ambulatory care services at the Emergency Hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patients{\textquoteright} satisfaction of ambulatory care pharmacy services at the Emergency Hospital, Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of 48 questions divided into two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part contains questions on 11 domains: (1) medication availability (2) patient counseling (3) pharmacist and patient relationship (4) medication reconciliation (5) medication aberrance (6) pharmacy location (7) pharmacy-waiting area (8) pharmacy communications (9) pharmacy-waiting time (10) pharmacy recommends to others (11) overall patient satisfaction of pharmacy services. The survey was distributed to the Emergency Hospital in Riyadh city, included public, pediatrics and emergency hospitals ambulatory care patient. The study was in an electronic format and it analyze through the survey monkey system. Results: A total of 202 patients responded to the survey. Of those, 144 (71.6\%) was Saudi and 57 (28.4\%) was non-Saudi. The gender distribution 105 (52\%) were females and 97 (48\%) were males. The majority of them were in age group of 18-44 years (62\%), while more than 44 years old was 68 (33.7\%). The highest level of education was high school 81 (40.3\%) followed by the Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree 51 (25.4\%) and an intermediate school 44 (21.9\%). The mean [{\textpm}standard deviation (SD)] waiting time to get the medications was 19.36{\textpm}11.02 (minute). The average scores of domains medication availability was 3.71, patient counseling was 3.48, pharmacist and patient relationship were 4.1 and medication reconciliation was 1.99. The medication adherence was 1.88, pharmacy location was 4.13, the pharmacy-waiting area was 3.31, pharmacy communications was 2.18, pharmacy-waiting time was 3.74 and pharmacy recommends to others was 3.69. The General evaluation of pharmacy services was found to be very good to excellent with 155 (76.7\%) of responders, while 186 (92.1\%) responders recommend the pharmacy to their family or friends and 176 (88.44\%) responders prefer to revisit pharmacy. Conclusion: More than half of the patients were satisfied with ambulatory care pharmacy services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medication reconciliation, medication adherence and pharmacy communication domains were not found to be satisfied. Refining ambulatory care pharmacy services will avoid drug misadventures, avoid extra cost and surge patient satisfaction with pharmacy services.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care, Emergency, Ministry of Health, Patient, Pharmacy, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijphs.2019.8.34}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nahith Alotaibi and Hawazen Abdullah Al-Kammash and Aroub Alhamidi and Walaa Aboziad and Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi and Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi} } @article {57, title = {Perceptions and Knowledge of Storing Medications at Home in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacy and Health Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {Feburary 2019}, pages = {79-85}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

Objective: Globally people store medications at home, which is also common among the residents of Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. They should be stored safely to prevent the accidental ingestion or unintended use. However, the method of storing medications at homes in Al-Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the perception and knowledge of medications stored at Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional survey which was conducted through the random distribution of a pre-validated structured questionnaire with the public and private sector employees and with general population from all walks of life above the age of 18 years in Al-Qassim region. The survey was designed electronically through the Survey Monkey system and was distributed through social media. Results: A total of 708 participants responded to this survey. Most of the responders (485 (68.10\%)) were females. About half of the responders were in the age group of 18{\textendash}29 years (393 (58.31\%)) with a significantly dominant female population compared to males (p\<0.05). Most of the responders checked or almost checked the instructions of storing medications (192 (28.24\%) and 273 (40.15\%), respectively) without any significant difference between education level (p\>0.05). Most of the responders checked the expiry date of stored medications (496 (70.06\%)). Most of the responders did not receive instructions on storage of medications from pharmacist or physician (597 (84.32\%)). Most of the resources regarding storage of medications were obtained from the physician (388 (54.8\%)), drug leaflet (320 (45.2\%)) followed by pharmacist (318 (44.92\%)) and self-learned (154 (21.75\%)). Therapeutic classes of stored medication were analgesics and antipyretics (322 (41.87\%)) followed by cardiovascular drugs (64 (8.32\%)) and oral anti-diabetic drugs (58 (7.54\%)). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that people at Al-Qassim region tend to store medication at home not just over the counter medications but also medications of chronic illnesses. They should be educated on the need of medications, safety of medications and requirements of storing medications at home. Educational activities should be conducted through all possible channels to increase the awareness and to educate people on the proper method of storing medications.

}, keywords = {Al-Qassim, Home, Knowledge, Medication Storage, Perceptions, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.14}, author = {Afaf Badr Alenazi and Mansour Saleh Alsharidah and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Suliman Abdulaziz Alghazy and Abdul-Aziz Abdullah Alqadi and Amir Marzouk} } @article {52, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Awareness and Knowledge of Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {60-65}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Objectives: Pharmacovigilance is considered a useful tool in detecting, assessing, understanding and preventing Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to ensure the safety of medications and protect consumers from ADRs. Consequently, the progression and expansion of pharmacovigilance is urgent for safe and effective clinical practice; therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the awareness and knowledge of the community and hospital pharmacists toward reporting ADRs in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2016 to March 2016 in Saudi Arabia. A validated and structured questionnaire was distributed by hand or via Internet to 263 hospital and community pharmacists. The questionnaire collected pharmacists{\textquoteright} demographic information and pharmacists{\textquoteright} understanding and knowledge of the pharmacovigilance system and reporting of ADRs. Results: A total of 263 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire with 208 (79.09\%) pharmacists from hospital pharmacy sites and 55 (20.91\%) pharmacists from community pharmacy responding to the questionnaire. There is a significant difference in the pharmacovigilance concept (p\<0.05) between the hospital and community pharmacists. Most community pharmacists were unfamiliar with the existence of a pharmacovigilance center in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, community pharmacists were unaware of where they could get an ADR reporting form, but hospital pharmacists were aware of this (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that pharmacists who work at hospitals among different regions in Saudi Arabia had a higher awareness of the pharmacovigilance system than that of community pharmacists who worked at the community pharmacy.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Awareness, Knowledge, Pharmacists, Pharmacovigilance, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.11}, author = {Fatimah Fouad Al Doughan and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mais Hasan Iflaifel} } @article {65, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Intervention and Medication Errors Prevention at Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {122-128}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {122}, abstract = {

Objectives: Medication errors have a large impact on patient safety and on healthcare cost. Errors occur due to a combination of human and system-related failure. The pharmacist prevents all drug related problems. The objective of this study was to explore pharmacist intervention and prevented medication errors in Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology at a Tertiary Hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article describes 12 months retrospective cohort study of pharmacist intervention and prevented medication errors in year of 2015. This was a retrospective study conducted at 500-bed Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology in a Tertiary Hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia. This system was a part of medication safety program. A tertiary hospital had medication safety officer with medication safety committee. All errors or unexpected events related with the medication system or a step in the medication process shall be reported using the medication error from/sheet. The form consisted of patient information, the sources of medication errors and qualification of committing errors. The type of medication errors, description of errors, causes of errors, approval to prevent the errors and the consequence of medication errors by using National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCCMERP) system. Results: The total number of prevented medication errors were 1654 within 827 patients{\textquoteright} prescriptions. The medication errors had been made by physicians followed by nurses. The sources of errors were general practitioner 631 (38.15 \%) followed by consultant 554 (33.5\%). The most common error was made in Pediatrics (1-month to 6 years) followed by young adults (18-40 years). An occurred error, most of the time was afternoon 872 (52.72\%) errors followed by morning duty 685 (41.4\%) errors. The majority kind of mistakes were prescriber-related 1216 (73.52\%) followed by patient-related errors 426 (25.75\%). The outcome of medication error was 1651 (99.82\%) occurred which did not reach the patient. The most common medications involved in errors were Paracetamol syrup, iron tablet, folic acid tablet and calcium tablet. There were three errors for high-risk medication prohibited for instant: insulin, enoxaparin and heparin. Conclusion: This article presented the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s role in preventing medication errors, especially with pediatrics populations. Pharmacists have a crucial system-level role in planning and important medication safety programs and enhancement initiatives within health care organizations. The expanded role of pharmacists in preventing medication errors associated with patient safety programs and avoid the needless cost

}, keywords = {East Province, Errors, Gynecology, Intervention, Obstetrics, Pediatrics, Pharmacist, Prevention, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.21}, author = {Amal Ahmad Alanazi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohammed Mohsen Almaznai and Marzook Aldwihi and Ibrahim Abdul Karim Aloraifi and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {55, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Perception of Pharmacovigilance and Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {73-78}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Pharmacists{\textquoteright} perception toward their role in reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) and their understanding of the importance of reporting ADRs are essential keys to be assessed and studied in order to determine the factors that may predispose to underreporting of ADRs in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to asses and compare the perception of community and hospital pharmacists toward reporting of ADRs in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Method: A structured, validated questionnaire was used to conduct a cross-sectional study. A total of 263 pharmacists were enrolled. The questionnaire included the demographic data of the pharmacists and 11 questions to measure pharmacists{\textquoteright} perceptions of ADRs reporting of reporting ADRs. All statistical analysis done by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 and Survey Monkey system. Result: the result shows that community and hospital pharmacists strongly agree about that reporting of ADRs allow to measure the incidence of ADRs 29 (55.77\%), 121 (58.45) and to identify previously unrecognized ADRs 30 (57.69\%), 116 (56.59\%) and enable safe drugs to be identified 39 (70.91\%), 129 (62.32\%), respectively with no significant difference (p\>0.05). Besides, both hospital pharmacists 116 (55.77\%) and community pharmacists 31 (60.78\%) strongly agree about their important role in the pharmacovigilance system. However, only 67 (32.52\%) of hospital pharmacists strongly agreed about the physician{\textquoteright}s responsibility in reporting ADRs compared to community pharmacists 29 (52.73\%) with a significant difference between groups (p\<0.05). However, 37 (17.87\%) of hospital pharmacists were uncertain about drug companies{\textquoteright} role in pharmacovigilance system with a significant difference between community pharmacists with (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The result of this study demonstrated that both community and hospital pharmacists among Saudi Arabia had a very goods of perception about the importance of ADRs reporting and their role in reporting ADRs.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Community, Hospital, Perception, Pharmacist, Pharmacovigilance, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.13}, author = {Fatima Fouad Al Doughan and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mais Hasan Iflaifel} } @article {56, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Practice of Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {86-93}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

Objectives: To assess and compare the practice of reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) and related factors between community and hospital pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. We used a structured, validated questionnaire to collect the data. A total of 263 pharmacists participated in the survey. The questionnaire captures demographic data of the participants and had 26 questions related to the practice of reporting ADRs and factors that encourage and discourage pharmacists from reporting ADRs. Results: Community pharmacists did not know the location of the ADR form, but hospital pharmacists did know about it, which was significantly different (P\<0.05). Despite the increased awareness of ADR form among the hospital pharmacists{\textquoteright}, the overall reporting rate was found to be meager among both the group of pharmacists. We found that several reasons led to the low reporting rate of ADR, for example, community pharmacists were unaware of how to report ADR and they considered that the ADR is too trivial to be reported compared to hospital pharmacists (P\<0.05). in addition, community pharmacists were not know whom to report the ADRs compared to the hospital pharmacists, which was significantly different (P\<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that pharmacists who work at hospitals had a higher awareness of practicing system of reporting ADRs than that of community pharmacists. Increasing awareness among community pharmacists regarding the pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting systems is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Community, Hospital, Pharmacist, Pharmacovigilance, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.15}, author = {Fatima Fouad Al Doughan and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mais Hasan Iflaifel} } @article {222, title = {Pharmacy Technician Workforce in Saudi Arabia over Twelve Years (2006-2017)}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {158-162}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {158}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the workforce of pharmacy technician at Ministry of Health (MOH) institutions over the past twelve years (2006-2017) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of Ministry of Health pharmacy technician workforce at hospital practice. All data derived from the Ministry of Health Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician workforce, that{\textquoteright}s will be estimated through allied healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s data in each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and exclude all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforces at MOH hospital and Primary Health Care Centers (PHCs) settings. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals and PHCs. All calculation was done using Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The total number of pharmacy technician in all sectors, hospitals, primary healthcare centers and medical affairs administration increased from 4,289 to 8,373 over twelve years to 1.96-fold increments (2006- 2017). The number of Saudi pharmacy technician increased from 3,064 to 8,061 to 2.63-fold increments while non-Saudi pharmacy technician decreased from 1,225 to 312 to 3.92-fold reductions. The rate of pharmacy technician to pharmacist decreased from 6.7 to 2.2 to 3.05-fold ratio reductions while the pharmacy technician per 10,000 population increased from 2.67 to 4.29 to 1.61-fold incremental ratio over the past twelve years. Conclusion: The pharmacy technician worked at the Ministry of Health institutions increased over the past twelve years. The Saudi pharmacy technician was increased with reduction of non-Saudi nationality. The male gender more than female. The ratio of pharmacy technician to pharmacist was reduced by time. The pharmacy technician workforces needed to explore at all healthcare institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Centers, Health, Hospital, Ministry of Health, Pharmacy technician, Saudi Arabia, Workforce}, doi = {10.5530/ijphs.2019.8.26}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {233, title = {The Physician Order for Standardized Concentration of Adult{\textquoteright}s Electrolyte Replacement Therapy: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {208-210}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

The electrolyte replacement therapy consternation considered one of the high alert drugs. Most of the medication safety organizations have established preventive guidelines for the prescription of electrolyte therapy. The General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care at the Ministry of Health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia also has established guidelines for the preparation and administration of electrolyte replacement for adult patients. This new initiative is regarding the standardized concentration of electrolyte preparation and administration for adult patients. The electrolyte therapy may be prescribed via a physician order form, which may be easily converted as computerized physician order entry. This from is designed to prevent all electrolyte-related errors and improve patient outcomes. This project is a new tool implemented for electrolyte safety at the Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Electrolyte, Ministry of Health, Physician order, Saudi Arabia, Standardized Concentration}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.46}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal Mansour Al Nemari and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nahedh Rashed Alotaibi and Mona Mustafa Jadkarim} } @article {53, title = {Poisoning Due to Stored Medications at Home in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {66-72}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Objective: Storing medications at home is a global practice. By storing medications in an appropriate and safe environment, we can prevent accidental poisoning. Information is scarce regarding the storage of different types of medications at homes in Al-Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the cases of poisoning due to stored medications at home in Al-Qassim region. Methodology: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional survey conducted through the random distribution of a pre-validated structured questionnaire among the public and private sector employees and people from all walks of life above the age of 18 years in Al-Qassim region. The survey was designed electronically through the Survey Monkey system and was distributed through social media. Results: A total of 708 subjects responded to the survey. Most of the responders (485 (68.10\%)) were females. About half of the responders were in the age group of 18{\textendash}29 years (393 (58.31\%)) with females being significantly dominant than males (p\<0.05). Majority of the responders stored their medications separated from households{\textquoteright} chemicals (524 (77.06\%)). Most of the responders did not store multiple medications in the same container without any significant difference related to gender or educational level (p\>0.05). The total number of poisonous cases were 41 (5.79\%) without any significant difference related to gender or educational level (p\>0.05). Poisoning due to medications were mostly caused due to the medications stored in refrigerator (15 (40.54\%)) and bedroom (10 (27.03\%)). Most of the stored medications were disposed into the trash after their expiry dates (463 (65.4\%)) while 189 items remained at home (26.69\%). A total of 33 different types of stored medications caused poisoning in 44 cases. Paracetamol caused 6 cases of poisoning (18.18\%), followed by ibuprofen 3 (9.09\%) and multivitamins 3 (9.09\%). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed an alarming setting of poisoning cases due to stored medications in Al-Qassim region. Awareness campaigns and more educational sessions should be conducted through social media. By doing so, people can be educated regarding the proper storage of medications to prevent poisoning. Thus, public awareness programs stressing on the safe storage and identification of the right ways to dispose of medication are highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Al-Qassim, Home, Medication Storage, Poisoning, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.12}, author = {Afaf Badr Alenazi and Mansour Saleh Alsharidah and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Suliman Abdulaziz Alghazy and Abdul-Aziz Abdullah Alqadi and Amir Marzouk} } @article {224, title = {Primary Healthcare Centers Pharmacy Technician Workforce over Twelve Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {171-177}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the workforce of pharmacy technician at MOH Primary Healthcare Centers over the past twelve years (2006-2017) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of Ministry of Health pharmacy technician workforce at Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) practice. All data derived from Ministry of Health Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician workforce, that{\textquoteright}s will be estimated through allied healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s data at each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and exclude all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforces at MOH PHCs setting. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of Primary Healthcare Centers. All calculation was done using Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The total numbers of pharmacy Technician were 8.373 and who distributed at the hospital were 6,620 (79.06\%), at primary care centers 1,623(19.38 \%) while administration regions 130 (1.55\%). The total number of pharmacy technician was (1,623) with rage (891-1,623 and average (1,292). While the average numbers per region of PHCs pharmacy technician were (65) with a range number of (32-84). The average numbers of pharmacy technician per pharmacist per region (9.11) with a range number of (0.83-14.83) annually. The estimated average rage gender distribution of PHCs pharmacy Technician per region were male (31-72) with average 56 (86.15\%), while the female was (6-12) and average 9 (13.84\%). The estimated average rage nationality distribution of PHCs pharmacy Technician per region was Saudi (30-80) with average 61 (93.84\%), while the non-Saudi was (1-13) and average 4 (6.16\%). Conclusion: One fifth of the pharmacy technician worked at the Ministry of Health PHCs. The majority of pharmacy technician was Saudi and the male gender. The ratio of pharmacy technician was very high related shortage of pharmacists. The analysis of pharmacy technician workforces at PHCs is highly recommended annually in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, Pharmacy technician, Primary Healthcare Center, Saudi Arabia, Workforce}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.28}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {234, title = {The Top Influence Pioneer Pharmacy Leaders in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {213-221}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the top influence, pioneer pharmacy leaders (1970-2015) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of the history of most influencing pharmacy leaders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; in the past fortyfive years. It revised the top twenty pharmacists in the date period included from 1970-2015. The letter had been sent to some experts{\textquoteright} pharmacist to nominate the top influence pharmacy in the same period. The updated resumes had been revised. The interview had been done with all pharmacy leaders. The analysis consisted of twopart. The first section about a brief history of demographic data. The second section about most achievements during pharmacy career life. Results: There are almost 15 pioneer pharmacy leaders in Saudi Arabia. They changed the face of pharmacy practice through achievement projects, published research and consultations. They worked at several governmental and private sectors. The governmental sections included the Ministry of Health institution, University or National Guard and Military organization. Besides, the pharmaceutical companies. Conclusion: There were excellent pioneer pharmacy leaders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They changed the image of pharmacy practice at all healthcare institutions. Further studies demand to explore more different of pharmacy field in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Pharmacy, Pioneer, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.48}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {54, title = {University Contributors}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {01}, type = {Editorial}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

The International Journal of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (IJPHS) with their second issues started collaboration with national and international universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Gulf and in Middle Eastern countries in addition to East Asia, India and Africa. The collaboration is part of the journal{\textquoteright}s goals including Saudi Vision 2030 which encourages all students and young researchers to publish their research; new programs and new initiatives; innovative projects within medical, pharmacy and all related health sciences. Each collaborative university will send the names of nominees including the names of dean of the college and publication coordinator. All nominated universities will be posted on the journal{\textquoteright}s website as the university contributors. All researchers may contact IJPHS administrators through the university coordinator. Read more...

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {26, title = {Healthcare Professional{\textquoteright}s Perception of Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Relationship and Counseling Skills in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {11-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the healthcare provider{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship, communication, and counseling skills in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month crosssectional survey of the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist. The survey consisted of two parts: first part gathers demographic information and the second part contains 49 questions divided into four domains. (1) the first domain captures data regarding the healthcare provider{\textquoteright}s general perception about the pharmacist; (2) the second domain captures data regarding the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmaceutical services; (3) the third domain was regarding the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of visiting ambulatory care; and (4) the fourth domain captures the data regarding the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. All healthcare professionals responded to the 5-point Likert response scale system. The survey was distributed through social media to more than 1000 healthcare professionals across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Because the survey was in an electronic format, we were able to analyze and discuss the four domains with respect to the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 170 healthcare providers responded to our survey. Of all the responders, 129 (75.9\%) were females and 41 (24.1\%) were males. Most of the healthcare providers were pharmacists (81 (47.65\%)), others (33 (19.41\%)), nurses (27 (15.88\%)), and physicians (23 (13.53\%)). Most of the healthcare providers (143 (87.2\%)) spent less than 16 minutes waiting for the medication from the pharmacy. The average score of the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s communication and relationship skills was around (3.41). The highest score with respect to the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s and patient{\textquoteright}s relationship was obtained for the following statements: {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist politely delivers the medication{\textquotedblright} (3.96) and {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist answers questions in an excellent manner{\textquotedblright} (3.67). The average score of healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perceptions of pharmacists with medication counseling skills was around (3.42). Highest scores were obtained for the following statements: {\textquotedblleft}All the medications received were packed{\textquotedblright} (4.28) and {\textquotedblleft}The patient understands what the pharmacist was saying{\textquotedblright} (4.14). The highest score with respect to the patient{\textquoteright}s relationship with the drug information center was obtained for the statement: {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist answers patient{\textquoteright}s questions through drug information center of the hospital over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.44) and {\textquotedblleft}Poisonous cases first contact the national drug information center or any other hospital drug information center any time through MOH hotline 937 service over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.37). Conclusion: The results of this survey revealed that healthcare professionals had an acceptable perception of the pharmacist with respect to communication and patient counseling skills. The healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s privacy, easy contact with the pharmacist, and drug-related problems information improve the p

}, keywords = {Counseling skills, Healthcare professional, Ministry of Health, Perception, Pharmacist, Relationship, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {28, title = {National Survey of Drug Information Centers{\textquoteright} Practice: Evidence-Based Medicine-Therapeutics Guidelines (EBM-TG) System at Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {26-30}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the practice at the National Survey of Drug Information Centers in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on Evidence-Based Medicine-Therapeutics Guidelines (EBM-TGs) System at Ministry of Health hospitals. Methods: This is a 4-month crosssectional national survey of the Drug Information Services at MOH. The survey contains 10 domains with a total of 181 questions designed by the authors. The questions were derived from the International Pharmaceutical Federation, American Society of Health- System Pharmacists best practice guidelines. The survey was distributed to 40 hospital pharmacies that run drug information services. In this study, the domain Medication- Use Evaluation System was explored and analyzed. It consisted of seven questions about the written policies and procedures and application methods for EBM-TG in the drug information centers. The data were analyzed through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The response rate was found to be around 88.88\%. According to the results, written policies and procedures for EBM-TGs existed only in 18 (45\%) hospitals and approximately 25{\textendash}100\% of the elements implementations. EBM-TG monitoring system is available live in only 17 (42.5\%) hospitals applying approximately 25{\textendash}100\% of the elements. According to our results, in only 18 (45\%) hospitals, the patients receive appropriate care due to EBM-TGs. There is evidence that the EBM-TG Indicators existed in only 19 (45.5\%) hospitals applying approximately 25{\textendash}100\% of the elements. Process for improving EBM-TG system exists in 20 (50\%) hospitals applying approximately 25{\textendash}100\% of the elements. Conclusion: There a poor application of EBM-TGs in the practice of drug information centers. Implementation of EBM-TG system improves patient outcomes which avoids unnecessary additional costs in the healthcare system.

