@article {344, title = {Perception of Pharmacists About the High-Risk/Alert Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {151-160}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {151}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the perception of pharmacists about the High-Risk/ Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the perception of pharmacists about High-Risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and The Perception of High-Risk/Alert Medications, barriers, which factors may Discourage you from implementing High-Risk/Alert medications, and recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of High-Risk/Alert medicines. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6, were done with the study. In addition, the data analysis of the Perception of Pharmacists About the High-Risk/Alert Medications in Saudi Arabia is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about High-Risk/Alert medications was (3.88). The element {\textquotedblleft}Staff compliance with protocols, guidelines and order sets related to high-alert medications is required{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.38). The pharmacists believe that Standard protocols, order sets, and orders express IV and neuraxial high-alert medication infusions/doses are highly recommended (4.36). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Factors Discourage you to implement High-Risk/Alert medications{\textquotedblright} was (3.36). The highest score from the component {\textquotedblleft}The High-Risk/Alert medications are of a serious nature{\textquotedblright} was (3.92). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Lack of Periodic training of pharmacy staff about High-Risk/Alert medications {\textquotedblright} was (3.83), and {\textquotedblleft}Low level of clinical knowledge of High-Risk/Alert medications {\textquotedblleft}was (3.70). The most recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of High-Risk/ Alert medications were the Implementation of an electronic high-alert medications system 385(88.30\%), setup up the therapeutic protocol or guidelines for High-Risk/ Alert medications 347 (79.59\%), and standardizing the prescribing, preparation, dispensing and administration of High-Risk/Alert drugs 345 (79.13\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist attributed High-Risk/Alert medications as appropriate. Therefore, targeting periodic education and training. Besides, improving clinical knowledge and implementing an electronic High-Risk/Alert medications system are highly suggested to improve patient outcomes and avoid drug-related disorders at healthcare facilities in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Medications, Perception, Pharmacist}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohammad Abdulaziz AL-Tuwaijri and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Faisal Safouq Alanazi} } @article {334, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of High-risk/Alert Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {65-71}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {65}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing pharmacist knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, the High-risk/Alert medications assessment of basic knowledge, and The Resources used about the High risk or high-alert medications. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/ Alert medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of knowledge of pharmacists about High-risk/ Alert medications was (3.71). The pharmacists familiar with prohibited abbreviations during High-risk/Alert prescribing medications obtained the highest score (4.42). The element {\textquotedblleft}heard about the concept of High-risk/Alert medications{\textquotedblright} got the second highest score (4.39), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). Followed by the pharmacists familiar with look-alike sound-alike of Highrisk/ Alert medications (4.30) and know the narcotics and controlled medications (4.27) ), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). The most used resources for High-risk/Alert or high-alert medication information were Drug information resources (Lexi comp-drug information, Micromedex, Epocrates etc. 345 (78.05\%), and Scientific literature 222 (50.23\%). They were followed by Health practitioners 206 (46.61\%) SFDA website 157 (35.52\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications is adequate in Saudi Arabia. However, an expanded basic and advanced understanding of High-risk/Alert areas is needed to improve pharmacy performance, patient safety, and quality of life in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Knowledge, Medications, Pharmacist}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Randa Jaroudi and Faisal Safouq Alanazi and Musleh Samil Reshidi} } @article {343, title = {Practice of Health Insurance Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {141-150}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the Practice of Health Insurance Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of health insurance in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and types of Health insurance coverage, present items for health insurance pharmacists at any healthcare institution, and Health insurance pharmacist practice implementation. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Practice Health Insurance Services by Pharmacists is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 398 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than onethird responded from the Central region (137 (34.51\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western part (109 (27.46\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (239 (60.35\%)) versus 157 (39.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (271 (68.26\%)) and 31-35 years (56 (14.11\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (300 (75.76\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (43 (10.86\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Almost one-half of pharmacists currently have health insurance coverage (239 ((60.05\%)) with equal or less than one year (108 ((42.52\%)), or 2-3 years (81 ((31.89\%)), have you been associated with your current insurance provider with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of practice items for health insurance pharmacists at any healthcare institution (is 1.78). The element {\textquotedblleft}Heath insurance and high-risk medications {\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (1.85). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Heath insurance pharmacist and home healthcare medication{\textquotedblright} was (1.84). The average score of Health insurance pharmacist practice implementation (is 3.29). The element {\textquotedblleft}The health insurance pharmacist employee as a staff member of Heath insurance departments or pharmacy services {\