}, keywords = {Drug Information Centers, Evidence-Based Medicine, Saudi Arabia, Therapeutics Guidelines}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {24, title = {National Survey of the Pharmacokinetics Services at Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia: Pharmacy Management Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {4-10}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacokinetics services at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on pharmacy management practice. Methods: This is a 2-month cross-sectional national survey related to the pharmacokinetics services with a focus on pharmacy management and resources at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part gathers demographic information and the second part contained 43 questions divided into four domains that were derived from the guidelines of the American Society of Health- System Pharmacists and from the literature. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain the responses of the participants, which consisted of closeended questions. An electronic questionnaire was distributed to the coordinators of all the clinical pharmacy services or drug information centers at MOH hospitals; it captures the data regarding education and training through a Survey Monkey system. Results: There were 43 total responders from hospital pharmacies; the response rate was found to be 86\%. The majority of pharmacokinetics services were provided to the adult patients (37 (86.05\%)) followed by the pediatric and geriatric patients (19 (44.19\%) and 13 (30.23\%) respectively, with most of the hospitals covering less than 20 beds (23 (53.5\%)). Most of the pharmacokinetics services were provided through inpatient pharmacy (27 (62.79\%), outpatient pharmacy and through discharge (9 (20.93\%)). Most of the administration and management sections of the pharmacokinetics services were with the mission of pharmacokinetics services (68.8\%) followed by the total quality management (67.6\%) and policy and procedures (64.8\%), whereas the least of the administration of pharmacokinetics services was found in the annual pharmacokinetics plan (60\%), the pharmacokinetics strategic plan and pharmacokinetics technician competency (62.6\%). Conclusion: Although there is a daily demand for the pharmacokinetics services, only one-third of the hospitals had pharmacokinetics services to offer. Implementing the MOH pharmacokinetics services strategy is required at all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Management, Ministry of Health, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacy resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy} } @article {27, title = {National Workload Analysis of Network of Drug Information Centers at Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {17-25}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Objectives: To analyze the workload of the network of drug information centers at the Ministry of Health institutions, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 2-month cross-sectional survey of all drug information centers at MOH hospitals. Any drug information center that has been recently opened or has provided services to the healthcare professionals and the public participated in the survey. The national, regional, and local drug information centers at healthcare institutions were included in the survey. In addition, hospitals or primary care centers (e.g., public, pediatric, maternity, and psychiatry) were also included in the survey. The survey consisted of two parts: demographics data and workload of drug information centers. The clinical activities were driven by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy model. Results: The questionnaire was distributed to around 60 drug information centers. A total of 46 centers responded to the questionnaire, with a response rate of around 76.66\%. Most hospitals (11 (23.9\%)) had 100{\textendash}199 beds and others (11 (23.9\%)) had 200{\textendash}299 beds. A total of 1022.5; 22,495; and 269,940 drug information queries were received daily, monthly, and annually, respectively. The greatest demand for a full-time employee (FTE) to preform drug information activities was at the central drug information activities (20.95 FTE) followed by the administration-related drug information activities (17.98 FTE) and patient-specific drug information activities (8.41 FTE). Among the central drug information activities, the highest amount of activity was observed for in-service training (10.95 FTE), whereas among the administration-related drug information activities, the highest amount of activity was observed for attending lectures/courses/symposium/training (2.46 FTE). Among the patient-specific drug information activities, the highest amount of activity was observed for patient counseling services (3.43 FTE). Conclusion: The workload of drug information centers was found to be very high. The services were needed to be revised within basic and advanced requirements of drug information centers at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug Information Centers, Ministry of Health, Network, Saudi Arabia, Workload}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {34, title = {New Journal with New Vision}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {1}, type = {Editorial}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

In the past several years, I was nominated from Saudi Pharmaceutical Society to be head of society twice in my life. During that{\textquoteright}s period I was responsible of SPJ publication with collaboration with pharmacy faculties colleagues to facilitate all related issues for the journal. Now a days once best pharmacy journal published in Saudi Arabia and indexed in the famous indexing database stating from google scholar to pubmed indexes. The journal remained specialized in the pharmacy based only. With new Saudi vision of 2030 and though healthcare and pharmacy strategic planning to work altogether with healthcare providers to best high quality innovative health services to our citizens, Middle East and rest of world populations. Read More ...

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.1}, author = {Abdlatif A. Alghaiheb} } @article {29, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s General Perception and Attitude toward Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {31-37}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient{\textquoteright}s perception and attitude toward pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient perception of pharmacists. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part gathers demographic information and the second part has 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) the first domain captures patient{\textquoteright}s general perception of the pharmacist; (2) the second domain is regarding patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmaceutical care services; (3) the third domain is about patient perception of visiting ambulatory care; and (4) the fourth domain is regarding patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media to a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors interviewed the patients with an electronic survey documentation. The survey analyzed domain one, which is the primary or necessary general perceptions about pharmacists and the data were analyzed through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 617 patients responded to the survey. Of them, 536 (87.7\%) were Saudi and 75 (12.3\%) were non-Saudi nationals. There were 457 (74.1\%) female and 160 (25.9\%) male responders. In the past 12 months, most patients (222 (36.04 \%)) visited the pharmacy more than 10 times, followed by 122 (19.81\%)) visited the pharmacy at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients (481 (83.5\%)) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The statements with highest scores were related to the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perceptions such as pharmacy job is vital in our society (4.63); the pharmacist has a very significant role in preventing medications errors (4.4); the necessity of present pharmacist schools (4.09); and the pharmacist is the first person ask about drugs (4.01). More than 60\% of the responders chose pharmacy as the professional specialty or suggest their family members or friend to select a professional pharmacy. The majority of pharmacists shared information in public education through the television and media (3.7) and newspaper (3.65) followed by schools (3.56) and public education exhibitors (3.48). Most of the patients (429 (73.1\%)) visited the pharmacist to seek help, and due to the pharmacists knew more about medication doses and their adverse effects (224 (38.16\%), and free consultation 166 (28.28\%) Conclusion: Majority of the patients had a good perception about the pharmacist and his role with patients and the public. The pharmacists should expand their services across all healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Patient, Perception, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {30, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s Perception and Attitude of Pharmacist during Pharmacy Visits in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {38-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {38}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore patient{\textquoteright}s perception and attitude during pharmacy visit in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient perception regarding pharmacists. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part captures demographic information and the second part is a questionnaire with 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) The first domain is regarding patient{\textquoteright}s general perception of the pharmacist; (2) the second domain captures data of patient{\textquoteright}s perception regarding pharmaceutical care services; (3) the third domain is regarding patient{\textquoteright}s perception of visiting ambulatory care; and (4) the fourth domain captures information on patient{\textquoteright}s perception regarding the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media to a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors interviewed the patients with an electronic survey documentation. The survey analyzed domain three, which is about the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of visiting ambulatory care through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 617 patients responded to the survey. Of them, 536 (87.7\%) were Saudi and 75 (12.3\%) were non-Saudi nationals. There were 457 (74.1\%) female and 160 (25.9\%) male responders. In the past 12 months, most of the patients (222 (36\%)) visited the pharmacy more than 10 times, whereas the others (122 (19.8\%)) visited the pharmacy at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients (481 (83.5\%)) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The average score of patients{\textquoteright} general perception of the pharmacist during pharmacy visit was 3.74. The highest score was obtained for the statements received all medications prescribed to me (4.16) and pharmacy convenient located (4.0).4 The lowest score was obtained for the statement pharmacy waiting area convenient located (3.38). The average score of patient perception of the pharmacist with drug monitoring during the pharmacy visit was 3.74. The highest score was obtained for the statement{\textemdash}the patient revived a copy of prescription-contained medications (3.4), whereas the lowest score was obtained for the statement{\textemdash}the pharmacist gives a follow-up call to the patient as medications prescribed (2.09). The score for general evaluation of pharmacy visit was found to be 3.67 with a score of (3.55) for the preference to visit the pharmacy or recommendation to other patients or friends. Conclusion: According to our results, patient{\textquoteright}s perception during pharmacy visit was found to be acceptable. Pharmacy communication methods and counseling place missed. Corrections of patient needs will improve patient{\textquoteright}s perceptions and raise patient satisfaction during visiting of pharmacy.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Ministry of Health, Patient, Perception, Saudi Arabia, Visit}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {31, title = {Schizophrenia Treatment Physician Order: New Initiatives at the Mental Hospital of Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {2-3}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {2}, abstract = {

The general administration of pharmaceutical care at the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia has released several pharmacy practice programs. The national pharmacy psychiatric program was one among them. This program has been established for the psychiatric management with an emphasis on schizophrenia. The guidelines inthis program have been implemented in the form of a physician order form. This form consists of the best therapeutic choice for the conventional type of schizophrenia, or schizophrenia with comorbid disease. The schizophrenia guidelines have been approved by the medical staff and have been implemented at the hospital. This type of management of schizophrenia will prevent drug-related problems and improve clinical outcome of the patients. It is the first new initiative project at the Ministry of Health and in the Middle Eastern countries.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, Physician Oder, Saudi Arabia, Schizophrenia treatment}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nora Alsolami and Nada Alqahtani and Dalal Alqahtani and Saeed Alqahtani} } @article {71, title = {A Questionnaire Based Study Regarding the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Self-Medication Among Second Year Undergraduate Medical Students}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Self-medication is becoming very common in our routine life which is an unhealthy and risky practice.Present study was done to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among second year undergraduate medical students of a private medical college in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Material and methods: A pre-validated questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the students.Data was collected and analysed using Microsoft Excel and the results expressed as counts and percentages. Results: Total 139 students participated in the study voluntarily and most common reason for taking Self-medication was that there was no need to visit the doctor for minor illness. In maximum students, source of information of the drugs used for Self-medication was previous prescription and source of the drugs was medical store. Only 39\% MBBS students accepted the fact, that they always visited a qualified practitioner whenever they fell ill. Most of the students took Self-medication for headache followed by cough, cold and fever. Out of total 139 students, most of the students took NSAIDS as Self-medication followed by lozenges. Conclusion: This study showed that students of second year MBBS after studying pharmacology became more aware about the drugs and hence do not hesitate in taking Self-medication which is a wrong practice.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Knowledge, Practice, Questionnaire, Second Year MBBS, Self-medication}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.6.1.1}, author = {Rajanish Kumar Sankdia and Mehul Agrawal and Parabathina Bindu Rekha and Nitin Kothari} } @article {73, title = {Self-Medication Practices with Antibiotics among Second Year Medical Students of Government Medical College, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {15-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background: Self medication practice especially using antibiotics has tremendously increased in the society that leads to unwanted consequences such as drug resistance. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the self-medication practices with antibiotics among the second year medical students of Government Medical College, Raigarh. Materials and Methods: It was a questionnaire based descriptive study. A prevalidated questionnaire, which contained both open and close ended questions were given to the second year medical students. Data were analyzed using Excel sheet and results were expressed as counts and percentages. Results: Females outnumber males in this study, 27 versus 20. The most common indication for which self-medication was opted was fever with cough and cold. The information about the antibiotic was obtained from a past prescription from a physician. The most common antibiotic that was used by most of students was azithromycin. Conclusion: There was a high level of self-medication with antibiotics in our study, but this high level of self-prescription seen is also having some disadvantages, as improper duration of use might lead to development of resistance.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Azithromycin, Co-Prescription, Drug Resistance, Self-medication}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.6.1.3}, author = {Pramood Kumar Gupta and Presenjit Raut} } @article {72, title = {A Study on Siddha Urinary Diagnostic Methodology Neerkkuri and Neikkuri in Adhiratha Azhutham (Hypertension)}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {6-14}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Background: In Siddha system of medicine, diagnosis of the disease is based on Ennvagai thervukal (Eight fold examination), in which Neerkkuri Neikkuri (Urine examination) is one among them. It is an effective and sensitive measure for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Objectives: This study was conducted to establish the validity of prognostic and diagnostic patterns of Neikkuri (Oil on urine sign)in hypertension patients and to assess the association between the Neikkuri patterns with respect to pH and specific gravity of urine. Methods and Material: Urine samples of 40 diagnosed patients of hypertension aged between 30 to 60 years were collected. Ten healthy volunteers were also selected as control group for comparison. Biochemical analysis was done in the urine samples with urine reagent strip to confirm health status of the subjects. A drop of sesame oil was dropped over 50 ml of each urine sample and behaviour (shape of the oil spread, direction and spread time) was observed. Results: Half of the samples of urine of hypertension patients showed circular shape initially and then vacuolating to turn out into a sieve pattern and in remaining others at least a single vacuolation amounting to ring pattern indicative of Pitham were shown. Also, the urine of the hypertension patients were characterised by straw colour and aromatic odour, absence of froth and specific gravity 1.003-1.010.Volume of urine voided ranged from 1-1.5 lit and pH between 5.1-6.In most of the cases the dissemination dynamics of oil drop observed were of slow spreading nature which indicates good prognosis. Conclusion: It is concluded that hypertension has got mixed prognosis which may indicate the variation in the amenability of hypertension to the treatment. The study explored the veracity of the investigative procedure in diagnosis and prognosis of hypertension with Neikkuri examination.

}, keywords = {Athiratha Azhutham, Hypertension, Neerkkuri, Oil on Urine Sign, Siddha, Urine Examination}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.6.1.2}, author = {Sardar Hussain Fasila Banu and Padmini Parvathy and Srinivasan Venkatachalam and Murugan Ramamurthy and Selladurai Elansekaran and Gnanaraj Johnson Christian} } @article {116, title = {Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring of Antipsychotic Drugs and Mood Stabilizers in a Teaching Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {118-121}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Antipsychotics and mood stabilizers are associated with adverse effects which can affect the compliance and course of treatment in mental disorders. The present study was therefore undertaken to monitor the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of the antipsychotics and mood stabilizers in the psychiatric outpatient unit of our hospital. Methods: Study was conducted from December 2011 to November 2012, the patients on antipsychotic drugs from psychiatry outpatient department (OPD) of Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences were considered for analysis. The patients were diagnosed by consultant psychiatrist. Data was collected in standard questionnaire format. All patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorder as per ICD 10 criteria and receiving treatment with antipsychotic or mood stabilizer were included. Assessment of causality and severity of recorded adverse events was done using WHO assessment scale and modified Siegel and Hartwig Scale respectively. Results: 45 ADRs were recorded among 778 patients. Extra pyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic side effects and Weight gain were the most common ADRs. Risperidone, chlorpromazine and olanzapine were the drugs causing maximum ADRs. Assessment of causality and severity of recorded adverse events showed possible to probable and mild to moderately severe respectively. Conclusion: Extrapyramidal symptoms were most common ADRs in our study followed by anticholinergic side effects. Risperidone was most commonly prescribed drug followed by chlorpromazine. Risperidone and chlorpromazine accounted for most of ADRs. Assessment of causality of recorded adverse events showed no certain cause and Assessment of severity of recorded adverse events showed no severe cases.

}, keywords = {Antipsychotics, Extrapyramidal Symptoms, Haloperidol, Lithium, Olanzapine, Risperidone}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.5}, author = {Swetha Munoli and Soumya B Patil} } @article {109, title = {Comparative Analysis of Alternate Day and Daily Regimen of Atorvastatin in Dyslipidaemic South Indian Patients}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {97-102}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Background: Atorvastatin is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of dyslipidaemia. Long term administration of statins helps in the reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with dyslipidaemia. Number of studies have shown that alternate day dosing of statins is efficacious and safe alternative to daily dosing. Objectives: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of daily and alternate day regimen of Atorvastatin in the treatment of na{\"\i}ve dyslipidaemic South Indian patients. Materials and Methods: It is an open labeled, prospective, parallel, comparative interventional study. Ninety patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were randomized in to group 1 (n=45) and group 2 (n=45) and received atorvastatin 10 mg daily and alternate days respectively for 3 months. Pretreatment and post treatment anthropometric measurements, biochemical and lipid parameters were recorded. Patients were followed at fortnightly intervals for 3 months to check the patient compliance and adherence to treatment. Data were analyzed by suitable statistical methods. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and increase of HDL cholesterol in both groups. Post treatment between group comparison shows a significantly higher reduction of LDL in group 1 than group 2 patients. All other lipid parameters were significantly similar between the groups at 12 weeks follow-up. Daily and alternate day treatment were well tolerated by the patients of both the group and there was no untoward incident during the study period. Conclusion: Alternate day administration of atorvastatin causes a beneficial alternation of lipid parameters which helps in reducing the cost and adverse effects.

}, keywords = {Adverse events, Alternate day, Atherosclerosis, Atorvastatin, Hyperlipidaemia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.1}, author = {Shanmugasundaram Rajamani and Maharani Balagurumoorthy} } @article {89, title = {Comparative Study of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin in Combination with Fenofibrate in Mixed Hyperlipidemia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {25-31}, type = {Research Articles}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Aim: To compare the effects of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin in combination with fenofibrate in patients with mixed Hyperlipidemia. Materials and Methods: It was an open label, randomized, parallel group, comparative, prospective clinical study. A total of 70 subjects diagnosed with mixed hyperlipidemia were screened and were randomly allocated into two groups of thirty each. Initial readings of lipid levels like TC, TG, HDL, LDL and VLDL for both the groups were taken as baseline values. Then, Group I received Tab Atorvastatin 10 mg + Fenofibrate 160 mg and Group II received Tab Rosuvastatin 10 mg+ Fenofibrate 160 mg once a day at night for 12 weeks. Patients were assessed after 12 weeks and their Lipid profile was done. Results: Patients who received a combination of atorvastatin with fenofibrate had a reduction of Total cholesterol by 39\%, Triglycerides by 47\%, LDL-C by 50\% and VLDL-C by 35\% respectively. In group treated with combination of rosuvastatin with fenofibrate there was a decrease in TC by 54\%, TGs by 58\%, LDL-C by 52\% and VLDL-C by 56\% respectively. At the same time, HDL-C levels were increased by 14\% in the group treated with rosuvastatin with fenofibrate as compared to atorvastatin with fenofibrate treated group which increased the HDL-C levels by 6\%. Conclusion: Both the treatment regimens significantly decreased TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, but the reduction was more and statistically significant in Rosuvastatin and fenofibrate combination group when compared with atorvastatin and fenofibrate treated group at the end of 12 weeks.

}, keywords = {Atherosclerosis, Cholesterol, Heart, Lipoprotein, Statins}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.5}, author = {Rohit Dixit and Shankar Jagan} } @article {78, title = {Comparative Study of Hypolidemic effects of Ethanolic extract of Rhizomes of Curcuma longa (turmeric) Versus Pioglitazone in Alloxan induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {5-11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Background: Rhizomes of Curcuma Longa belonging to the genus, Curcuma is widely used for medicinal purpose. Its ethanolic extract has been used traditionally as a hypolipidemic. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hypolipidemic effects of ethanolic extract of Rhizomes of Curcuma longa in Alloxan induced diabetic rats with high fat diet and compared with of Pioglitazone, which has anti-diabetic and action. Materials and method: Alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes mellitus in albino rats in the dose of 120 mg/kg Intraperitonelly and hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding animals with high fat diet orally. The body weights of the rats in every group was recorded weekly. Six groups of 6 animals in each received normal saline for normal control, normal saline for diabetic control, turmeric extract (TE) 300 mg/kg/day for euglycemic rat, Diabetic rat with high fat diet 10 mg/kg/day (turmeric extract 300 mg/kg/day), diabetic rat with high fat diet 10 ml/kg/day (turmeric extract 500 mg/kg/day), Diabetic rats with High fat diet 10 ml/kg/day (pioglitazone respectively for 4 weeks). After overnight fasting, 2 ml of blood was collected in from orbital sinuses of all animals. Various biochemical parameters were estimated like blood sugar and lipid profile. The data was analyzed statistically using student{\textquoteright}s paired and unpaired t-test. Results: Turmeric extract significantly raised HDL levels both in healthy and diabetic rats. TE (500 mg/kg) is more efficient as compared to 300 mg/kg dose, as TE (500 mg/kg) has also reduced VLDL, LDL levels in Group V which was statistically highly significant (p\<0.001). Conclusion: Present study revealed that the turmeric has hypolipidemic action and can be safely used in the treatment of mild to moderate cases of hyperlipidemia.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Curcuma Longa, Diabetic Rats, Hypolipidemic, Turmeric}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.2}, author = {Jeevangi Santoshkumar and Deepak D. Mariguddi and S. Manjunath} } @article {77, title = {Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Technique with Conventional Landmark Technique for Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Nerve Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgery}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Brachial plexus blockade is a time tested anesthetic technique for upper limb surgeries. Among the various approaches of brachial plexus block, supraclavicular block, once described as the {\textquotedblleft}spinal of the arm,{\textquotedblright} offers dense anesthesia of the brachial plexus for surgical procedures at or distal to the elbow. Landmark technique has been traditionally used for performing this block. But blind technique often requires multiple trial-and-error needle attempts, resulting in increase in procedure time, procedure-related pain and complications including pneumothorax, which is very risky. In developing countries like India, ultrasound is a relatively new technique and is increasingly being used for performing nerve blocks for acute as well as chronic pain procedures. Objective: We performed this study to evaluate safety and clinical usefulness of ultrasound technology for supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks. Methods: We included 60 adult patients of either sex undergoing surgeries for fracture of lower end of humerus or fracture of forearm bones. Patients were divided into two groups. In one group, surface landmark technique was used while in other group, supraclavicular nerve block was performed under ultrasound guidance by double injection technique. All patients received 10 ml each of 2\% lignocaine with adrenaline, 10 ml 0.5\% bupivacaine and 10 ml of saline. Surgery was started after confirming adequacy of block. Ineffective blocks were replaced with general anesthesia and insufficient pain control during surgery was supplemented with fentanyl. Results: There was no significant difference between patient groups with regard to demographic data. Supraclavicular plexus nerve block was placed in all 60 patients. Block failure was seen in 5 patients in landmark technique group and in one patient in USG group. The time of onset of sensory and motor block was shorter in USG group than landmark technique group. Intra-op analgesic was required in 5/30 patients in blind group and 3/30 patients in USG group. Post-op analgesia was for longer duration in USG guided group as compared to blind group. Conclusion: Ultrasound guidance is clinically very useful for supraclavicular brachial plexus block. It allows visualization of underlying structures, movement of needle and direct spread of local anesthetic and thus making the procedure safer and more effective.

}, keywords = {Landmark, Nerve block, Supraclavicular brachial plexus block, Ultrasound, Upper limb surgery}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.1}, author = {Punam Raghove and Karampal Singh and Susheela Taxak and Mangal Ahlawat and Sarla Hooda} } @article {114, title = {Does Pre-Test Accelerate Learning Pattern In Undergraduate Medical Students? A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {109-112}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {109}, abstract = {

Objectives: Our objective was to asses if pre-test accelerates learning pattern in undergraduate medical students. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted by the Department of Pharmacology at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kancheepuram district, Tamilnadu. A total of 121 IInd year MBBS students were divided into A and B batches with 61 and 60 students respectively. Objective type questions were prepared from the chapter {\textquotedblleft}Haematinics{\textquotedblright} and were validated which contained extended match questions. B batch students were informed about the theory class topic the next day which will be preceded by a pre test and a post test at the end of the lecture. They were even given a copy of the topics from which questions were framed. A batch students were unaware about this plan of having pre and post tests the following theory class. On the day of lecture, all the students were given pre-test questions (total no: 20). The answer sheets were collected at the end of specified time period and evaluated. At the end of the lecture class, post test was conducted. Marks were tabulated with a maximum score of 20. Statistical analysis: Paired t-test was used to analyze the data obtained. Mean, Standard deviation and standard error of mean were calculated by feeding the data in SpSS software. Results: Both A and B batches have performed well in post-test than pre-test. p\<0.001.Girls have scored more than boys in pre and post test. p\<0.001. Discussion and Conclusion: Pretest and post-test way of evaluating students is an effective and feasible way of fun learning. The method of assessment using pre and post test questionnaire should be made mandatory in all medical schools/colleges after every theory class.

}, keywords = {Haematinics, Medical Education, Pharmacology, Post Test, Pre-Test}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.3}, author = {Akila Lakshmikandhan and Balaji Ramraj and Jamuna Rani Ravinder} } @article {99, title = {Dose Dependent Amitriptyline Induced Sexual Dysfunction in a Migraine Patient}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {62-64}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant. It is one of the preferred first linedrug for prophylactic treatment of migraine. Here we report a case of amitriptyline induced sexual dysfunction in a 40 year old male patient who was diagnosed with Migraine without aura.

}, keywords = {Amitriptyline, Migraine, Sexual dysfunction}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.5}, author = {Kavitha BB and Nischal Reddy and Shashank Ballur} } @article {102, title = {Efficacy of Second Line Anti-retroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS Patients in South India: A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Because of treatment failure with first line ART, Roughly 4\% of total patients on ART are on second line therapy. Second line ART is being instituted in 10 Centers of excellence in India, Gandhi hospital being one of them in south India. Objective: To detect efficacy of second line Anti-Retroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: This prospective and observational study of 20 months was done in south Indian tertiary hospital. HIV/AIDS patients receiving second line Anti-Retroviral therapy (ART) due to failure of first line drugs were assessed for viral load and CD4 count before and after therapy and analyzed the same by Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis by Dunnet{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test, respectively. Results: Total One hundred and sixteen patients received second line ART. Mean viral load was 2, 31280 {\textpm} 50913 copies per milliliter and mean CD4 count was 75.03 {\textpm} 10.69 cells per cubic millimeter before treatment. After initiation of second line ART, Viral load reduced significantly to 1846 {\textpm} 621.4 (p\<0.001) and 260.4 {\textpm} 183.7 (p\<0.001) after six and twelve months of treatment, respectively and CD4 count increased significantly 181.8 {\textpm} 14.34 (p\<0.001) and 235.7 {\textpm} 14.56 (p\<0.001) after six and twelve months of treatment, respectively. Conclusion: Second line ART regimens are efficacious regimens as they improved CD4 counts and reduced viral load significantly.

}, keywords = {CD4 counts, HIV/AIDS, Second line anti-retroviral, Viral load}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.3.2}, author = {Naveen Pokala and Maulik Patel} } @article {93, title = {Evaluation of Changes in Bleeding Time in Hypertensive Patients on Amlodipine - A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {45-48}, type = {Research Articles}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Background: Platelet hyperactivity is a risk factor in hypertensive patients that paves the way to atherothrombosis causing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Counteracting platelet aggregation is an established step in preventing thrombotic events. Calcium channel blockers are one among the recommended antihypertensive agents according to 2013 ESH/ESC (European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology) guidelines. In addition to lowering blood pressure they are known to have antiplatelet activity. Dihydropyridine class of L-type calcium channel blockers are the most potent group and shares this activity. Anti-platelet aggregatory effect of these agents could supplement its anti-hypertensive property and could prove to be desirable in the treatment of hypertensives with high risk of atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk. So the present study aims to explore the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine. Objectives: To evaluate the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine in hypertensive patients. Methods and Materials: Sixty subjects were enrolled in the study. Test group comprised of thirty patients with essential hypertension, who were prescribed Tab Amlodipine at doses 5 mg or 10 mg once daily orally. Patients included in study group were regularly on Amlodipine for at least one month. 30 normotensive subjects, who are not on any drug affecting platelet function like Aspirin, dipyridamole, statins etc. acted as control group.Duke method of Bleeding time estimation was used to assess changes in Bleeding time. Statistical analysis: Student{\textquoteright}s unpaired t-test was used to compare Amlodipine test group with the normotensive control group. Results were expressed as Mean bleeding time {\textpm} SEM. SPSS software version 20 was used for statistical calculations. Results: The mean bleeding time of Amlodipine group was 2.214 minutes {\textpm} 0.028 SEM. The control group had a mean bleeding time of 1.998 minutes {\textpm} 0.036 SEM. The result gave a statistically significant p value of \<0.001. Average duration of treatment was 3.683 years. Conclusion: The statistically significant bleeding time observed in Amlodipine group suggest that it has anti-platelet activity.

}, keywords = {Amlodipine, Antiplatelet activity, Bleeding time, Hypertension}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.2}, author = {Pallavi Mahadeva Kamath and Suresh Surappla Rudrappa and Arun Suresh and Narendranath Sanji and Shashikala Gowdara Hanumanthareddy and Imran Maniyar} } @article {115, title = {Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Extract of Andrographis paniculata in Wistar Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {113-11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Background: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into six groups with six rats in each group. First group was taken as control, and received 0.9\% normal saline 10 ml/kg body weight orally. Second group was taken as CCl4 control group and treated with normal saline (10 ml/ kg, p.o.) and CCl4: olive oil (1:1, 2 ml/ kg, i.p. on 2, 5 and 8th day) daily for 20 day. The third group rats was treated with Liv 52- 100 mg/kg orally and CCl4: olive oil (1:1, 2 ml/ kg, i.p. on 2, 5 and 8th day) for 20 days .The fourth and fifth groups were taken as test groups and they received crude extract of Andrographis paniculata orally once daily for 20 days at the dosage of 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. CCl4: olive oil was given i.p on 2, 5 and 8th day. On the 21st day, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture method. The blood samples were used to estimate biochemical parameters like serum SGOT,SGPT, ALT, bilirubin and cholisterol and the liver was preserved for histopathological examination. Results: It was found that the Andrographis paniculata exhibited moderate protective effect by lowering the serum levels of SGOT,SGPT,ALT, bilirubin and cholisterol (P\<0.001). Histology of liver section of animal treated with the extracts showed the hepatic cell regeneration. Conclusion: Andrographis paniculata has dose dependant hepatoprotective activity.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Carbon Tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective Activity, Herbals, Liver disease}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.4}, author = {Naveen Alasyam and Venkatanarayana Narapogu and Premendran John and Shaik Ubedulla and Naveen Pokala} } @article {107, title = {Literature Review on Siddha Herbal Formulations (Kudineer) Available for The Management of Dengue}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {90-96}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {90}, abstract = {

Dengue is a major threat to public health in many countries. There is no vaccine to prevent the infection. In spite of management of the disease with conventional method of treatment, mortality due to dengue is increasing year by year. In India, state of Tamil nadu during 2012 dengue crisis, initiated a new model by including traditional Siddha medicines along with conventional therapy for management of dengue in government hospitals. The result of the initiation was a great success, as the Siddha medicines showed remarkable clinical improvement. As there is no effective dengue specific antiviral drug is available and the widely used NSAIDs show anti platelet activity, there is a need for Siddha formulations to be explored scientifically. This review focuses on Siddha kudineer formulations for dengue. Kudineer formulations include only dried and grinded herbals. The method of preparation of kudineer is simple and the phyto constituents do not undergo any major change while processing and preparation, unlike other traditional formulations. Ingredients of the formulation and their pharmacological action are discussed in the review. The review may act as a keyhole for the dengue drug development.

}, keywords = {Anti inflammatory, Anti pyretic, Anti viral, Dengue, Herbal medicine, Kudineer, Pitha suram, Siddha Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.3.5}, author = {Harihara Mahadevan and Vanmathi Palraj} } @article {95, title = {Muscle Relaxant Property of 1(4-carboxy phenyl)-4,4,6-trimethyl-1H, 4H pyrimidine-2 thiol (a Pyrimidine Derivative) in Ex vivo Smooth and Skeletal Muscle Preparations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5 }, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {49-54}, type = {Research Articles}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Background: Pyrimidine and its derivatives demonstrate a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Objective: To study the smooth muscle and skeletal muscle relaxant activity of a pyrimidine derivative 1 (4-carboxy phenyl)-4,4,6-trimethyl-1H,4H pyrimidine- 2 thiol (4CPTP), the chemical structure of which is similar to phenobarbitone. Material and Methods: Spasmolytic activity of 4CPTP was studied using rabbit ileum and guinea pig ileum preparation. Skeletal muscle relaxant activity was assessed on frog rectus abdominis preparation. Mean height of contractions with graded doses of phenobarbitone and 4CPTP along with mean inhibition of contractions were calculated. Statistical analysis was done using chi square test. Results: The test compound produced dose dependent decrease in acetylcholine and barium chloride induced contractions of rabbit ileum, histamine induced contractions of guinea pig intestine and acetyl choline induced contractions of frog rectus abdominis. Conclusion: 4 CPTP possesses spasmolytic and neuromuscular blocking activity in our ex vivo studies.

}, keywords = {Neuromuscular blocker, Phenobarbitone, Pyrimidines, Spasmolytic}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.3}, author = {Prem Kumar Verma and Garima Bhutani and Seema Rani and Rahul Saini} } @article {90, title = {Pediatric Liver Diseases and its Management by Herbals: A Traditional Siddha Medicine Treatise}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {32-40}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Siddha medicine is one of the oldest (5000 years old, pre vedic period) well-documented Indian traditional medicines, compared to Ayurveda, Unani, and traditional Chinese medicine, by way of keen observation and experimentation. It mentions 108 diseases that occur in childhood, which are further classified and described into various subtypes based on the clinical features and different stages of a particular disease. The objective of this review was to collect literature details on pediatric liver diseases and its management as per Siddha medicine. We have referred all the published Siddha books related to the pediatric practice. There were 37 Siddha literature deals pediatric diseases and they use the term kaamaalai or chenkamaari to describe the liver diseases. Most of the literature classifies liver disease into 3 types, but few texts describe 5-6 subtypes. Thus, a total of 9 subtypes of liver diseases in pediatric age group have been described in Siddha literature with a list of herbals to be used for each type. Mostly, the drug therapy is polyhedral formulations of internal and/or external application. A total of 113 herbals, 6 animal products (including black chicken liver, dairy products, donkey{\textquoteright}s dung, honey) and 7 mineral based products (including iron, rock salt) were listed as potential agents to treat liver diseases. The safety and efficacy of all the above mentioned herbal/mineral products have not been fully explored in children, but may be a great potential for clinical development.

}, keywords = {Agastyar, Ayurveda, Herbals for Children, Liver disease, Traditional Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.6}, author = {G Senthilvel and Arul Amuthan and Shiny Jasphin} } @article {97, title = {Pharmacogenomics of Metformin- A Way to Personalised Medicine}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {55-61}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India with more than 62 million diabetic individuals currently diagnosed with the disease. There are atleast 10 different drug classes for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but metformin is recommended as the initial medication for treatment of T2DM. Inter-individual variability in response and few clinical or biomarker predictors of response reduces its optimal use. Personalized medicine promises a path for individually optimized treatment, but realizing this promise will require a more comprehensive characterization of disease and drug response. As per American Medical Association, pharmacogenomics is the study of genetic variations that influence individual response to drugs. Knowing whether a patient carries any of these genetic variations can help prescribers individualize drug therapy, decrease the chance for adverse drug events, and increase the effectiveness of drugs. There are variety of genes controlling metformin transport in the body, for eg- SLC22A1, SLC22A2, SLC22A3, SLC22A4 etc. The purpose of this review article is to explain in brief pharmacogenomics of metformin and its application and practical hurdles in its translation.

}, keywords = {Diabetes Mellitus, Metformin, Personalised medicine, Pharmacogenomics, SLC2A4}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.4}, author = {Monali Pradeep Vakharia and Vijay Ramakrishna Zad and Nishikant Nandlal Mankar and Pratik Pradeep Wadivkar and Kalpana Unind Shah} } @article {88, title = {Phytochemical Standardization of Serankottai nei (a Siddha Drug from Milk Extract of Semecarpus Anacardium nuts) and its in-vitro Antitubercular Activity against H37Rv Strain}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {17-24}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Background: Serankottai nei is a popular Siddha drug, used in the treatment of lung infections including tuberculosis, autoimmune joint diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative osteoarthritis), cancers and neurological pain. Objective: To standardize serankottai nei and to screen its in-vitro antitubercular activity of in H37Rv strain. Materials and Methods: Serankottai nei, a medicated ghee preparation was procured from the SKM Siddha and Ayurveda Co India Ltd, Erode, Tamil Nadu. Unsaponifiable matter (USM) from the ghee preparation was separated and preliminary phytochemical screening was done. Further, USM was dissolved in 10 ml of chloroform and 3 and 6 μl of the above sample was applied for HPTLC fingerprint, which was developed in toluene: ethyl acetate (9.0:1.0). The developed plates were scanned under UV 254 nm, 366 nm, 540 nm and 620 nm post derivatization. Rf, colour of the spots and densitometric scan were recorded. Different doses of USM were screened for in-vitro antitubercular activity against H37Rv strain using Alamar Blue Dye method. Results: Phytochemical screening of 8\% w/w USM obtained from serankottai nei showed presence of alkaloid, phenol, steroid and terpenoid. In HPTLC, there were 15, 5 and 7 peaks at 254 nm, 366 nm and 620 nm respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against H37Rv strain of pyrazinamide, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin were 3.125, 6.25 and 3.125 μg/ml respectively. Whereas, the MIC of serankottai nei was 1.6 μg/ml, which was almost 25 to 50\% of standard drugs. Conclusion: Serankottai nei has shown promising antitubercular activity in in-vitro study. Thus, Semecarpus anacardium could be a suitable candidate for a new herbal based antitubercular drug.

}, keywords = {Antitubercular, Semecarpus anacardium, Serankottai nei, Siddha Medicine, Tuberculosis}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.4}, author = {G Senthilvel and Arul Amuthan and KN Sunil Kumar} } @article {104, title = {Prescription Trend of Topical Corticosteroids in Outpatient of Dermatology in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Tumakuru, Karnataka}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {77-82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {77}, abstract = {

Background: Skin diseases amounts for a large fraction of patients attending the outpatient of dermatology and topical corticosteroids (TCS) are being commonly prescribed, the data related to drug usage patterns of TCS in skin conditions are particularly lacking. Hence it is vital to study the drug prescribing patterns of TCS in skin diseases. Objective: To study the demographic details and drug prescription pattern of TCS in patients with skin diseases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in the Dermatology Department, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, over a period of 2 months. The patients with skin diseases who were prescribed TCS were included. The data was collected by direct observation in a specially designed proforma containing relevant detail such as demography, skin conditions and drug used. The data were analyzed as counts and percentages. Result: Majority of the patients were under the age of less than 20 years (38\%) followed by those between the age of 21 years to 40 years (36\%). .Female patients (61\%) were more and majority were from rural areas (69\%). Clobetasol propionate (46\%), mometasone furoate (15\%) and betamethasone dipropionate (12\%) were the commonly prescribed TCS. Fixed dose combinations (FDC) of TCS were commonly with fusidic acid, gentamicin and salicylic acid. Average drug per prescription was 2.09. None of the prescriptions used generic names. Conclusion: Prescription pattern provides critical feedback to prescribing physician by focusing on rationalizing drug therapy. FDC of TCS with gentamicin, salicylic acid and fusidic acids are rational and approved by CDSCO.

}, keywords = {Dermatology, Prescribing pattern, Rational, Skin disease, Topical corticosteroids}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.3.3}, author = {Purushotham K and Eesha BR} } @article {87, title = {Prevalence and Severity of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in Patients Subjected to Different Anti-psychotic Drugs in an Out-Patient Department of a Psychiatry Hospital in Kashmir; A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {12-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Background: Adverse effects are usually dose dependent and can be influenced by patient characteristics including age and gender and these confounding factors should be considered in clinical practice and in the interpretation of research data. Selection of an antipsychotic drug should be on an individual patient basis. Patients should be involved in prescribing decisions and this should involve discussion about adverse drug reactions and their severity. Objective: Current study was carried out with the aim to look into the severity with which the adverse drug reactions were associated with various antipsychotics used in our day to day practice. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted over a period of one year in the Outpatient Department of Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IMHNS), Government Medical College Srinagar. An assessment of severity was done using modified Hartwig and Siegel scale. Results: A total of 100 ADRs of different types were observed in 77 patients out of total 177 patients included in our study, with an overall prevalence of about 43.5\%. Most (83.0\%) of the ADRs were mild in severity while ADRs moderate in severity were found in only 17 (17.0\%) according to modified Hartwig and Siegel scale. None of the reported ADRs belonged to {\textquoteleft}severe{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteleft}lethal{\textquoteright} category. There was no statistically significant relationship between development of ADRs with age (p=0.8) or sex (p=0.6) of the patients included in the study. Conclusion: Although with the utilization of antipsychotics, the prevalence of ADRs in our study was as high 43.5\%, most of them (83\%) were mild in nature and only 17\% of them were of moderate severity and none of our patients showed the development of any severe ADR which would lead them to discontinue the therapy.

}, keywords = {ADR prevalence, ADR reporting, ADR severity due to Antipsychotics, Antipsychotics and ADRs, Modified Hartwig and Siegel scale}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.3}, author = {Afkat Ahmad and Arshad Hussain and Samina Farhat and Shagufta Parveen and Vineeta Sawhney and Zubair Ashai} } @article {111, title = {Short-term Toxicity Profile of Ethanol Extract of Solanum erianthum Leaf in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {103-108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Introduction: Solanum erianthum is medicinal plant used by folklore all over the world. There is no studies conducted on the toxicological effect of the plant. The present study aims to evaluate the toxicological effect of methanol extract of the leaf of the plant. Methods: The Solanum erianthum leaf was evaluated for toxic effects in Sprague Dawley rats. The extract was given in three doses (125,250,500 mg/kg BW of rats) for 14 days and the effect of the extract on the behaviour and normal physiology was assessed. Results: There was no mortality caused in any of the dosage groups. It was observed that the extract not has affected the normal behaviour and caused no deleterious effect on normal physiology, at all the doses given. Extract has no effect on pattern of weight gain and was comparable to normal control group. Serum biochemical parameters also were not altered and were comparable to normal control group. Conclusion: The results and observations of study it can be proposed that the extract has no mortality and is completely non toxic to the animal system.

}, keywords = {14 days repeated-dose toxicity profile, Hepatic enzymes, Histopathology, Safety profile, Solanum erianthum}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.2}, author = {Ramya URS and Lakshmidevi N} } @article {92, title = {A Study of Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients Treated with Penicillins in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {41-44}, type = {Research Articles}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are rated as the fifth leading cause of death among all diseases. Approximately 5-8\% of all hospitalization worldwide is due to ADR. Objectives: The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the pattern of Adverse Drug Reactions occurring from penicillins, their manifestations and severity. Methods: A non interventional observational prospective study was conducted over 2 years from Jan 2014 to Dec 2015 in KIMS Narketpally. The red boxes for dropping the filled yellow adverse drug reactions forms were installed in all the wards and outpatient departments. Additional information and missing data was obtained personally by either consulting the physician or through case sheets. Results: The most common penicillin implicated in causation of adverse drug reactions was combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (54\%), followed by Piperacillin (21\%). Most of the reactions were of moderate severity. The most commonly observed adverse drug reactions were dermatological reactions (37\%). Majority of the adverse drug reactions belonged to probable category (71\%) according to WHO scale. Conclusion: Dermatological reactions are the most common adverse drug reactions occurring due to penicillin and combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was the most common causative penicillin. The health care providers should make an attempt for early detections of ADRs and be vigilant about safety profile monitoring of the prescribed medicines. This will not only decrease the morbidity and mortality but also the health care cost.

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.1} } @article {101, title = {A Study of Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients Treated with Penicillins in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {41-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are rated as the fifth leading cause of death among all diseases. Approximately 5-8\% of all hospitalization worldwide is due to ADR. Objectives: The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the pattern of Adverse Drug Reactions occurring from penicillins, their manifestations and severity. Methods: A non interventional observational prospective study was conducted over 2 years from Jan 2014 to Dec 2015 in KIMS Narketpally. The red boxes for dropping the filled yellow adverse drug reactions forms were installed in all the wards and outpatient departments. Additional information and missing data was obtained personally by either consulting the physician or through case sheets. Results: The most common penicillin implicated in causation of adverse drug reactions was combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (54\%), followed by Piperacillin (21\%). Most of the reactions were of moderate severity. The most commonly observed adverse drug reactions were dermatological reactions (37\%). Majority of the adverse drug reactions belonged to probable category (71\%) according to WHO scale. Conclusion: Dermatological reactions are the most common adverse drug reactions occurring due to penicillin and combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was the most common causative penicillin. The health care providers should make an attempt for early detections of ADRs and be vigilant about safety profile monitoring of the prescribed medicines. This will not only decrease the morbidity and mortality but also the health care cost.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Amoxicillin, Penicillin, Pharmacovigilance}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.1}, author = {Shivaraj Basavaraj Patil and Shrinivas R Raikar and Bhaskar HN and M Janardhan and Y Venkata Rao and Vahila} } @article {106, title = {Ulcer Protective Action is Improved by Washing Fresh Aloe vera Gel: A Comparative Study with Unwashed Gel in Indomethacin and Ethanol Induced Ulcers in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {83-89}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Introduction: The Aloe vera and its components has been widely suggested for its ulcer protective action. Traditional Indian Siddha medical literature claims that washing the fresh Aloe vera gel (FAVG) has improved ulcer protective action due to the removal of bitter yellow latex. In this study, we compared the ulcer protective effect of unwashed as well as washed fresh Aloe vera gel in rats. Methods: We prepared washed and unwashed FAVG. Albino rats were fed with normal saline, ranitidine suspension, washed and unwashed FAVG for 8 days. Drugs have been tested in two ulcer models, in which indomethacin (20mg/kg) and ethanol (80\%) were used for the induction of ulcer after animals were fasted for 24 hours. The animals were sacrificed and stomach was cut open to calculate mean ulcer index and a section was sent for histopathological examination. One Way ANOVA was done for analysis. Results: In indomethacin induced ulcer model, the mean ulcer index in control, ranitidine, washed and unwashed FAVG treatment groups were 7.67 {\textpm} 1.51, 1.92 {\textpm} 1.12, 2.17 {\textpm} 1.16 and 4.0 {\textpm} 1.09 respectively. The percentage of ulcer protection in washed FAVG treatment (71.71\%) is comparable with ranitidine treatment (74.97\%), whereas the unwashed FAVG showed only 47.84\% ulcer protection. In ethanol induced ulcer model, the mean ulcer index in control, ranitidine, washed and unwashed FAVG treatment groups were 7.83 {\textpm} 1.51, 1.83 {\textpm} 0.82, 2.33 {\textpm}1.37 and 4.17 {\textpm} 1.47 respectively. The percentage of ulcer protection in washed FAVG treatment (70.24\%) is comparable with ranitidine treatment (76.63\%), whereas the unwashed FAVG showed only 46.74\% ulcer protection. In both the above ulcer models, washing the FAVG showed statistically significant (p\<0.05) reduction in ulcer index and improved ulcer protection. Conclusions: Washed fresh Aloe vera gel has shown higher ulcer protective activity compared to unwashed gel.

}, keywords = {Aloe latex, Aloe vera gel, Ayurveda, Ethanol, Gastric Ulcer, Indomethacin, Siddha}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.3.4}, author = {Jyoti Tara Manandhar Shrestha and Roanak Shrestha and Maya Shrestha and Saurab Raj Joshi and Merina Rajbhandari} } @article {96, title = {ABCB1 C3435T Genetic Polymorphism and Response to Glibenclamide Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {12-15}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Background: Glibenclamide is a substrate and an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein which is coded by the gene ABCB1. Objective: To study the influence of ABCB1 C3435T gene polymorphism on the therapeutic effect of glibenclamide, its plasma levels and hypoglycemic adverse effects. Materials and Methods: The study was done in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of South India (n=80) who were on treatment with glibenclamide as a single agent or along with metformin. From a venous blood sample, ABCB1 C3435T genetic polymorphism and plasma levels of glibenclamide were determined. The parameters were compared between genotype groups. Patient characteristics across genotypes were analyzed using one way ANOVA and the association between glycemic status and genotype was studied using Chi Square test. The association between genotypes and parameters such as C/D values, hypoglycemic episodes were compared using Kruskal Wallis Test. Results:There were no significant differences in age, body mass index and duration of treatment between the genotype groups ABCB1 CC, CT and TT. There was no significant association between glycemic status of type 2 diabetes and presence of variant genotypes ABCB1 CT and TT. There were no statistically significant differences in plasma concentration of glibenclamide, number and severity of adverse effects between the genotype groups. Conclusion: ABCB1 C3435T genetic polymorphism did not produce any significant influence on the therapeutic response to glibenclamide, plasma glibenclamide levels and the occurrence of adverse events in South Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

}, keywords = {ABCB1 C3435T, Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Transporters, Glibenclamide, MDR1, Personalized Medicine, Pharmacogenetics}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.2.1}, author = {Surendiran A and Pradhan SC and Subrahmanyam DKS and Aparna Agrawal and Umamaheswaran G and Rajan S and Adithan C} } @article {124, title = {Anti-Fibrotic Effect of Irbesartan via Attenuation of Endoplasmic Reticulum stress in Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {76-82}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Background: Angiotensin receptor blockers are the new class of compounds used for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate cardioprotective effect of irbesartan in isoproterenol induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, which results in myocardial fibrosis. Materials and Methods: Thirty wistar rats were assigned to study, 6 rats in a group. Myocardial fibrosis was induced by isoproterenol (5 mg/kg, s.c. for 15 days) which can cause cardiac toxicity. Irbesartan (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered for 15 days after administration of isoproterenol. Post-treatment with irbesartan, cardiac functional measurements and the left and right ventricular weight indices were analyzed. Pathological alteration of levels of soluble collagen was determined. Results: The administration of irbesartan resulted in a significant (p\<0.01) improvement in cardiac function and reduced levels of soluble collagen. Irbesartan also showed decrease in the level of malondialdehyde and an increase in defensive antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH) thus, exerts antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Irbesartan possesses anti-fibrotic activity and offers protection against myocardial fibrosis, due to regulation of angiotensin II activity through blockade of AT1 receptors which might attenuate the endoplasmic reticulum stress and thus inhibit myocardial fibrosis via inhibition of oxidative stress. The regulation of antioxidant defensive enzymes may be involved in anti-fibrotic effect of irbesartan

}, keywords = {Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Irbesartan, Isoproterenol, Myocardial Fibrosis, Oxidative Stress, Soluble Collagen}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.2}, author = {Vandana Shamrao Nade and Pranita Pradip Dharmadhikari and Laxman Ashok Kawale} } @article {128, title = {Comparison of In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Olmesartan and Amlodipine}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {90-93}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {90}, abstract = {

Introduction: Free radical oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathology of a wide variety of clinical disorders. Antioxidants are agents which scavenge the free radicals and prevent the damage caused by them. Angiotensin II receptor blockers used in the treatment of hypertension, have also been reported to protect organs such as kidney and heart. Althoug, the mechanisms of these protective effects are not fully understood, it is generally thought that their antioxidant effects likely play a role. Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, seems to exert atheroprotective effects through its antioxidant properties related to its chemical structure and independent of its calcium channel-blocking effect. Though research has proved that olmesartan and amlodipine exhibit antioxidant activity independent of their antihypertensive effects, there are not many in vitro studies to analyse which drug is a better antioxidant. Objective: This in vitro study was done to compare the antioxidant activity of olmesartan and amlodipine. Materials and Methods: In this study, we demonstrated the antioxidant activities of 10 mg/ml stock solutions of olmesartan and amlodipine in vitro. DPPH (1,1 Diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazide) and Nitric oxide free radical scavenging assays were done. Results: Olmesartan showed significant (49.48\%) and consistent free radical scavenging activity by DPPH and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. Free radical scavenging activity of amlodipine was more significant (56.89\%) than olmesartan but was inconsistent and non-concentration dependent. Conclusion: Hence this in vitro study has proved that olmesartan has better antioxidant activity than amlodipine.

}, keywords = {Amlodipine, DPPH, Free radicals, Nitric Oxide, Olmesartan, Oxidative Stress}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.4}, author = {Rajathilagam Thiruvengadam and Seethalakshmi Sankar} } @article {113, title = {Cost, Benefit and Risks Associated with in-Campus and off-Campus Accommodations of Medical Students: A cross-Sectional Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {58-62}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: Students{\textquoteright} accommodation might influence their growth, behaviour and study performance. There is no clarity yet about safety issues, trends in substance abuse and on effect of type of accommodations on students{\textquoteright} academic performance. Objectives: To compare students{\textquoteright} perceptions regarding in campus and off campus accommodations with respect to cost, benefit and risks associated with them and also to investigate whether type of accommodation affect medical students{\textquoteright} academic performance. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, the data was collected using newly designed validated questionnaires from students who had stayed in campus accommodation (n=100) and students who had stayed in off campus accommodation (n=100). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16. The group wise comparison was made using Mann-Whitney test. A p value of \< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The difference in the direct cost related to in campus and off campus accommodation was INR 43, 800/month with in-campus accommodation exceeding over off campus accommodation. Off-campus accommodation was perceived as more comfortable than in-campus accommodation, promoting collaborative learning and alcohol and substance abuse (p\<0.05) compared to in-campus accommodation. In addition, students who stayed in the campus performed significantly better academically than those who stayed outside the campus. Conclusion: The outside hostel accommodation is favorable to students in terms of direct cost and benefits. However, risks, including alcohol and substance abuse must be considered and appropriate precautions should be taken and counseling must be provided to students to avoid these risks.

}, keywords = {Academic Performance, Accommodation, Benefits, Cost, Medical Students}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.5}, author = {Vasudha Devi and Sabrina Najiha Binti Mohamad Ashari and Syahirah Binti Abd Rashid and Muhammad Azim Bin NurAdlan and Mohamed Mazlan Bin Mohamed Musadiq} } @article {110, title = {Effect of Kungiliya Vennai and Kalchunna Thailam on Excision Wound Healing in Albino Wistar Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Background: Kungiliya vennai and Kalchunna thailam are the two indigenous herbal formulation being used for healing of wounds in siddha medicine. Objectives: The objective of our study was to evaluate the wound healing property of topical application of kungiliya vennai (KV) and kalchunna thailam (KT) on excision wound in Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: Four groups of eight Sprague dawley female rats in each group were used for the study. Under anesthesia, excision wound of 300mm2 size was created using scissors. Group 1 served as control with no drugs applied. Group 2, 3 and 4 were applied with mupirocin, KV and KT respectively daily until wound was completely healed. Parameters observed were \% wound contraction rate and epithelialization period. Biopsy of wound for histology was taken on day 12 as well as the healed wound was taken after the wound was healed. Results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey{\textquoteright}s test by keeping p\<0.05 as statistically significant. Results: Kalchunna thailam has increased wound contraction rate only during initial days, but not statistically significant. Kungiliya vennai treatment has increased vascularity with presence of tissue eosinophils when compared to control rats. There was a regeneration of adnexal skin structures in the Kungiliya vennai treated rats, which is not seen in other groups. The epithelialization period was significantly (p\<0.001) hastened in Group 3 (15.83 days) and 4 (15.17 days) compared to control group (21.33 days). Conclusion: The topical application of kungiliya vennai and kalchunna thailam promoted wound healing in rats. Kungiliya vennai has the additional property of regenerating adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands.

}, keywords = {Calcium, Kungiliya Vennai, Shorea Robusta, Siddha Medicine, Wound}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.4}, author = {Vishal Bhat and Arul Amuthan and Barizah Binti Mohamed Rosli and Nur Amirah Binti Khairuddin and Fatin Shahira Binti Md. Isa} } @article {120, title = {Effect of Notchi kudineer (Vitex negundo Aqueous Extract) on Surgically Induced Endometriosis in Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences |}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {35-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Background: Endometriosis is the growth of endometrial tissue in ectopic places outside the uterus. Siddha physicians claim that Vitex negundo leaf decoction reduces the symptoms of endometriosis in clinical practice. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Vitex negundo aqueous extract on surgically induced endometriosis in Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Endometriosis was surgically induced in nulliparous female Sprague Dawley rats with regular estrus cycle by autografting endometrium tissue on posterior abdominal wall. After 30 days of implantation, rats were allocated into two groups (n=6). Control group did not receive any drug, whereas test group received an oral dose of Vitex negundo aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) for 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, the endometriosis cyst size and adhesion were measured and blood was collected for hematology. Malondialdehyde (MDA, an oxidant) and thiol (antioxidant) levels were estimated in blood as well as in cyst. Endometriosis cyst was studied for histopathological grading. Statistical analysis was done using independent t test by keeping p\<0.05. Results: Test drug reduced the adhesion and cyst size compared to control, but the difference was not statistically significant. Histological grade was reduced from 3 to 0 in test group. The test drug significantly increased thiol in blood (p=0.016), and also reduced the blood MDA level (p=0.001) compared to control. Test drug increased the red blood cell distribution width (RDW_CV: p=0.009 and RDW_SD: p=0.003), platelet (p=0.03) and plateletcrit (p=0.026) compared to control group. Conclusion: Our study has created the scientific evidence for the siddha physician{\textquoteright}s claim on Vitex negundo by demonstrating reduction in endometriosis cyst size, adhesion, histological grading and oxidant levels as well as elevation in antioxidant level.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Endometriosis, Sprague Dawley Rats, Vitex Negundo}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.1}, author = {Arul Amuthan and Shabari Anandh and Syed Musharraf and Nupur Agarwal and Vasudha Devi and Revathi P Shenoy and Bhavna Nayal} } @article {100, title = {Ethno-veterinary Practices Adopted during an Epidemic Outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease among Cattle in Sirkazhi and Adjoining Villages of Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu, India}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {23-34}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Background: Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak occurs annually among cattle in Tamilnadu, however increased morbidity and mortality was reported in the year 2013 despite preventive measure by the Department of Animal husbandry. Siddha System of medicine is popular and extensively practiced in Tamilnadu. Objective: To understand the Ethno-veterinary practices adopted during an epidemic outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease among cattle in several villages of Nagapattinam district in the month of December 2013. Methodology: Cattle farmers were interviewed using a semi{\textendash}structured questionnaire to capture details on number of cows owned, number affected, presenting signs and symptoms, interventions done, details of person who treated, details of medicines administered including external medicines, dose and duration, outcome of treatment and economic impact during the second fortnight of December 2013 along with photo documentation wherever required. Results: Institutional Ethno-Veterinarian{\textquoteright}s herbal intervention had a marginal edge over the traditional healers intervention both in adult cattle and in calves. The time of commencement of treatment was critical, the failures mainly attributed to late intervention, especially when the cattle were severely affected. Average mortality rate due to the outbreak stood at around 9\% among adults and 27\% among calves and average loss in productivity stood at Rs. 690/- per cow. Ethno veterinary intervention was found to be significantly associated with good prognosis and survival (P value is 0.00001 significant at P\<0.05). Conclusion: Early intervention with herbal drugs may be preventive of mortality and may also be protective from development of disease.

}, keywords = {Cattle Farmers, Epidemic, Foot and Mouth Disease, Herbs, Morbidity, Mortality and Economic impact, Traditional Intervention}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.2.3}, author = {Srividya Visvesvaran and Thirunarayanan Thirumalaiswamy2} } @article {98, title = {Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of the Anti-MRSA Fractions of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King \& H. Rob. leaves}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {16-22}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus characterized by its multi-drug resistance to penicillins, clindamycin, tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, etc. Chromolaena odorata R.M. King \& H. Rob is a potential and promising plant that should be explored for the management of diseases caused by MRSA because its fractions have anti-MRSA activities. Objective: The aim To screen and identify the chemical constituents of the anti-MRSA fractions of C. odorata leaves. Materials and Methods: Seven isolates of MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and a control strain S. aureus NCIBB 8588 were used for this study. Fresh leaves of C. odorata were collected from Igbinedion University, Okada environs, Edo State, Nigeria. The fractions obtained were analyzed with a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyzer to identify their chemical constituents. Results: A total of eight fractions (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F7, F8, F9) obtained from the leaves of C. odorata were analyzed for their chemical constituents. They contain essential oils which were: α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, σ-elemene, terpineol, camphene, cymene, linalool, terpinolene and α-phallandrene. Free fatty acids were also identified: namely, hexanoic acid (caproic acid), dodecanoic acid (lauric acid), decanoic acid (capric acid) and octanoic acid (caprylic acid). Constituents common in fractions F2 and F3 with the highest anti-MRSA activities were: α-pinene, camphene, octanoic acid and decanoic acid. Conclusion: C. odorata is a promising anti-MRSA agent that can be explored for the synthesis of novel drugs for use in the treatment of MRSA infections

}, keywords = {Chromolaena odorata, Free Fatty Acids, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Methicillin-resistant, Monoterpenes, Staphylococcus Aureus}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.2.2}, author = {Maureen Uchechukwu Okwu and Tonye Grace Okorie and Matthias Ikenna Agba and Omose Josephine Ofeimun} } @article {130, title = {Impact of Severity of Poly Pharmacy on Medication Adherence in Patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {94-97}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a complex chronic disease and people with diabetes estimated to reach 552 million by 2030 worldwide. World Health Organization stated that only 50\% of patients diagnosed with a chronic illness were fully compliant with their treatment regime. Objectives: To test the hypothesis that adherence decreases with increase in number of medications prescribed in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: It was a comparative cross sectional study conducted in the department of medicine, medical college, Kozhikode. Patients visiting in the outpatient department of general medicine who satisfy the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. Patient medication adherence was measured by medication adherence questionnaire. Results analyzed using student{\textquoteright}s t test. Results: A total of 218 type II diabetic patients enrolled in this 6 months study in which minor poly pharmacy accounts for 18 patients, and the remaining were major poly pharmacy regime. The average number of drugs prescribed was 4.71 {\textpm} 2.12. The mean value of medication adherence score is more in major poly pharmacy group (3.48) when compared with minor poly pharmacy group (1.96). Higher the value of medication adherence score lower is the value of medication adherence of the patient. Conclusion: Polypharmacy continues to be a significant issue and little research has been conducted regarding the relationship between medication adherence and poly pharmacy. Medication adherence is affected by certain factors other than the number of drugs prescribed.

}, keywords = {Compliance, Diabetes Mellitus, Medication Adherence, Patients, Polypharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.5}, author = {Manju Cheenkallel Sreenivasan and Rinisha Razak and Athira Balakrishnan and Chandni Radhakrishnan} } @article {206, title = {Learning Habits of Undergraduate Medical Students in Pharmacology}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {September 2015}, pages = {63-67}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {63}, abstract = {

Background: Learning pharmacology may be challenging to medical students as drug information is expanding and students are required to adopt suitable study habits to remember pharmacological aspects to develop higher cognitive skills for better academic performance. Objective: To compare the learning habits of students of various levels of academic performances in pharmacology. Methods and Material: Study was cross sectional in which students{\textquoteright} learning habits and examination scores in pharmacology were collected in a questionnaire. The questionnaire had Likert type items (1: never{\textendash}5: every time) related to learning habits of students that could influence academic performance in pharmacology. It was distributed to 2nd year MBBS students (n=243) after the two assessments in pharmacology. Based on the \% of marks obtained in previous assessments, students were categoriesed into 5 groups (1=\<50, 2=50-59, 3=60-69, 4=70-79, 5=80-100). Statistical analysis used: The categorical variables were described as median and interquartile range. Learning habits of students of various level of academic performances were compared using non parametric tests. A p value of \<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Group 1 less frequently revised the topics more than two times compared to the group 2 (p=0.015) and 5 (p=0.002). Compared to groups 1, 2 and 3, group 5 had started the preparation \>3 days before the scheduled pharmacology class test (p\<0.05). Compared to failed students, students who passed had revised topics more than 2 times and had set the target score of \>60\% and did not momorise the topics by mere byhearting. Conclusion: Reinforcement in the form of revisions, goal setting and developing deeper understanding of concepts have emerged as major determinants of students{\textquoteright} performance in examination in pharmacology. Hence, students should be made aware of these aspects to improve the quality of studies.

}, keywords = {Academic Performance, Learning Habits, Medical, Pharmacology, Students}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.6}, author = {Vasudha Devi and Zulhashime bin Zulkifli and Abdul Hadi bin Abd Rahman and Nurul Wahida Amalin binti Razali and Nur Atiqah binti Md Salehuddin} } @article {105, title = {Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Pavalasilasathu Parpam, a Marine based Traditional Siddha Drug used in Leucoderma and Infectious Conditions}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {44-47}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Background: Pavalasilasathu parpam (PSP) is one of the marine derived drugs used in Siddha Medicine for the treatment of leucoderma and respiratory infections. So far, no studies have been done on this drug. Objective: To prepare pavalasilasathu parpam as per the traditional Siddha literature and to evaluate its chemical changes during drug preparation processes. Materials and Methods: First, Suddhi (purification) process of pavalam (coral) and silasathu (selenite) were done by individually processed with Aloe vera juice and tender coconut water respectively. The chemical change in coral and selenite before and after the purification process was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Then, coral and selenite were ground well together with Cissus quadrangularis juice for 12 hours and subjected to calcination process. The obtained whitish ash was called as PSP. The physico-chemical property of PSP was analyzed using ash values, FTIR, ICP-OES and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Amount of heavy metal was quantified. Results: The procedure Suddhi reduced the amount of sodium, iron, calcium, phosphorous, sulfur and magnesium in coral and selenite. Particle size ranges between 30-80 μm. Heavy metals like mercury, lead, arsenic and cadmium were below detectable level. Amount of calcium, phosphorous and sulphur were 225 mg, 10 mg and 22 mg in 1 g of PSP. FTIR showed the peaks for the presence of six organic compounds. Conclusion: Pavalasilasathu parpam does not have heavy metals, but contains calcium, phosphorous and Sulphur with few organic phytochemicals derived from Cissus quadrangularis, which was used during the preparation process.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Bhasma, Cissus Quadrangularis, Corel, Leucoderma, Marine, Pavalam, Selenite, Siddha}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.2}, author = {Mekala and Sathish and Arul Amuthan} } @article {122, title = {Prophylactic and Curative Activity of {\textquoteright}Barleria Buxifolia. Linn{\textquoteright} on Experimentally Induced calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis in Animal Model}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {68-75}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {68}, abstract = {

Background: Increased level of urinary oxalate increases the risk of hyperoxaluria and followed by Nephrolithiasis. Berleria buxifolia having flavonoid and saponins showing more active diuretic and antioxidant property. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to evaluate the reduction of urinary oxalate crystal formation by treating with methanol extraction of the test drug {\textquoteleft}Barleria buxifolia{\textquoteright} on experimentally induced Nephrolithiasis in animal model. Methods: In the present study, methanol extract of whole plant of Barleria buxifolia was evaluated for their Antiurolithiatic potential in albino rats of Wistar strains (Five groups containing five animals each). Nephrolithiasis was induced by administering 0.75\% Ethylene glycol supplemented with 2\% Ammonium chloride. Urinary microscopy and histopathology were used as criteria for assessing the preventive or curative effect of the plants. The elevated serum creatinine levels of lithiatic rats were reduced in both groups (prophylactic and curative) by the administration of the extract treatment (once daily for 28 days by p.o route). Result: Assessment of Antiurolithiatic activity was determined by the urine and blood analysis; which gave supportive evidence of Antinephrolithiatic activity, (all p values\<0.05). Experiment findings also resulted in reduction in the stones compared to the control group, but neither was significantly reduced. Conclusion: Prophylactic and curative property of Barleria buxifolia against induced Nephrolithiasis showed concurrent reduction in the formation of Lithiasis in animal. So the test drug can be used as therapeutic agent.\ 

}, keywords = {Barleria Buxifolia, Calcium Oxalate, Creatinine, Ethylene Glycol, Nephrolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.1}, author = {Kapilraj P.K} } @article {103, title = {A Retrospective Study of Drugs Prescribed During Conservative Management of Isolated closed Fracture of Upper Limb in a Tertiary care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {48-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Background: Fractures are common presentation in the emergency department. Patient related factors and site of fracture play an important role in planning the management of fracture pain. This study was done to assess drugs prescribed during conservative management of closed isolated upper limb fractures. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. The case records of patients who visited the tertiary care hospital with closed isolated fracture of upper limb following trauma and were managed conservatively was analysed. The results were expressed as percentage. Results: Out of the 100 patients, 79 were adults and 21 children. Pain score was recorded in 83\% of the patients. All patients received analgesics. The commonly prescribed oral analgesic in children and adults were ibuprofen (85.71\%) and aceclofenac (60.75\%), respectively. The commonly used opioid was tramadol, orally as well as parenterally, in both adults and children. Analgesic combinations accounted for 62.8\% of the total analgesics prescribed. Propofol-fentanyl was commonly used during fracture reduction. Conclusion: Initial assessment of pain contributes to adequate management of acute pain. Use of analgesics and early reduction significantly reduce pain and improve outcome.

}, keywords = {Analgesics, Fractures, Opioids, Pain, Sedation}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.3}, author = {Shenoy Smita and Patil Navin and Ganeriwala Aditya and Chetty Shashikanth and Avinash Arivazhahan and Sushil Kiran Kunder and Shah Hitesh and Jha Anusha} } @article {133, title = {A Review on Drug-Drug and Drug-Food Interactions in Patients During the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {98-105}, type = {Review articles}, chapter = {98}, abstract = {

Drug interaction is defined as the modification of the effects of a drug (object drug) by the prior and/or the concomitant administration of another drug (precipitant drug). Drug interaction may either increase or decrease the intended effect of one or both drugs. It may transform the diagnostic, preventive or therapeutic activity of any drug. Drug-interactions can be an extremely main contributory factor for the incidence and occurrence of adverse drug reactions and adverse drug events. The rate of occurrence and incidence of drug interactions is much higher in patients receiving combinations of drugs or poly-pharmacy or suffered from co-morbidity of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcer, fungal infections and neurodegenerative disorders, which require prolong and multi treatments and the risk of drug interaction will increase as they are treated with multi-therapies. It is concluded that diabetic patients are at higher risk for drug interaction as receiving a combination of therapies for diabetic complications as well, so that the rate of occurrence of drug interaction is rapidly amplifying. Diabetes mellitus has been considered as a foremost public health challenge around the world because of its high prevalence and associated increase in morbidity and mortality. The main objective of this review study is to highlights the various drug interactions likely drug-drug and drug-food interactions as well as reports unwanted effects of other treatment associated with antidiabetic agents in the diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Interaction, Drug-drug Interaction, Drug-food Interaction, Polypharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.6}, author = {Sonu and Gopal Sharma and SL. Harikumar and Silvia Navis} } @article {94, title = {A Study on Adverse Drug Reactions to first line Antitubercular Drugs in DOTS Therapy}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {March 2015}, pages = {7-11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Background: Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the second leading infectious cause of death in the world. The objective was to study the demographic details of the tuberculosis patients experiencing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and to identify the frequency of adverse drug reactions. Materials and Methods: : It was a prospective observational study conducted in pulmonology department of Institute of Chest Disease, Govt. Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India. All the TB patients admitted at the directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS) Center at Medical College Hospital were enrolled and were monitored for ADRs. The causality and severity of the reactions were determined using Naranjo algorithm and Hartwig question-naire, respectively. Results: A total of 511 tuberculosis patients who were on DOTS therapy were enrolled for the study. Out of 511 pa-tients, 93 patients (18.20\%) developed adverse drug reactions. The higher numbers of ADRs were observed in males (68.81\%) and the remaining (31.18\%) was observed in female. Diabetes mellitus (41.02\%) was the most common comorbidity. Most of the ADR occurred in the intensive phase (85.71\%) of treatment. It was observed that pulmonary TB (55.18\%) was more common than extra pulmonary TB. Majority of adverse drug reactions were gastrointestinal (GI) problems (38.09\%). The most serious ADR was hepatitis. Isoniazid was the major drug which caused 34.40\% of adverse drug reactions. Conclusion: About 17.02\% people developed different type of ADRs during the study period. As a pharmacist we have the liability to support the patients during the period of antitubercular treatment. These ADR may steer the patient to make a judgment for stopping the medications and finally the occurrence of drug resistance and an amplified healthcare cost. If a proper educational system is implemented, most of the patients may report their ADR and thereby we can improve the patient adherence and therapeutic outcome.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin, Tuberculosis}, author = {Athira B and Manju CS and Jyothi E} } @article {91, title = {A Study to Compare the Stability of Proseal Laryngeal Mask Airway and Standard Laryngeal Mask Airway in Different Head and Neck Positions}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {March 2015}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Classic (CLMA) and Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Proseal (PLMA) are commonly used supraglottic devices for different kind of surgeries. We compared oropharyngeal leak pressure, intracuff pressure and anatomical position for LMA-Proseal and LMA-classic in four different head and neck positions: neutral, flexion, extension and left lateral rotation. Materials and Methods: LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic were inserted randomly in 100 adult patients. Oropharyngeal leak pressure, intracuff pressure and anatomical position of the airway were recorded in four head and neck positions (neutral first, then flexion, extension and left lateral rotation). Results: Compared with neutral position, oropharyngeal leak pressure for both LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic was higher in flexion and left lateral rotation but lower in extension (all p values \<0.005). Changes in head-neck position did not alter the anatomical position of the airway. Oropharyngeal leak pressure was always higher for LMA-Proseal than for LMA-Classic (p value \< 0.001). Conclusion: The anatomical position of LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic is stable in different head-neck positions, but head-neck flexion and left rotation are associated with an increase and head-neck extension is associated with a decrease in oropharyngeal leak pressure and intracuff pressure as compared to neutral position. LMA-Proseal forms a better seal than LMA-Classic in all the different head and neck positions.

}, keywords = {Classic Laryngeal Mask Airway, Laryngeal Mask Airway, Oropharyngeal Leak Pressure, Proseal, Supraglottic Devices}, author = {Taxak S and Rani S and Ahlawat G and Singh K and Raghove P} } @article {126, title = {Towards Standardization{\textendash}A New Protocol for Oil drop test (Neikuri) in Healthy Subjects}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences |}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {83-89}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Background: Oil drop test (Neikuri), a method of urine examination used in Siddha Medicine, an Indian system of medicine. In this test, patient urine is collected in a vessel, over which a drop of sesame oil is placed and the behavior of the oil drop on the urine surface is noted. However, due to lack of a standardized protocol for this test and advancement of modern diagnostic facilities, the utility value of this test has decreased to a greater extent. Objectives: To develop a new protocol for oil drop test in healthy subjects, so that it can be used as a standard reference to compare with other pathological conditions. Methods and Material: Urine samples of 12 healthy volunteers aged between 18 to 25 years were collected. Biochemical analysis was done in the urine samples with urine reagent strip to confirm health status of the subjects. 12 μl of sesame oil was dropped over 30 ml of each urine sample and behavior (shape of the oil spread, direction and spread time) was observed. Results: Majority of the samples showed circular shape and the most appropriate time to record it after 15 min of the test procedure. Conclusion: This test protocol can be taken as a standard technique for Oil drop test. However, further studies must be done in larger population so that it can be used as a non invasive and cost effective diagnostic/prognostic tool.

}, keywords = {Neikuri, Oil Drop Test, Oil Spread Direction and Time, Oil Spread Shape, Siddha Diagnostic Technique}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.3}, author = {Ahamed Basha Abdul Bari and Prince Johnson Samuel and Mathangi Damal Chandrasekar and Ramnath Shyamala and Siva Shankar Rangasamy} } @article {127, title = {Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Phytolacca Dodecandra Leaves Against Plasmodium berghei Infected Swiss Albino Mice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {39-45}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background: Malaria is the largest cause of death and disability globally and antimalarial drug resistances are a major public health problem, which hinders the control of malaria. Traditionally used medicinal plants have played important role in the treatment of malaria. In this study, the leaves of Phytolacca dodecandra, used in indigenous medicine to treat malaria in Ethiopia was evaluated for an in vivo antimalarial activity against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei. The objective of the study was to evaluate the antimalarial activity of methanolic leaf extract of P. dodecan-dra against Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 mice were randomly assigned into five groups with five mice per group. Three groups received the extracts at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight respectively. The other two groups (negative and positive control) were treated with 1ml/100 g body weight of Tween 80 and chloroquine at dose of 10 mg/kg respec-tively. Antimalarial activity was evaluated on day 4. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA. Results: The plant was nontoxic to mice and showed significantly improved suppression of parasitemia, prevented packed cell volume reduction (p\<0.05) dose dependently and increased the survival time of infected mice when com-pared to the negative control. Conclusion: The leaves of Phytolacca dodecandra demonstrated antimalarial activity in mice.

}, keywords = {Antimalarial activity, in vivo, Phytolacca dodecandra, Plasmodium berghei}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.1}, author = {Getinet Mequanint Adinew} } @article {132, title = {Anti-ulcer Activity of Herbo-mineral Formulation (Asecure capsule) Against Experimentally Induced Acute and Chronic Gastric Ulcers in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {61-67}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Background: This study was aimed to investigate anti-ulcer activity of a herbo-mineral formulation (Asecure capsule) in ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer and acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcer. Materials and Methods: Absolute methanol (5 mL/kg, p.o.) was administered for development of acute gastric ulcer. In another model, 50\% acetic acid was exposed to serosal surface of stomach to produce chronic gastric ulcer. For each experiment, animals were divided in to three groups where each group was consisting of six animals. Group-I, II and III were considered as Normal control, Disease control and test drug treated respectively. Herbo-mineral formula-tion (Asecure Capsule) was administered at 100 mg/kg/day, orally. Ulcer index, gastric wall mucus content, lipid perox-idation level in stomach tissue and tissue anti-oxidant parameters like superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and catalase enzyme activity were carried out for both experimental studies. Histopathology of stomach tissue was also performed. Statistical calculations were done by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s test. Results: Induction of ethanol and acetic acid caused significant alteration in ulcer index, gastric wall mucus content and lipid peroxidation level in comparison to normal control group whereas treatment of Asecure capsule showed sig-nificant cyto-protection and recovery against ethanol and acetic acid induced acute and chronic ulcer respectively. Treatment with Asecure capsule) also showed significant increase in level of antioxidant enzymes in comparison of disease control groups. Histopathology of stomach showed remarkable cyto-protection. Conclusion: On the basis of present data it can be concluded that Asecure capsule) possesses significant anti-ulcer activity against exposure to a noxious agent like ethanol and acetic acid. The observed effect be due to synergistic anti-oxidant property of ingredients of the herbo-mineral formulation.

}, keywords = {Anti-ulcer activity, Ethanol and acetic acid induced gastric ulcer, Herbo-mineral}, author = {Hardik Soni and Ankur Shah and Arindam Paul and Ghanshyam Patel} } @article {142, title = {Cerebroprotein Hydrolysate in Treatment of Vascular Dementia - a Case Report}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {75-78}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Vascular dementia (VD) is a dementia due to vascular factors and is one of common causes of dementia. Neurotrophic factors and anticholinesterases are useful in the management of disorders such as dementia or stroke. A new phar-macological agent called cerebroprotein hydrolysate has been used in the management of dementia with promising results. Here we present a case report where cerebroprotein hydrolysate showed promising improvement in the man-agement of vascular dementia.

}, keywords = {Cerebroprotein hydrolysate, Dementia, Vascular, Vascular dementia}, author = {Mosam Phirke and Anup Bharati and Avinash De Sousa and Nilesh Shah and Sushma Sonavane} } @article {125, title = {Chelation of Lanthanum (La3+) by Various Thiols - an in vitro Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {34-38}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

In the present study the interaction of various thiols (L-glutathione, L-cysteine, N-acetyl cysteine and D-penicillamine) with LaCl3 was studied in vitro by modified Ellman{\textquoteright}s method. Experiments carried out at various concentrations inferred gradual decrease in thiol concentration with the increase in La3+ concentration in aqueous solutions. Maximum interac-tion between thiols and La3+ was observed at pH 7.5 and 35{\textdegree}C as indicated by the lowest values of residual thiol con-centration. The order of reactivity was DPA\>GSH\>NAC\>Cys, where reactivity increased with increasing pKa of their thiol group. The possible products of reaction are proposed to be La(RS)3 complex or oxidized form with disulfide bond (RSSR).

}, keywords = {Chelation, Ellman{\textquoteright}s modified method, Lanthanum, Thiols}, author = {Muhammad Yaqoob and Muhammad Farid Khan and Muhammad Tausif Chaudhry and Izhar Ahmad Shaikh} } @article {117, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Anticonvulsant Induced Cases of Steven Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {March 2014}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) constitute a spectrum of severe, potentially life threatening, mucocutaneous adverse drug reactions. Antimicrobial agents and anticonvulsants are the most commonly implicated drugs. This study was aimed to compare and analyse the differences in the incubation peri-od, clinical presentation and outcome in patients of SJS/TEN caused by the antimicrobials and anticonvulsants. Materials and Methods: Patients of SJS, TEN and SJS/TEN overlap admitted in the dermatology ward of our hospi-tal, in whom an antimicrobial agent or an anticonvulsant were found to be probable causative agent by Naranjo score were assigned to Group A and B respectively. Inpatient records of the selected patients were studied to compare the differences. Results: Total of forty patients (twenty each of Group A and B) were included in the study. Fluoroquinolones followed by chloroquine were the most commonly implicated antimicrobials. The anticonvulsants most commonly implicated were phenytoin followed by carbamazepine. Incubation period in the antimicrobial group was significantly shorter [Group A (7.32 {\textpm} 5.4 days) vs Group B (28.58 {\textpm} 19.35 days)] with p value \< 0.001. The duration of stay, in the derma-tology ward, was significantly longer (p value\< 0.05) in the cases of TEN caused by antimicrobials (20.1 {\textpm} 7.49 days) as compared to those caused by anticonvulsants (14.5 {\textpm} 5.36 days). Three patients in Group A and one patient in Group B expired. Conclusion: A shorter incubation period and a higher morbidity and mortality were seen in the antimicrobial induced cases as compared to the anticonvulsant group.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsants, Antimicrobials, Steven Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis}, author = {Surabhi Dayal and Brahmita Monga and V. K. Jain and Kamal Aggarwal and Anuradha} } @article {129, title = {Comparative Study of Psychomotor Performance Amongst Fixed Dose Combinations of First and Second Generation H1 Antihistaminics in Adult Healthy Volunteers}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {46-52}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

Background: Fixed dose combination (FDC) of first and second generation H1 antihistaminics with paracetamol and phenylephrine are widely used and are the most frequent form of self-medication. Though previous studies have shown that H1 antihistaminics cause psychomotor and cognitive impairment, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have utilized the FDC of antihistaminics to evaluate their effect on psychomotor performance. This study was planned to observe the effects of such combinations on CNS. The mainstay of the study was to compare the psychomotor perfor-mance upon administration of fixed dose combination of 1st and 2nd generation H1 antihistaminics along with paracetamol and phenylephrine in adult healthy volunteers. Materials and Methods: This was double blind cross over study conducted in 12 adult healthy volunteers. Following single dose of FDC of the 1st (chlorpheniramine maleate) and 2nd (cetrizine) generation anti-histaminics with paracetamol and phenylephrine, volunteers were subjected to perform a battery of validated tests to evaluate their cognitive and psychomotor performance (simple reaction time, arithmetic ability test, digit substitution test, digit cancellation test, immediate and delayed recall rests and a Stanford drowsiness scale) 2 hrs post dose. Data was analysed using anal-ysis of variance test with Tukey{\textquoteright}s Multiple Comparison Test. A p value of \< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\ Results: FDC containing cetrizine did not show significant difference from the other FDC containing chlorpheniramine maleate in any of the tests which had been performed, except for a mildly sedative action of cetirizine containing FDC.\ Conclusion: FDC of antihistaminics do not cause impairment of cognition and psychomotor performance. Also, 2nd generation antihistaminics are not free from adverse effect like sedation. The possible reasons behind the obtained results are addition of paracetamol and low doses of antihistaminics in FDCs, laxity of tests and single dose administration.

}, keywords = {Anti-histaminics, Cetrizine, Chlorpheniramine, Fixed dose combinations, Psychometric test}, author = {Yogita S Karandikar and Sharma Apoorva} } @article {134, title = {Comparison of Safety, Efficacy and Cost Effectiveness of Intravaginal Misoprostol and Intracervical Dinoprostone for Induction of Labour}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {68-72}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {68}, abstract = {

Background: Misoprostol is more efficacious than dinoprostone for induction of labour. But the adverse effects pro-duced by misoprostol were different. The aims of this study was to compare the safety, efficacy, cost effectiveness of intravaginal misoprostol and intracervical dinoprostone for induction of labour and their effects on intrapartum complications, mode of delivery and neonatal outcome. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized, parallel, two tailed, prospective, open label comparative trial. Sixty pregnant women were included in the study and it was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics, Government General Hospital, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool during the period Dec. 2009 - June 2010. Out of 60 patients, 30 received miso-prostol 25 mcg intravaginally and 30 received dinoprostone 0.5 mg intracervically. Analysis and comparison of various parameters like induction- delivery interval, mode of delivery, neonatal outcome, foeto-maternal complications and cost of the drug were done. Mean and standard deviation of all observations were calculated and tabulated with the help of {\textquoteleft}Microsoft Excel{\textquoteright}. Comparison was done by applying student{\textquoteright}s t -test. Statistical significance was assigned at P\<0.05. Results: Misoprostol is more efficacious for cervical ripening and labor induction than dinoprostone. Misoprostol group had more number of vaginal deliveries, lesser requirement of oxytocin for labor augmentation, more number of vaginal deliveries within 12 hrs, less induction failures and was cost effective. However, it was reported to have slightly higher incidence of uterine contractility abnormalities and foetal complications. Conclusion: Misoprostol is more efficacious than dinoprostone. However uterine contraction abnormalities, fetal com-plications should be carefully assessed by close monitoring of labor by intrapartum cardiotocography and partogram.

}, keywords = {Cervical ripening, Induction - delivery interval, Induction failure, Labor induction, Tachysystole}, author = {Dara Aruna Kumari and Gujjala Radhika} } @article {123, title = {Comparison of Two Zidovudine Based HAART Regimens used in Treatment of HIV Infection}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Background: India has third highest number of HIV patients. Zidovudine based regimens are the first line of treatment in these patients. This study was undertaken to compare three prognostic markers with this treatment in patients infected with HIV. The objective of the study was to compare the changes in the CD4 counts, hemoglobin and weight between HIV infected patients receiving zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine (ZLN) against those receiving zidovu-dine, lamivudine and efavirenz (ZLE). Materials and Methods: Retrospective data was collected from the ART centre, Chigateri Hospital, Davangere. Patients who were on the study regimens for atleast six months were considered for analysis. Changes in CD4 counts, hemoglobin levels and weight were analyzed with paired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test for intra group variation and unpaired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test for inter-group variation. Results: CD4 counts were analyzed in 339 patients and in both the groups the counts improved significantly (ZLN: n=252, ZLE: n=87 and p \< 0.001 in both groups) after six months of treatment but the improvement was much better in patients who received ZLN regimen (p = 0.005). 281 patients were analyzed with respect to hemoglobin and improve-ment was seen in ZLE group (n=77, p = 0.001) but not in ZLN group (n=204, p = 0.36) with treatment and intergroup analysis was in favor of ZLE (p = 0.03). Weight was analyzed in 356 patients and it improved significantly in both ZLN group (n=264, p = 0.001) and ZLE group (n=92, p = 0.001) but the intergroup comparison did not reveal any signifi-cance (p = 0.21). Conclusion: A regimen consisting of zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz is better in treating a HIV patient with decreased hemoglobin. So this regimen can be preferred in anemic patients with HIV.\ 

}, keywords = {Efavirenz, HAART, Lamivudine, Nevirapine, Zidovudine}, author = {Narendranath Sanji and Dinakar KR and Vaneet Aggarwal and Navin A Patil and Somashekar HS and Keerthisagar J and Reshma SR} } @article {121, title = {Design of Drug Dosage Regimen for Valproate: Exploring Modeling and Simulation Based Approach}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {22-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {22}, abstract = {

Background: Population pharmacokinetic studies attempt to explain the variability in pharmacokinetics among study subjects and explore the role of covariates on the pharmacokinetics. The present study was planned to evaluate by simulation, the various dosage regimens of valproate and their predicted relevance to achieve desired therapeutic ranges and to see the effect of various covariates. Materials and Methods: This study utilized the previous database of therapeutic drug monitoring data of valproate available in the department and population pharmacokinetic models developed by a group in the department. From the database, 93 patients{\textquoteright} details have been used in this study. The simulation studies were carried out for various dosage regimens such as 400mgQ12Hr, 500mgQ12Hr, 800mgQ12Hr, 1000mgQ24Hr for 100 simulated patients using NON-MEM software package. Results: 500mg BID dosage regimen was found to be more advantageous as more number of simulated patients were having the Css within the therapeutic range and the effect of covariates like sex and concomitant phenytoin use were found to be insignificant but with 1000mg OD regimen in females, the number of individuals with Css within the therapeutic range were found to be less with which we could say that the induction effect of phenytoin on valproate metabolism in females could be more than that of males. Conclusion: The present study was able to predict steady state concentrations for various dosage regimen scenarios with possible pharmacokinetic and therapeutic outcomes. This study underscores the relevance of population pharma-cokinetic based simulations in dosage regimen design.

}, keywords = {Dosage regimen, NONMEM, Population pharmacokinetics, Simulations, Valproate}, author = {Shiv sagar K and Nithya Duggirala and Chintan Y Patel and Leelavathy D Acharya and Surulivelrajan Mallayasamy} } @article {131, title = {Gastroprotective Activity of Asystasia gangetica Stem Aqueous Extract Against Pylorus Ligated Gastric Ulcer in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {53-60}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {53}, abstract = {

Background: Asystasia gangetica, a medicinal plant commonly known as Maithal Kadi available in Udupi district in India. It is used as a fresh juice to treat gastric ulcers, rheumatism, inflammation, swelling by the folklore practitioners. The present studies were aimed to investigate the antiulcer activity of aqueous extract of Asystasia gangetica stem to provide scientific validation for its folklore use. Materials and Methods: Healthy Wistar albino rats were divided into three different groups of six rats each. The rats were pre-treated with group specific drugs. Group I assigned as control, group II received the standard drug omepra-zole 20 mg/kg, group III received aqueous extract of stem of the plant Asystasia gangetica 400 mg/kg once daily for seven consecutive days. On seventh day, one hour after drug administration, the gastric ulcer was induced by ligation of the pyloric part of the rat{\textquoteright}s stomach. This was followed by the macroscopic examination of the stomach, quantifica-tion of gastric juice, total and free acidity, peptic activity and histological examination of stomach tissue were performed. The test extract were subjected for preliminary phytochemical analysis as per standard methodology. Results: The test drug treated group showed that there is a significant reduction in the total acidity and marked reduction in ulcer index, the volume of gastric juice and the effect was comparable with that of omeprazole. Histologi-cal examination revealed a normal cytoarchitecture with reduced gastric lesions in group III compared to group I. Conclusion: The present finding suggests that Asystasia gangetica promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by the comparative decreases in total acidity, gastric lesions and peptic activity.

}, keywords = {Asystasia gangetica, Gastro protection, Leukocyte, Omeprazole, Pylorus ligation, Ulcer index}, author = {Lalith Kumar and Ravi M and Shridhara Bairy and Chaithra Hebbar and Ravi Shankar B} } @article {145, title = {Hemobilia - A Sporadic Cause of Hematemesis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {79-82}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

A multitude of reasons contribute to gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hemobilia being less frequent. Here we present a case of hematemesis who was later found to have bleeding from the biliary tract that was due to pseudo-aneurysm arising from the hepatic artery. The diagnosis was supported by angiogram. He underwent coil embolization post which bleeding stopped. We present this case since hemobilia is a rare event and classical finding of blood clot on the ampulla on endoscopy is rare as seen in our case.

}, keywords = {Coil embolization, Hemobilia, Pseudoaneurysm, Right hepatic artery}, author = {Nagesh Kamath and Venkatakrishnan Leelakrishnan and Rajendiran Gopalan and Shiran Shetty} } @article {135, title = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences (IJPCS): The Journey}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {73-74}, type = {Editorial}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

IJPCS, which began 3 years ago in the year 2012, with the intention of widely dissem-inating authentic scientific knowledge through open access and double blind peer review pro-cess, has published 55 articles till date free of charge to authors. All the articles are available for free download in the journal{\textquoteright}s website www.ijpcs.net. Since its inception in April, 2012 to Dec, 2014, IJPCS has received 148 articles from various fields of traditional and modern medicine including, pharmacology, surgery, anesthesiology, ethnopharmacology, medical education etc. In 2014, among articles submitted, 18\% were of authors from outside India. 28.8\% of articles submitted were published with a re-jection rate of 33.3\%. The review process could identify 6.6\% of articles as redundant submis-sions. Read more...

}, keywords = {Nill}, author = {Vasudha Devi} } @article {119, title = {An Open Label, Randomized, Comparative Study of Antiscabietic Drugs Permethrin, Gamma Benzene Hexachloride and Ivermectin in Patients of Uncomplicated Scabies}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {15-21}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background: To determine efficacy and cost effectiveness of antiscabietic drugs (permethrin, gamma benzene hexa-chloride and ivermectin) in patients of uncomplicated scabies. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, randomized clinical study conducted in 210 diagnosed patients of scabies (\>12years of age) from January 2011 to October 2011.They were randomly allocated into one of the three groups. Group A received topical permethrin (5\% cream), Group B received topical gamma benzene hexachloride (1\% lotion) and Group C received oral ivermectin (tab 200mcg/kg). All the three groups received treatment two times- at the time of first visit and one week later. The patients were followed up at the end of first and third week. At each visit, cure rate was assessed by clinical and itching grading score and compared to determine the efficacy. Cost effectiveness was compared on basis of cost in INR to treat one case successfully. Results: Cure rate at the end of first week was 83.87\% in Group A, 78.18\% in Group B and 55.17\% in Group C while cure rate in the three treatment groups at the end of third week was 93.55\% in Group A, 80.00\% in Group B and 98.28\% in Group C. Thus at the end of first week Group A showed better cure rate while at the end of third week Group C was equally efficacious to Group A. The cost (INR) to treat one patient was 69.19 for permethrin, 37.50 for gamma benzene hexachloride and 24.42 for ivermectin. Conclusion: A single application of permethrin is superior to both ivermectin and gamma benzene hexachloride while ivermectin in two dose regimen is equally efficacious to permethrin and more cost effective than the other two conven-tional antiscabietic drugs. Oral ivermectin can be used as an alternative to permethrin.

}, keywords = {Antiscabietic, Gamma benzene hexachloride, Ivermectin, Permethrin}, author = {Maurya Meenakshi and Kaushik Sadhna and Srivastava Neeraj and Verma Deepak and Parihar Renu} } @article {118, title = {Saroglitazar: India{\textquoteright}s Answer to Diabetic Dyslipidemia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {March 2014}, pages = {7-14}, type = {New drug information}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Incidence of dyslipidemia among people suffering from diabetes is shooting up each year around the globe. A novel target to control this disorder has agonistic activity on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-α and PPAR-γ receptors simultaneously. While the α form has lipid lowering effects, γ leads to lowering in blood glucose. Saroglitazar (Lipaglyn), developed by Zydus Cadila, first new chemical entity (NCE) discovered and developed indige-nously by an Indian Pharma Company, has agonistic activity on both PPAR-α and PPAR-γ receptors. Unlike other glitazars that were discontinued during their development, saroglitazar enjoys a high benefit-to-risk ratio. It is indicated for the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia with Type 2 diabetes mellitus not controlled by conventional therapy. Dose recommended for Lipaglyn is 4mg once a day.

}, keywords = {Diabetic dyslipidemia, Glitazar, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ agonist, Saroglitazar}, author = {Akanksha Aggarwal} } @article {178, title = {Acute and Chronic Toxicity Study of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Caralluma tuberculata in Mice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {99-104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Background: Caralluma tuberculata (Asclepiadaceae), a succulent perennial herb used as vegetable is reported to treat the diabetes and rheumatism. In the present study the safety profile of Caralluma tuberculata (CT) was evaluated by gross behavioral, acute and chronic toxicity study of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of CT in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: For acute toxicity study, mice were divided into seven groups. Normal saline was given by intraperitoneal route to control group and to other six groups, different doses of extract i.e. 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 g/kg body weight was given to the mice intraperitoneally. In chronic toxicity study, 100mg/kg body weight was given intraperitoneally route for three months. In acute toxicity mortality rate was determined, while in chronic toxicity changes in body and organ weight, biochemical, hematological parameters in both male and female mice, and spermatotoxic effects in male mice were measured by using standard procedures. Statistical analysis was carried out by student t-test. Results: Acute toxicity showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was safe up to 3g/kg body weight in mice. In gross behavioral study some signs of passivity and decreased spontaneous activity were observed. No mortality was observed in chronic toxicity study. No detectable alterations were found on weight, vital body organs, biochemical, and hematological parameters; no spermatotoxic effects in treated mice were observed when compared to vehicle control group after three months of chronic treatment. Conclusion: The results of present study therefore indicated that ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of Caralluma tuberculata was safe in test animals demonstrating no noticeable toxicity.

}, keywords = {Caralluma tuberculata, Ethyl acetate fraction, Gross behavioral, Spermatotoxic}, author = {Qazi Najam-us-Saqib and Rahila Qayyum and Abdul Waheed} } @article {158, title = {Anti Stress Effect of Centella asiatica Leaf Extract on Hippocampal CA3 Neurons {\textendash} A Quantitative Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {25-32}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Background: Centella asiatica (CeA) is a small perennial herbaceous creeper, growing in moist soil belonging to the umbelliferae family. In Ayurvedic medicine, CeA is popular as a brain tonic to promote brain growth and enhance memory. In addition to its memory enhancing and anxiolytic effects it also has anti-thrombotic activity, antibacterial effects, antinociceptive and anti inflammatory properties. However its neuroprotective effect has not been reported so far. In the present study the neuroprotective effect of CeA leaf extract on hippocampal CA3 neurons was investigated. Materials and Methods: Three months old albino mice were divided into four groups. Group (i) was normal control, Group (ii) was saline control, Group (iii) was stress group, Group (iv) was stress + CeA treated group. Group (iii) mice were stressed in a wire mesh restrainer for 6 hours/day for 6 weeks. Group (iv) mice were also stressed like group (iii) but they received orally CeA leaf extract throughout the stress period. After 6 weeks, brain was removed, hippocampus was dissected and processed for Golgi staining. Hippocampal neurons were traced using camera lucida focused at 400X magnification. The concentric circle method of Sholl was used to quantify the dendrites. Results: There was a decrease in the number of dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections in the hippocampal CA3 neurons in group (iii). However, there was a sharp contrast observation in group (iv) which was subjected to restraint and treated with CeA leaf extract. Conclusion: CeA leaf extract has neuroprotective effect against the stress induced neuronal atrophy in mice.

}, keywords = {Dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections, Hippocampus, Restraint stress}, author = {Hemamalini and Muddanna S. Rao} } @article {160, title = {Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Activities of Tamarindus indica Fruit Pulp in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {33-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {33}, abstract = {

Background: Tamarindus indica belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae. Fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica is believed to have antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and many other medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to investigate antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 6). Normal and diabetic control groups received normal saline and alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) respectively. Animals were made diabetic by injection of single dose of alloxan in three test groups and after that they were treated with ethanolic extract of fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica 300 and 500 mg/kg/body weight orally and metformin 150 mg/kg body weight orally respectively for 14 days. Antidiabetic activity was estimated by measuring serum glucose and lipid profile; and hepatoprotective activity was measured by estimating serum liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in liver tissues. Results were analyzed by One way ANOVA followed by Scheffe multiple comparison tests (p\<0.01). Results: The two dose levels of Tamarindus indica significantly altered alloxan induced changes in serum glucose, lipid profile and serum enzyme levels. But in liver histopathology, higher dose (500 mg/kg) of plant showed complete regeneration whereas lower dose (300 mg/kg) showed only partial improvement in liver histopathology profile. Conclusion: Present study revealed that Tamarindus indica possesses antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotection, Tamarindus indica}, author = {Narendar Koyagura and V. Hemanth kumar and M.G Jamadar and Shobha V Huilgol and Nagendra Nayak and Saeed M Yendigeri and Mohd Shamsuddin} } @article {184, title = {Antituberculosis Therapy (ATT) Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {126-128}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {126}, abstract = {

Thrombocytopenia is a rare adverse effect seen with anti-tubercular drugs. We report an 80 year old male with tuber-cular right pleural effusion, on Category I Anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) for 3 weeks who presented with melena and epistaxis. On evaluation, he had thrombocytopenia which was found to be rifampicin-induced. ATT was restarted with-out rifampicin and there were no bleeding episodes. Though, rifampicin is well tolerated, but on rare occasions it can cause thrombocytopenia.

}, keywords = {ATT, Intermittent regimen, Rifampicin, Thrombocytopenia, Tuberculosis}, author = {R. Dinesh Prabhu and G. Vikneswaran and Chultin Lepcha and N. Tombi Singh} } @article {175, title = {Antiviral Drug Discovery by Targeting the Envelope Glycoproteins of Influenza A Virus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {89-98}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Influenza A viruses are enveloped RNA viruses and composed of eight single-stranded, negative-sensed RNA segments. Among eight single strand components of influenza A virion hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, two surface glycoproteins, are interesting targets for antiviral drug discovery. Scientists are trying to discover newer antiviral compounds for the prevention of future pandemic and resistant strains of influenza A viruses targeting the surface glycoproteins. These viruses cause respiratory diseases in humans and animals with a high morbidity and mortality. In this review, various methods are described for screening of antiviral compounds of influenza A viruses by targeting the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Fusion, Hemagglutination, Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase, Sialidase}, author = {Repon Kumer Saha and Takashi Suzuki and Yasuo Suzuki} } @article {156, title = {Effect of Flunarizine on Blood Glucose Levels in Normal Albino Rats Through Oral Glucose Tolerance Test}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {19-24}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Background: Flunarizine is commonly used for migraine prophylaxis. It is a calcium channel blocker which blocks the L-type, T-type and N-type of calcium channels of pancreatic beta cells and other cells. It is believed to cause alterations in blood glucose levels secondary to its effect on calcium channel dependent insulin secretion. Objective: To evaluate the effect of flunarizine on blood glucose levels in normal albino rats through oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) Materials and Methods: Flunarizine and distilled water were given orally for 5 days to the test (T) and control (C) groups of 6 normal albino rats respectively (N = 6). OGTT was conducted on both the groups on the 5th day and blood glucose levels were analyzed at 0, 60 and 150 minutes. Data was analyzed with one way ANOVA and independent samples t -test. Results: Flunarizine caused hyperglycemia at all durations of the OGTT with a maximum difference of 26\% at 0 hour. The extent of worsening was maximum at 60 - 0 minute interval in both the instances i.e. test group value compared with control (T-C) and control values compared with itself (C-C). The comparison of extent of hyperglycemia revealed that T-C showed 17\% (47mg/dl) more hyperglycemia than the C-C (40 mg/dl). Conclusion: Flunarizine has hyperglycemic effects in normal albino rats when given for 5 consecutive days orally even at the dose used for prophylaxis of migraine in human beings. A word of caution is thus advised when using flunarizine in impaired glucose tolerance or diabetic subjects.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose level, Flunarizine, Hyperglycemic, Oral glucose tolerance test}, author = {Suresha RN and Ashwini V and Pragathi B and Kalabharathi HL and Satish AM and Pushpa VH} } @article {151, title = {Efficacy and Safety of Levofloxacin and Cefuroxime axetil in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis: A Comparative Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {1-8}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB) is a commonly encountered clinical problem and those suspected to be due to bacterial infections require antibiotic therapy. Objective: The study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two commonly used antibiotics levofloxacin, a second generation fluoroquinolone, versus cefuroxime axetil, an oral second-generation cephalosporin, for the treatment of mild to moderately severe cases of AECB. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective, open labeled randomized study involving a total of 60 adult subjects diagnosed with chronic bronchitis with clinical symptoms suggestive of an Anthonisen type II acute exacerbation (any two of the following criteria - increased dyspnea, cough, sputum purulence). Forty eight patients who fulfilled the selection criteria were randomized to receive either levofloxacin 500 mg once daily or cefuroxime axetil 250 mg twice daily orally for 7 days. The primary outcome measure was clinical success rate at day 14 visit and the secondary out-come measures were changes in Clinical Global impression (CGI) scales and incidence of adverse events (AEs). Results: The clinical success rates were comparable (82.6\% in levofloxacin group versus 77.3\% in cefuroxime group) and no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. AEs were mild, self-limiting and few (two in levofloxacin and three in cefuroxime arm) and tolerability was also good. Conclusion: A 7-day course of levofloxacin was convenient with once daily dose, was found to be economical and therapeutically comparable to cefuroxime in terms of both clinical effectiveness and safety for the treatment of AECB patients

}, keywords = {Cefuroxime, Dyspnoea, Levofloxacin, Spirometry}, author = {Bhanu Prakash Kolasani and Sudheer Diyya and Sridevi Kandavalli} } @article {161, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey on Folk Medicine in the Management of Animal Bite Poisons in the Forest Tract of Salem Region of Tamil Nadu, India}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {41-46}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional healers are sought after for the treatment of animal poisons in the tribal regions across the world. Centre for Traditional Medicine and Research (CTMR) documented these practices in the erstwhile Salem dis-trict. The objective of the study was to explore the ethnobotanical knowledge of the traditional healers in the treatment of animal poisons. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out over a period of two years 2009-2011 by way of structured inter-views, photo documentation of plants used and process adopted for the treatment including chanting of mantras among the folk healers of the hilly regions of Salem, Namakkal, Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri Districts of Tamil Nadu. Out of 180 healers interviewed, twenty eight healers who treated poison bites took part in the study voluntarily and shared their practices. This paper enumerates the plants used either individually or as part of a polyherbal formulation. Results: The healers treat unknown insect bites, scorpion stings, wasp, wild spider, bee stings, snake bites and aller-gy caused by centipedes. Many times allergic skin diseases- urticarial rashes are also classified as poison bites by these healers. The healer identified the poisonous nature by the ability of the patient to distinguish tastes of certain plants. 49 species of medicinal plants were used by the healers, with most commonly used being Aristolochia bracteata. Conclusion: Most of the plants used by the healers also find reference in the classical texts of the codified systems of medicine and it is worth taking up some of the most frequently used ones for pharmacological studies

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Folk treatment, Poison bites, Siddha, Tribe}, author = {T.Thirunarayanan} } @article {155, title = {Evaluation of Anti-arthritic Activity of Dazzle Ointment - A Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {14-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic multi-system disease of unknown cause. It affects people in their prime of life, predominantly between the ages of 20-50 years with unpredictable course. Dazzle ointment is a polyherbal for-mulation, used for the treatment of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Objective: The present study was planned to evaluate efficacy of Dazzle ointment using complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritic model. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into three groups of 6 animals each as CFA treated, standard drug and test drug treated groups. The animals were injected with 0.2 ml of complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant into the sub-plantar surface of left hind paw. Drugs were administered topically, once a day, commenced on the day of injection of adjuvant and continued for 21 days. The assessment of the change in the inflammatory reaction was made by measuring the paw volume plethysmographically on 0, 4th, 14th, 17th, 21st day after injection of complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant (CFA). The statistical significance was assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet{\textquoteright}s compari-son test. A p value of \< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: It was observed that Dazzle ointment produced significant anti-arthritic effect on 21st day. In CFA treated group, there was marked increase in the ESR and WBC count which was significantly decreased by test drug Dazzle ointment and standard drug diclofenac gel (Omni gel). Conclusion: The results indicate that Dazzle ointment possesses anti-arthritic activity in the experimental animal model.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic, Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant, Dazzle ointment, Plethysmometer}, author = {Hardik Soni and Ghanshyam Patel and Megha Shah and Mayank Panchal and Krishna Murti} } @article {168, title = {Evaluation of Chemical Composition of Vaalai Rasa Chendooram: A Gold Based Herbomineral Siddha Drug}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {61-66}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Background: Vaalai rasa chendooram is a Siddha herbo-mineral drug used in the treatment of several diseases such as cancer, AIDS and chronic skin diseases. Literature survey revealed that scientific study was lacking for this drug. The present study was aimed at the characterization of the physico{\textendash} chemical traits of vaalai rasa chendooram. Materials and Methods: Vaalai rasa chendooram was prepared as per Agathiyar siddhar method. The ingredients were sulphur, mercury, gold, alum, potassium nitrate and Aloe vera. The prepared drug was analyzed for chemical properties using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Zeta potential and Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis (DSC-TGA). Results: The heavy metals were absent except mercury (0.05ppm), which is below the acceptable limit. Gold (12.91\%) is the major inorganic constituent presented with other heat stable organic compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, serpentines, tannin and lignin. The particle size was 846.5nm. Conclusion: Vaalai rasa chendooram is a heat stable gold-organics complex formulation. Future studies will be focused on the isolation of each organic compounds, evaluation of their pharmacological role and toxicology profile.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Basma, Gold, Metals, Siddha, Traditional Medicine}, author = {S. Shajahan and V. Brundha} } @article {172, title = {Evaluation of Efficacy of Sedative and Analgesic Effects of Single IV Dose of Dexmedetomidine in Post-operative Patients}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {75-81}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Background: In the post-operative period, it has always been an important consideration for clinicians, to keep the patient comfortable, calm and pain free. So there is a constant need for an ideal sedative for postoperative patients. Alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists such as dexmedetomidine could provide an answer to this problem because they have several relevant physiological properties like sedation, anxiolysis, analgesia and arousability. Hence, the current study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine in post-operative patients in order to avoid polypharmacy. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients who were operated under general anesthesia electively were randomly selected . All patients received 1 μg/kg bodyweight of dexmedetomidine intravenously with normal saline making up to 10 ml over 20 minutes. If the verbal numerical scale (VNS) of pain was mild (i.e. 1 to 3) one hour after extubation. The patients were assessed for degree and duration of sedation, hemodynamic changes, episodes of side effects, requirement of analgesics at every 5 min for first 30 min, every 10 min for next 1hr, every 15 min for next 1 h, and eve-ry 30 min for next 1h, every 1 h for 3h and 6th hourly till 24h. The need for rescue analgesic was noted. Results: The mean duration of sedation was 129.6 {\textpm} 41.02 min, degree of sedation was -1 at 30 min, duration of analgesia 241.5 min, and mean degree of analgesia was 0 at 30 min, mean degree of sedation was -1. Mean time of administration of rescue analgesia was 170 min. Mean heart rate was 67.8 {\textpm} 5.24/min and mean arterial pressure was 78.0 {\textpm} 8.97mm of Hg, mean respiratory rate was 15.8 {\textpm} 2.33 breaths/min, mean partial pressure of oxygen SpO2 was 99.5 {\textpm} 0.56\%. No patient had any episode of shivering, vomiting, hypotension and respiratory depression. Conclusion: Single IV dose of dexmedetomidine could provide adequate sedative, analgesic and anxiolytic effects with no accompanying respiratory depression, thereby minimizing polypharmacy.

}, keywords = {Dexmedetomidine, Diclofenac, Post-surgical patients, Postoperative patients, RASS scale, Rescue analgesics, VNS scale}, author = {Manasa CR and Padma L and Shivshankar and Ranjani Ramanujam} } @article {180, title = {Experimental Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Leaves of Antidesma Menasu on Wistar Albino Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {105-112}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Background: Antidesma menasu is a folk plant of Euphorbiacae occurring in and around Udupi district in India. It is effectively used in folklore medicine for the management of arthritis, inflammatory bowel disorder and low backache. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the plant in Wistar albino rats. Aqueous extract of leaves of A. menasu were evaluated for possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods:Eddy{\textquoteright}s hot plate test and radiant heat test were used for investigation of analgesic effect. Effect of extract on the acute inflammation was investigated on Carrageenan induced paw oedema, and chronic inflammation was investigated on cotton pellet induced granuloma tissue formation test. The test extract was subjected for preliminary phytochemical examination as per standard methodology. Results: The test drug found to inhibit the carrageenan induced paw oedema significantly (p ˂ 0.05) and there was moderate increase in the latency period in the analgesic test. The results suggest that the test group has high signifi-cant anti-inflammatory potential and there is moderate analgesic activity. The histopathological examination of adrenal cortex, spleen and thymus showed a normal cytoarchitecture comparable with that of normal control group. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the plant A. menasu revealed the presence of flovanoids, saponins, steroids and phenols. Conclusion: The data obtained supports the traditional folklore therapeutic claim about its anti-inflammatory and anal-gesic activity. Further scientific investigation is required to establish its analgesic and anti-inflammatory property in other experimental models and clinical settings.

}, keywords = {Antidesma menasu, Arthritis, Carrageenan, Chronic inflammation, Flavonoids}, author = {Arun Prabhakar Sithara and Ravi M and Suma Mallya and Sudhakara and Sridhar Bairy and Srikanth P and Ravishankar} } @article {163, title = {Introduction of Integrated Lecture Module: Performance and Perception of II Year Medical Students}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {47-54}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Background: Integration of subjects, facilitates acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes to {\textquoteleft}theoretical{\textquoteright} subjects in a clinical context in comparison to traditional teaching. The utility of integrated lecture modules (ILM) was accordingly planned and the objective of the study was to evaluate the performance and to document the perception of year II MBBS students exposed to both the integrated and didactic lecture modules. Materials and Methods: The project was executed on 140 consented year II MBBS students who were randomly divided into 2 groups; group I (n=70) was exposed to didactic lecture (DLG), group II (n=70) to integrated lecture (ILG). The didactic lectures were taken by Pharmacology faculty, while integrated lectures by Pharmacology, Preventive and Social Medicine and Pediatrics faculty. Before the session, students appeared for a pretest consisting of 20 MCQs. Following the post test, the evaluation of the perception of students regarding this study was done by administering an 18 item feedback questionnaire. The agree and disagree comments from the respondents was expressed in percent-age and the pre and post test scores were analysed using the t test. Results: The mean pretest MCQ score in the DLG was 6.95 {\textpm} 1.38, which increased to 13.84 {\textpm} 3.79 in posttest. Similarly, the mean pre and post test scores of ILG were 6.17 {\textpm} 1.54 and 17.64 {\textpm} 2.68 respectively. In the feedback questionnaire 96\% students opined that ILM improved their understanding (versus 77\% for DLG) and 83\% students stated that the knowledge gained in ILM will help them in clinical practice (versus 73 \% in DLG). Conclusion: Implementation of vertical integration among pre, para and clinical subjects is beneficial as observed by the improved performance of students when exposed to ILM and as indicated by their response in the feedback.

}, keywords = {Didactic lecture, Student feedback, Vertical integration}, author = {Raakhi Tripathi and Pankaj Sarkate and Sharmila Jalgaonkar} } @article {173, title = {Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Among Doctors in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in South India}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {82-88}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Background: A fundamental determinant to medical drug safety surveillance is voluntary adverse drug reaction [ADR] reporting ; but there exists substantial under-reporting which is the main drawback of the system. The objective of the study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of ADR reporting among doctors in a tertiary health care center. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted on doctors in a tertiary health care center. Participants were selected randomly and those not willing to participate were excluded from the study. Collected data was assessed by frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 13.0. Results: 75\% (45) of respondents were aware of the existence of ADR reporting system in India; on the contrary only (11.7\%) of respondents were aware of regional center for ADR reporting. All respondents (100\%) felt that seriousness of the ADR event, unusual reaction (95\%), reaction to new drug (98.33\%), and the certainty of ADR reaction (91.66\%) would encourage them to report an ADR event. However, only 15 out of 60 respondents (25\%) have reported ADRs. Conclusion: Though the level of knowledge about ADR reporting and the attitude towards ADR reporting were adequate, our study has shown that the actual practice of ADR reporting is unsatisfactory. This indicates that there is a need to create an awareness of the importance of ADR reporting through continuous medical education and training of ADR reporting among doctors.

}, keywords = {ADR reporting, Adverse drug reaction}, author = {Tanya Mary Thomas and Padmaja Udaykumar and Scandashree K} } @article {182, title = {Management and Treatment Outcome of Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in a South Indian Tertiary Care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {113-120}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Background: Chronic diseases are emerging as one of the leading cause of death nowadays. Among them, the prev-alence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing because of the increased incidence of diabetes and hypertension which are the main cause of CKD. The rate of progression of CKD to end stage renal disease (ESRD) can be reduced by the early detection and management of risk factors and complications associated with it. The present study aims to study the complications, treatment pattern and associated outcome in hospitalized CKD patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from October 2012 to March 2013 in the nephrology unit of Kasturba hospital, Manipal. Adult patients (\> 18 years old) who were diagnosed with CKD were included. Patient demographics, clinical, pharmacological management and laboratory data were collected in a spe-cially designed form for this study purpose. Demography of the patients, complications and medications used for the management etc. were documented and evaluated using SPSS version 16.0. Results: 312 CKD patients were included in the study.. Maximum number of patients was in the age group of 46-60 years and study showed male predominance (77.6\%). Anemia was the most observed complication in the study popu-lation ( 81.7 \%). Monotherapy or combinations of drugs like nebulisation albuterol, insulin with glucose and sodium polystyrene sulfonate was used for the management of hyperkalemia. Anemia is managed by oral and parenteral iron products, erythropoietin and by blood transfusions. Average length of hospital stay was found to be 7.34 {\textpm} 4.89 days. Serum creatinine, creatinine clearance rate, serum urea, serum sodium and serum potassium had improved signifi-cantly (p \< 0.001) from the base line. Total serum calcium was also improved after treatment. Conclusion: Present study highlights the complications, treatment pattern and outcomes in CKD patients from a tertiary care hospital in South India which may help in targeting the major causes of CKD and treatment pattern for the renal failure population. Early identification of patients who are at risk and strategies to decrease the rate of progres-sion of CKD will help to reduce the prevalence and mortality associated with CKD in future.

}, keywords = {Chronic Kidney Disease, Complications, Mortality, Outcome, Treatment pattern}, author = {Sumy George and Leelavathi D Acharya and Ravindra Prabhu A and Surulivelrajan Mallayasamy} } @article {186, title = {A Novel Treatment for Type2 Diabetes Mellitus: Canagliflozin}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {129-134}, type = {New Drug Information}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Sodium glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, as a new class for treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, offer a novel mechanism of action, and are very effective in bringing the blood sugar levels down, either alone or in combination with other oral hypoglycaemic agents, with minimal side effects. Among the several drugs in this group, which are in various stages of clinical trials, canagliflozin has been recently approved by USFDA for use in type 2 dia-betes mellitus, either alone or in combination with other oral hypoglycaemic agents and insulin.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose, Canagliflozin, SGLT2 inhibitors}, author = {Sangeeta Bhanwra and Kaza Ahluwalia} } @article {165, title = {Pharmacoutilization and Costs of Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analog Inhibitors for Hepatitis B Treatment in the Vesuvian Area of South Italy}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {55-57}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important sanitary problem due to its worldwide distribution and high social im-pact; severe complications of chronic hepatitis induced by HBV are cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We conducted a survey with the aim i) to show the updated prevalence of the disease and ii) to evaluate the economic impact of treatment with oral agents (nucleoside and nucleotide analog inhibitors) in a region of the South Italy com-prising 1.012.304 inhabitants. Between January and December 2012, 778 patients with hepatitis B (prevalence: 0.08\%) were treated. The total pharmaceutical cost was {\texteuro} 2.082.926 (3\% of the total sanitary expense). Oral drugs against HVB have a moderate impact on the pharmaceutical spending. The major economic impact associated with HBV infection is primarily represented by the later development of cirrhosis and HCC.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis B, Pharmaceutical spending, Pharmacoutilization, Prevalence}, author = {Maurizio Capuozzo and Alessandro Ottaiano and Eduardo Nava and Stefania Cascone and Claudia Cinque and Adriano Vercellone and Rosario Vincenzo Iaffaioli} } @article {166, title = {Population Approach Group of India (PAGIN) 2013: A Report}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {58-60}, type = {Scientific proceeding}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Population Approach Group of India(PAGIN) is a non-profit organization focused on the training of pharmacometric community in India. Pharmacometrics is a science that specializes in data analysis and modeling using mathematical and statistical methods for handling pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacody-namics (PD) and disease progression models.

}, keywords = {Nill}, author = {M. Surulivel Rajan} } @article {183, title = {A Prospective Single Arm Open Pilot Trial to Study the Antioxidant Property of Ayurvedic Massage Therapy in Healthy Individuals}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {121-125}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Ayurveda, the kernel of the ancient Indian wisdom, reckons abhyanga as a daily regimen owing to its univocal properties like jaraapaha (~delaying ageing process) pushtirit (nourishing), shramahara (removing tiredness) pushtya-yu (~ bestowing longevity) etc. Hence, this study was envisioned to show the antioxidant property of abhyanga on healthy individuals. Recruited voluntary healthy individuals both male and female between eighteen to seventy years of age were given Ayurvedic oil massage with simple gingili oil every day in empty stomach for forty five minutes for a period of seven days. The fasting blood samples of the subjects were collected before and after the study. The study was explicated utilizing the method of Koracevic et al method for the determination of total antioxidant status (TAS) and spectrophotometric method for accomplishing the thiol assay. The mean value with respect to the TAS was 0.88 before the treatment and 0.92 after the treatment and that of thiol was 317.39 and 311.66 before and after the therapy respectively. In TAS, p- value was 0.016 which is \< 0.05 and there was a decrease in serum thiols which was not statistically significant. However, the study establishes the antioxidant property of abhyanga and necessitates further comprehension of the same.

}, keywords = {Abhyanga, Antioxidant, Ayurveda, Massage, Panchakarma}, author = {K.J.Malagi and Shripathi Adiga H and Anjali Rao and Revathi Shenoy and Madhusudhan Kamath and A. Sapna Devi} } @article {153, title = {A Study to Evaluate Effect of Ephedrine on Intubating Conditions and Haemodynamic Parameters using Low Dose Rocuronium with Different Induction Agents}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {9-13}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {9}, abstract = {

Background: There has been a search for an ideal muscle relaxant which might provide ideal intubating conditions in ultra short duration with minimal side effects. Objective: To compare the intubating conditions and haemodynamic response one minute after rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) administration, using three different induction techniques i.e. thiopentone, propofol and propofol with ephedrine. Materials and Methods: Seventy five adult patients were randomized into one of three groups: groups-A and B received thiopentone and propofol respectively and group -C received propofol with ephedrine. All groups received rocuronium 0.6mg/kg following administration of their respective drugs. Tracheal intubation was performed one minute later. An experienced anaesthesiologist assessed the intubating conditions. Haemodynamic parameters were recorded before induction of anaesthesia, post induction and one and three minutes after intubation. Results: Patient{\textquoteright}s characteristics and baseline haemodynamic parameters were comparable in all three groups. Intubating conditions were significantly better in propofol-ephedrine group as compared to other two groups. Following intubation, rise in heart rate and blood pressure was more marked in propofol-ephedrine group as compared to other groups. Conclusion: Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg provides better intubating conditions at one minute with propofol-ephedrine combination as compared to propofol alone or thiopentone.

}, keywords = {Ephedrine, Hemodynamic, Intubating conditions, Propofol, Rocuronium, Thiopentone}, author = {Karampal Singh and Suresh Singhal and Punam Raghove} } @article {170, title = {Wound Healing Property of Topical Application of Ethanolic Extract of Michelia champaca Flowers in Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {67-74}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {67}, abstract = {

Background: The plant Michelia champaca (MC) is widely used in the treatment of inflammation, constipation, dysmenorrhea, ulcers, wounds, fever and cough. The objective of the study was to evaluate the wound healing property of topical application of ethanolic extract of MC flowers in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Materials and Methods: Wound healing activity was assessed by incision and excision wound models. Five groups of 10 rats each were used for each of incision and excision wound model. Group I rats, non-diabetic control and group II rats diabetic control, were anointed topically with ointment base. The diabetic rats in test groups III, IV and V were anointed with topical MC extract ointment of 2.5\%, 5\% and 10\% respectively. Parameters observed were breaking strength of incision wound and wound contraction, epithelialization, hydroxyproline content of excision wound respec-tively. Results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey{\textquoteright}s post hoc test. Results: Breaking strength, rate of wound contraction and hydroxyproline content were significantly increased and period of epithelialization was significantly reduced in Group IV and V rats respectively. Conclusion: The topical application of ethanolic extract of Michelia champaca promotes wound healing in diabetic rats. Hence further study in humans is suggested.

}, keywords = {Diabetic Rats, Excision wound, Hydroxyproline, Incision wound}, author = {Amoolya Gowda and Venkatesh Shanbhag and Smita Shenoy and Eesha Rao Bangalore} } @article {174, title = {Areca Catechu: Effect of Topical Ethanolic Extract on Burn Wound Healing in Albino Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sept 2012}, pages = {74-78}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {74}, abstract = {

Background:\ Areca nut (Areca catechu\ Linn.) is commonly used for skin ulcers in Indian traditional medicine. Areca nut oil is prepared and is applied topically for burn wound healing. However, scientific study has not been conducted so far. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate burn wound healing activity of Areca catechu.\ Objective:\ To evaluate the burn wound healing property of Areca catechu kernel in normal as well as dexamethasone treated rats.\ Materials and Methods:\ Ethanolic extract of Areca catechu kernel was prepared and an ointment was made with 2\% of this extract. Burn wound was induced by standard procedure. Rats with burn wound model received either vehicle, standard drug or test drug. Two other groups were injected with dexamethasone to delay the wound healing process. The dexamethasone treated groups received either vehicle or test drug topically. Wound contraction rate and period of epithelialization were measured. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis.\ Results:\ The wound contraction rate was significantly increased in Areca catechu treated group in all the days compared to control. Period of epithelialization was faster in the drug treated group than control group. The dexamethasone treated group showed a significant delay in wound healing process when compared to control. Test drug showed a significant reversal in wound contraction rate and epithelialization period in dexamethasone suppressed burn wound healing model.\ Conclusion:\ This study has shown the wound healing property of Areca catechu. Further study is required to know the compounds responsible for its wound healing property and to understand the mechanism of action.

}, keywords = {Areca Catechu, Ayurveda, Burn Wound, Epithelialization, Siddha, Wound Contraction}, author = {Deepak Kumar Verma and Masuram Bharat and Deepak Nayak and Tara Shanbhag and Venkatesh Shanbhag and Ravindra Singh Rajput} } @article {189, title = {Case of Fosphenytoin Induced Acute Cerebellar Dysfunction and Pituitary Bleed Causing Central Diabetes Insipidus in a Case of AML M2 during Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {111-114}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {111}, abstract = {

Neuroprotectors such as phenytoin, fosphenytoin, clonazepam or levetiracetam are often used prior conditioning regimen to prevent seizures caused due to busulfan, during bone marrow transplant. Fosphenytoin and levetiracetam are used instead of phenytoin as they are readily soluble and do not need a vehicle such as polyethylene glycol or ethanol which increases risk of tissue and cardio toxicity. We report a case of acute toxicity in the form of cerebral bleed during intravenous administration of fosphenytoin and its subsequent management in patient undergoing busulfan treatment prior to allogenic transplant.

}, keywords = {Bone Marrow Transplantation, Busulfan, Conditioning Regimen, Fosphenytoin, Levetiracetam, Neuroprotector, Phenytoin}, author = {Eriat Govind and Radheshyam Naik and Srinivas BJ and Intezar Mehdi} } @article {190, title = {Chylothorax : a Aase Report}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {115-117}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Chylothorax, an accumulation of chyle in the pleural cavity, is a rare complication of penetrating or blunt trauma to the neck. It could result from damage to or obstruction of thoracic duct. Though rare in incidence, chylothorax can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. A milky fluid with high level of triglycerides in pleural fluid confirms diagnosis. This report is about a rare case of left chylothorax secondary to bull horn injury in the right side of neck and its manage-ment. A 48 year old male patient presented with bull horn injury on right side of neck with left side chylothorax. Initial management was conservative with pleural drainage. Later because of persistent chylous pleural fluid more than 1500- 2000/day for more than 5 days, we explored and ligated the thoracic duct in the neck. Post operative period was uneventful and patient was symptom free at 6 months follow up. Isolated thoracic duct injury in trauma cases is even rarer. Early diagnosis and timely surgical management saves the patient.

}, keywords = {Chylothorax, Post Operative Day, Thoracic Duct Injury}, author = {Priti P Shah and Shahaji Deshmukh and Tulshibagwala and Ravi Kharat} } @article {154, title = {Effect of Soaking of Phyllanthus Emblica Wood in Drinking-Water for Purification}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {19-23}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Background: Drinking-water is purified by various methods like UV irradiation, heat treatment, adding disinfectants like chlorine etc. Aims of purification include reducing turbidity and elements, increasing taste and removing microbes. There is no single method available which can fulfill entire expectation. Siddha literatures claim that the purification could be achieved by soaking certain herbals. Objective: The present study was done to evaluate the water purifying property of Phyllanthus emblica wood. Materials and method: 1.5 L of water was taken in two different containers. Control container water was kept as such. Phyllanthus emblica wood pieces (75 g) were soaked in test container. After 48 hrs, two groups of water were filtered and investigated for physical properties, elements and level of microorganisms. Result: The color, odor, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, calcium, iron, chloride and nitrate level were increased in the test container. pH, total hardness, sulphate and magnesium levels were decreased in the test container. Level of Escherichia coli, total coliforms and faecal coliforms were reduced in the test container. Conclusion: Soaking Phyllanthus emblica wood improves the purity of water. This beneficial property of Phyllanthus emblica may be used in the purification of drinking water.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Siddha Medicine, Traditional Method, Water Purification}, author = {Sathish and Selvaganesa Pandian and Arul Amuthan} } @article {157, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey Regarding the Management of Liver Disorders by Traditional Healers of Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {24-31}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Background:\ The present study was based upon the ethnomedico-botanical survey on health practices by the tribal and non tribal vaidyas (healers).\ Objectives:\ Present paper reports inventory of health practices on liver disorders used by vaidyas of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India.\ Materials and Methods:\ A structured interview was conducted for 64 vaidyas covering areas like understanding the disease, perception about cause, symptoms, classification of this disease, diagnostic and prognostic methods used, treatment given, sources of plant materials used, process methods adopted, dosage, dietary practices followed and referral for further treatment.\ Results:\ More than 60\% of village vaidyas had clear understanding regarding the various aspects of liver diseases. The study identified 47 species of medicinal plants, 30 formulations and various dietary practices used by the vaidyas in the management of liver disorders.\ Conclusion:\ This study documents treatment and practices followed by vaidyas. Scentific srudies done using these formulations/practices may help health practioners to practice evidence based medicine.

}, keywords = {Medicinal Plants, Siddha, Tamil Nadu/ Traditional Healers, Tribals, Vellore District}, author = {T. Thirunatayanan and S. Rajkumar} } @article {162, title = {Evaluation of Gastroprotective Role of Alpha-tocopherol in Indomethacin Induced Peptic Ulcer in Albino Rats}, journal = {nternational Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {39-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background:\ Oxidative free radicals induce gastric injury in animal models of peptic ulcer. Hence antioxidants may provide gastroprotection.\ Objectives:\ The present study was undertaken to evaluate the gastroprotective role of antioxidant alpha-tocopherol in indomethacin induced gastric ulceration in albino rats.\ Materials and methods:\ Animals were diveded into 3 groups (n=6) group 1 (control which received distilled water), group11 (alpha-tocopherol 12.5 mg/kg) and group 111 ( omeprazole 3.6 mg/kg). Each group received the corresponding 4 hours, animals were sacrificed and their stomachs were studied for ulcerationm, adherent mucin content, and ulcer index was calculated. The results of alpha-tocopherol were compared with those of control and omeprazole treated groups and data was analyzed manually using Student t test. A p Value of \< 0.05 was considered as satistically significant.\ Results:\ Alpha-tocopherol administrative reduce ulceration and ulcer index compared to control group (t cal5.2\>tab 2.23 at 5\% level of significance, p\<0.05). Omeprazole treatment also reduced ulcer index and ulceration in comparison to control group (tcal 6.2\>ttab 3.16 at 1\% level of significance, p\<0.01). Thus results of test drug were similar to omeprazole treated group.\ Conclusion:\ Alpha-tocopherol treatment provides gastroprotection in indomethacin induced gastric ulceration.

}, keywords = {Alpha-tocopherol, Antioxidant, Gastroprotection, Indomethacin}, author = {Shobha V Huligol and V. Hemanth kumar and K. Narendar} } @article {185, title = {Folic acid Level and Lipid Profile in Epilepsy Patients on Antiepileptic Drug Treatment}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {91-96}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {91}, abstract = {

Background:\ Folic acid deficiency occurs in some epileptic patients on long term treatment with enzyme inducing antiepileptic drug (AED) particularly phenytoin and this may lead to the development of atherosclerosis due to the lipid profile alteration.\ Objective:\ The present study was planned to investigate folic acid level and lipid profile among patients with epilepsy on antiepileptic drug treatment.\ Materials and Methods:\ A 25-week, prospective study was conducted in 250 bedded private hospital, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. In this study, an attempt was made to compare the folic acid level, lipid profile and atherosclerotic risk including Framingham risk score between the normal healthy volunteers (Control), patients with newly diagnosed cases of epilepsy (Supercontrol) and patients with more than one year of antiepileptic drug treatment (Cases).\ Results:\ Folic acid level (in ng/dl) was found to be lower in cases (7.26 {\textpm} 2.98) than control (12.69 {\textpm} 5.64) and super control (9.35 {\textpm} 2.73) - the difference was statistically significant (p\<0.05). Normal total cholesterol (TC) level (162.0 {\textpm} 23.22 mg/dl) and normal very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) level (40.5 {\textpm} 12.89 mg/dl) was observed in cases. But decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) level (36.5 {\textpm} 12.45 mg/dl), elevated triglycerides (TGs) level (202.5 {\textpm} 64.44 mg/dl) was noted in cases and the difference was found to be significant (p\<0.05) as compared to control and su-percontrol. TC/HDL ratio, LDL/HDL ratio and TG/HDL ratio were increased in cases when compared with control and supercontrol. Framingham risk score reveals slightly higher risk in cases as compared to control and supercontrol.\ Conclusion:\ The result of this study reinforces the results of previous reports in terms of folic acid deficiency with AED treatment and the correlation between folic acid deficiency and cardiovascular risk needs to be established.

}, keywords = {Antiepileptic Drug, Atherosclerosis, Folic acid, Lipid Profile}, author = {A.Palanisamy and M.Arifa and M.P.Narmadha and N.N.Rajendran} } @article {159, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Plectranthus Amnoinicus Against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {32-38}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Background:Plectranthus amboinicus, belonging to the genus Plectranthus, is widely used for medicinal purposes. Its leaves have been used traditionally as a heatoprotective.\ Objectives:\ The present study was aimed at evaluating the heapatotective activity of ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus against paracetamol induced heapatotoxicity in rats.\ Materials and Methos:\ Sic groups wistar rats were used in the study. The two control groups received gum acacia and paracetamol orally respectively. The three test groups were treated orally with paracetamol followed by 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of pletranthus amboinicus respectively. The sixth group (standard hepatoprotective) received paracetamol followed by N-aceltylcysteine 100 mg/kg orally. The hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by estimating serum alanine aminotransferase, asparatate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, tissue malondialdehyde levels and by histopathological analysis of the liver tissue. Results were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test.\ Results:\ Plectranthus amboinicus in doses of 600 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg siginificantly (p\<0.05) altered paracetamol induced changes in the serum and tissue enzyme levels to near normal values. It also improved the liver histopathology profile.\ Conclusion:\ The results of the study indicate that the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus, possesses hepathoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

}, keywords = {Hepatoprotective, N-acetylcysteine, Paracetamol, Plectranthus Amboinicus}, author = {Smita Shenoy and Hemanth Kumar and Thashma and Veena Nayak and Krishnananda Prabhu and Priya Pai and Indu Warrier and Somayaji and Venu Madhav and KL Bairy and Anoop Kishore} } @article {136, title = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences: A knowledge base for Scientific Enquiry and Better Patient Care}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {1-2}, type = {Editorial}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The current health care system of the world is dependent on the modern medicine which focusses on curative rather than preventive aspects of medicine. The modern medicine has increased the life expectancy and quality of human life by delivering remedial measures for several diseases. This was possible because of advances in research and availability of evidences to practice medicine. However, in low-income and middle-income countries, drugs account for 20{\textemdash}60\% of health-care costs. [1] The large proportion of these costs is paid out-of-pocket by patients which could be due to inadequate or no coverage by health insurance. To make the condition worse, a third of the world{\textquoteright}s population lack access to essential medicines.[2] Cost of drugs is one of the factors contributing to the problem of access to medicines. It is estimated that, in India, out-of-pocket health expenditure traps 2.2\% of the population below the poverty line each year.[3] In addition, the Indian health system has to face many other challenges like inadequately control Read More....

}, keywords = {Nil}, author = {Dr.Vasudha Devi} } @article {176, title = {In-vitro Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Abraga Chendhooram, a Siddha Drug}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {79-81}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

The present study was carried out to evaluate alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of abraga chendhooram which is a Siddha drug being used to treat diabetes mellitus. The ingredient of abraga chendhooram includes biotite (K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2), Sesbania grandiflora, Calotropis gigantea and Momordica charantia. In-vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assay was performed by standard procedure. Different concentrations of abraga chendhooram and miglitol (standard drug) were used. Abraga chendhooram exhibited a dose dependent alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, but it was less than standard drug. Further studies are warranted to look other possible mechanisms for its antidiabetic claim and to assess its safety

}, keywords = {Abraga, Ayurveda, Basma, Biotite, Diabetes Mellitus, Herbo-metallic, Mica}, author = {R. Sathish and R. Madhavan and Hannah R. Vasanthi and Arul Amuthan} } @article {187, title = {Knowledge and Awareness of Food and Drug Interactions (FDI): a Survey Among Health Care Professionals}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {105}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Background:\ Most of the food and drug interactions (FDI) remain unnoticed and under reported due to either lack of proper history, follow up or unawareness. Certain foods and specific nutrients in foods, may affect the overall bioa-vailability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and therapeutic efficacy of medications. FDI occur due to extension of drug action or due to interaction between the drug and herbal medicines as well as dietary supplements and food products.\ Objectives:\ To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and awareness regarding the common FDI among the doctors in their day to day practice.\ Materials and Methods:\ Survey included randomly selected 200 doctors divided into 3 groups [65 Professors, 83 Post Graduates (PGs) and 52 Interns] from JSS Tertiary care hospital, Mysore, India. Assessment was through FDI Questionnaire which consisted of 32 questions (included dichotomous, multiple choice and open ended ques-tions). The differences between groups were compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s post-hoc test. The level of significance was set at p \< 0.05.\ Results:\ The mean scores (mean {\textpm} SD) on the overall test were 26 {\textpm} 4.08, 22.89 {\textpm} 3.72, 21.35 {\textpm} 4.2 for professors, PGs and interns respectively, with 31 being a perfect score. Professors had good knowledge about FDI compared to others (p \< 0.001). Only 33\% participants have noticed FDI during their practice. A majority of doctors had heard, felt necessary to report and update their knowledge about FDI along with adequate patient counseling.\ Conclusion:\ The study showed professors had better expertise compared to others. Intensive FDI training and integration of knowledge among healthcare professionals, especially in the younger health care professionals, is a requisite.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Drug interactions, Food and Drug Interactions, Questionnaire}, author = {Jyoti M. Benni and Jayanthi MK and Basavaraj R and Tubaki and Renuka M} } @article {167, title = {Nephroprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Roots and Oleanolic Acid Isolated from Roots of Lantana Camara}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {54-60}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {54}, abstract = {

Background:\ It is estimated that about 12\% of men and 55\% of women have at least one episode of kidney stone during their life time. The incident in general population is about 1 in 1000 adults per year.\ Objectives:\ The present study was done to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of roots and oleanolic acid (OA) isolated from roots of\ Lantana camara\ (L. camara)\ Materials and methods:\ The nephroprotective effect of different concentrations of oleanolic acid (60 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg and100 mg/kg) and ethanolic extracts of roots of L. camara (ELC) at a dose of 200 mg/kg was assessed in albino Wistar male rats using gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity model. The parameters studied were urine volume, serum creatinine, urine creatinine, serum albumin, urine albumin, serum blood urea nitrogen, serum urea, urine blood urea nitrogen, urine urea, weight of kidney, body weight and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Statistical analysis was performed by Dunnett{\textquoteright}s Multiple Comparison test. All values were represented as Mean {\textpm} SEM. A p value \< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.\ Results:\ Urine creatinine, serum creatinine, blood urea, blood urea nitrogen, serum albumin, urine albumin and weight of rat kidneys were found to be increased in rats treated with gentamicin, but these indicators of nephrotoxicity were normalized in OA (p \< 0.001) and ELC (p \< 0.05) treated rats in a dose dependent manner. Reduced level of GFR in gentamicin treated group was also normalized by OA and ELC treated groups in a dose dependent manner.\ Conclusion:\ The result of the above study concludes that the OA showed promising nephroprotective activity in dose dependent manner. These results suggest the therapeutic utility of OA in renal injury.

}, keywords = {Gentamicin, Lantana Camara, Nephroprotective Activity, Oleanolic Acid}, author = {Narendra Vyas and Ameeta Argal} } @article {143, title = {Physico-chemical Evaluation of kadukkai maathirai and its Tablet Formulation, a Siddha Iron Preparation used in Anemia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {3-8}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {2}, abstract = {

Background: Siddha system of medicine is one among the great heritages of India. Iron deficiency anemia is described as {\textquotedblleft}azhal paandu{\textquotedblright} in siddha system and more formulations are mentioned in literatures to treat anemia. Kadukkai maathirai (KM) is one of the widely used drugs for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia with good patient compliance. It was claimed that this drug is devoid of adverse effects which are seen with other oral iron preparations. Objective: Present study was carried out to standardize kadukkai maathirai by evaluating its physical and chemical properties using modern scientific instruments. Materials and methods: KM was prepared following standard procedures mentioned in the Siddha Hospital Pharmacopeia. Physical properties such foreign matter, loss on drying, total ash content, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extract value and water soluble extract value were evaluated. Amount of iron and heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, arsenic and lead were estimated. HPTLC chromatogram and photograph were also done. KM was again formulated into tablet form by standard procedures. Kadukkai maathirai tablet (KMT) was analysed for Angle of Repose, bulk density, tapped density, carr{\textquoteright}s index, Hausner{\textquoteright}s ratio, general appearance (shape, color, texture and odor), thickness, uniformity of weight, coating uniformity, coating process efficiency, hardness and friability. Result: Amount of iron in KM was 18.03\%. Whereas amount of heavy metals such as mercury (0.0578 ppm), cadmium (0.0064 ppm), arsenic (0.0405 ppm) and lead (0.2144 ppm) were within the permissible limit . Conclusion: In KM, iron is combined with few herbals which is claimed to facilitate oral bioavailability of iron and nullify iron induced side effects. As heavy metals are within the permissible limit, KM could be considered as safe drug. HPTLC fingerprint could serve for future references

}, keywords = {Anemia, Ayurveda, Herbometallic, Iron deficiency, Traditional Medicine}, author = {Velayudam and Ilavarasan and Arul Amuthan} } @article {164, title = {Protective Role of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) on Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {45-53}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Background:\ For many years, serologic markers have been used to assist cardiologists in the diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Once the serologic markers such as cardiac marker enzymes come to normal level upon a treatment, it clearly shows the treatment drug has the role in the management of MI.\ Objectives:\ The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of\ Nigella sativa\ seeds called black cumin on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in experimental rats.\ Materials and methods:\ The rats were randomly divided into four groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 rats received 1.0 ml of 0.5\% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) throughout the experimental period and served as the control. Group 2 rats received CMC as in group 1 and isoproterenol (85 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally twice at an interval of 24 hours on the 14th and 15th days. The rats in group 3 received black cumin (150 mg/kg body weight) intragastrically for a period of 15 days. Group 4 rats received black cumin and isoproterenol as said above and the experiment was terminated on 16th day and animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation after an overnight fast. Blood was collected for the estimation of biochemical parameters and heart dissected out for biochemical estimation and histopathological examination.\ Results:\ Along with VLDL, TG, cholesterol, free fatty acids, the levels of marker enzymes in serum such as AST, ALT, LDH, CK, and tissue lipid profile of TG, cholesterol, free fatty acids were significantly decreased (p \< 0.05), whereas the levels of CK-MB and HDL, LDL in serum and tissue lipid profile of phospholipids were significantly increased (p \< 0.05) in rats pretreated with black cumin compared to that of the group which received isoproterenol alone.\ Conclusion:\ Pretreatment with black cumin offered a protective effect against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats as evidenced by cardiac markers and lipid profile of the heart tissue.

}, keywords = {Black Cumin, Cardiac Markers, lipid peroxidation, Myocardial Infarction}, author = {M. Murugesan and M. Ragunath1 and T. Prabu1 and S. Nadanasabapathi and M. Sakthivel and V. Manju} } @article {188, title = {Rationality of Prophylactic Antibiotic use in Genitourinary Surgery in a Tertiary care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {106-110}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {106}, abstract = {

Antimicrobial prophylaxis is the periprocedural systemic administration of an antibiotic, used to reduce the risk of postprocedural local and systemic infections. The present retrospective study was done in 100 patients who had undergone elective genitourinary surgery in a tertiary care hospital to investigate the rationality of prophylactic use of antibiotics in genitourinary surgery according to the American Urological Association recommendations 2011. All patients undergoing genitourinary surgery had received antibiotics. Injectable antibiotic was administered within 1 hr before surgery in 95\% cases and 1-2 hrs before surgery in 5\% cases. Preoperatively single antibiotic was used in 92\%, two in 7\% and three in 1\% cases whereas postoperatively single antibiotic was used in 91\%, two in 7\% and three in 2\% cases. Most commonly administered antibiotic group preoperatively as well as postoperatively was a second generation cephalosporin, cefuroxime along with a beta lactamase inhibitor, sulbactam (90\% cases) followed by the combination of cefuroxime and an aminoglycoside, amikacin (4\% preoperatively and 5\% cases postoperatively). The number and group of antibiotic used preoperatively and postoperatively were quite identical. The average duration of antibiotic use was 3-10 days. The prophylactic use of antimicrobials in genitourinary surgeries in this hospital was rational with respect to time of administration and choice of antibiotic group. However, the duration of antimicrobial use was highly irrational which must be controlled to prevent the emergence of resistance strains and decrease the adverse effects and cost of health care to the patient.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Genitourinary, Prophylactic, Rational}, author = {Rakesh Kumar and Jagminer Kaur Bajaj and Sukhbir Singh and Megha Sood} } @article {179, title = {Retigabine (Ezogabine) for Management of Partial onset Seizures: A Mini Review}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {85-90}, type = {New Drug Information}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Epilepsy, a neurological disorder is currently the target of many drug research companies who are constantly involved in the development of new therapies with novel mechanism of actions as the current plethora of anti epileptics have not been successful in achieving full control of the seizures. Retigabine (Ezogabine) is a new paradigm in the treatment of epilepsy, as it is first of its kind of a drug that targets neuronal voltage gated potassium channels (Kv7) and facili-tates them, thus decreasing the repetitive firing of neurons. It has been approved by European Medicine Agency and USA Food and Drug Administration as an add on therapy for use in patients 18 years and above suffering from partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalization.

}, keywords = {Ezogabine, Kv7 Channels, Partial onset Seizures, Retigabine}, author = {Deepika Tikoo and Meenakshi Gupta} } @article {205, title = {Survey of Tamil Siddha Manuscripts in Possession of Traditional Healers in Northern Tamil Nadu}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {September 2012}, pages = {68-73}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {68}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional Medicine throughout the world has been passed on to the next generation mostly by oral tradition. The two codified medical traditions of India, Ayurveda and Siddha have also been similarly promoted and the medical literature is in the poetic form for continuity and easy memorization. Subsequently they were written down in palm leaves. Not all palm manuscripts, treasure of knowledge have been converted into books. Objective: To collect and digitize the traditional Siddha medical knowledge documented in the Siddha palm manuscripts in the possession of Traditional healers. Materials and Methods: The Centre for Traditional Medicine, Tamil Nadu, India, carried out survey among different practitioners of Traditional Medicine in northern Tamil Nadu, to locate and collect palm manuscripts and followed it with preservation, cataloging and digitization using digital scanners and photographic equipment. Results: Two hundred and fifty six works were analyzed and this paper presents the age, authorship, subject content and status of the palm manuscripts. Conclusion: The traditional knowledge present in the palm manuscripts are undergoing decay and the persons with knowledge to decipher are less. Hence there is an urgent need to decipher and publish the contents as books.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, India, Palm manuscripts, Siddha, Survey, Tamil Nadu, Traditional knowledge}, author = {S Rajkumar and N Srinivasan and T Thirunarayanan and R Sangeetha} } @article {150, title = {Teaching P-drug Selection: Experiences from a Medical School in India}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {9-14}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {9}, abstract = {

Background: Incorporation of Personal drug (P-drug) selection exercise into medical undergraduate curriculum was recommended to reduce irrational prescribing during future practice. At Melaka Manipal Medical College (MMMC), India, P-drug selection exercise was included in pharmacology curriculum in 2010 for 2nd year MBBS students. Objective: The study was conducted to develop a module to teach P-drug selection and to investigate students{\textquoteright} perceptions regarding P-drug selection teaching and assessment. Materials and method: Module was developed to teach P-drug selection for an acute attack of angina and dry cough based on a manual called as {\textquoteleft}Guide to Good Prescribing{\textquoteright} developed by the WHO Action Program on Essential Drugs. Power point slides, handouts with drug costs and current guidelines were used during teaching learning activities. Later students were assessed on P-drug selection by asking them to derive a P-drug for an acute attack of angina. Students{\textquoteright} answers were assessed using a checklist. Later students{\textquoteright} perceptions regarding P-drug selection teaching and assessment were collected using a questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16. Students{\textquoteright} responses were expressed as median and inter quartile range. Responses to open ended questions were tabulated in the decreasing order of frequency of appearance. \% of students who scored >=4 (= pass) marks was noted. Result: 90\% (95/106) of students responded in the questionnaire. Most of the items in the questionnaire related to teaching and assessment had a median score of >=3. 94.3\% of students had scored >=4 in P-drug selection exercise. 84\% of students felt that P-drug selection teaching helped them to understand pharmacology better. They wanted more such exercises and more explanation to understand P-drug concept better. Conclusion: Study led to development of P-drug selection teaching module acceptable to students. Furthermore it also provided scope for the refinement of newly developed module based on students{\textquoteright} perceptions.

}, keywords = {Medical, P-drug, Perceptions, Pharmacology, Questionnaire, Student, Teaching, Undergraduate}, author = {Vasudha Devi} } @article {181, title = {Tetracycline induced mucosal ulceration: A Rare Drug Reaction}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {82-84}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Although the side effect of tetracycline like GIT disturbance, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity and staining of teeth are fairly common but dermatological reaction is rare. In this article, we report a case of tetracycline induced intraoral lesions as well lesions on the glans penis which subsided after the discontinuation of tetracycline.

}, keywords = {Actinobacillus, Actinomycetemcomitants, Pericoronitis, Tetracycline}, author = {Rakesh Kumar and Vivek Sharma and Sukhbir Singh and Hardeep} } @article {152, title = {Trends in Prescribing Antimicrobials in an ENT Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {15-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background: The drug utilization study identifies the problems that arise from drug usage in healthcare delivery system and highlights the current approaches to the rational use of drugs. Objective: To study the trends in prescribing antimicrobials in an ENT outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Materials and method: An observational study was conducted in the OPD of ENT at Bapuji Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India from May to July 2011. Prescriptions of all patients were collected; relevant information entered in a preformed proforma and analyzed using the drug utilization 90\% [(DU-90\%)] method. The results were presented in percentages and analyzed using DU-90\% method. Result: A total of 300 prescriptions were analyzed. The common cases for which antimicrobials prescribed were infections like pharyngitis, acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), tonsillitis, laryngitis. It was noted that 142 patients (47.33\%) received amoxicillin alone, 52 patients (17.33\%) received combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, 43 patients (14.33\%) received cefixime, 40 patients (13.33\%) received cefuroxime and 23 patients (7.66\%) received azithromycin, levofloxacin and other antimicrobials. Conclusion: The present study showed that among the various antimicrobials used, only four antimicrobials figured in DU-90\% segment which were amoxicillin, combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and cephalosporins like cefixime and cefuroxime. Though azithromycin and levofloxacin are also frequently used drugs in upper respiratory tract infections, in this study they did not figure in the DU-90\% segment.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobials, DU-90\%, ENT, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection}, author = {K.Ramachandra and Narendranath Sanji and H.S. Somashekar3 and Abhishek Acharya and Keerthi Sagar J and Susheela Somappa Halemani} } @article {171, title = {Undergraduate Medical Srtudent{\textquoteright}s Perceptions Regarding Personal Drug Selection Exercise}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {61-67}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Background:\ Right drug for the right patient in the right dose for the right duration is the aim of rational prescribing. The foundation for rational prescribing can be laid if prescribing doctors are sensitized to this concept during undergraduate studies. The knowledge of personal drug (P-drug) selection process is an important step towards rational prescribing.\ Objectives:\ This study was done to analyse tje student{\textquoteright}s opinions and the difficulties they faced in the process of P-drug selection. Materials and Methods: In first phase of this study, fifth sesmester students of MBBS course were taught the process of selecting a P-drug in pharmacology practical classes. In seconf phase. students were given questionnaire to put forth their views on selection process of P-drug. The qunatitative data was expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR).\ Results:\ Majority of the students were in favor of introducing the process of selection of P-drug in udergraduate pharmacology curriculum [4 (4-5), scale 1-5]. The students were of the opinion that such exercise will given in-depth knowledge of various groups used and highlight the intragroup differences. Student{\textquoteright}s also opined that P-drug knowledge of various groups of durgs used and highlight the intragroup differences. Student{\textquoteright}s also opined that P-drug exercise also enable them to remember various aspects of the drugs for long period. Students also felt that the P-drug selection process will help them to understand hoe drug selection been for the treatment of various disease conditions.\ Conculsion:\ P-drug selection exercise helps students to understand the differences between various drugs used for the treatment of one disease condition. This may serve as a strong foundation for developing rational prescribing skills.

}, keywords = {P-drug, Pharmacology, Prescription Writing, Undergraduate Curriculum}, author = {Lalit Mohan and Bharti Chogtu and Shalini Adiga and K.L Bairy and Anoop Kishore} }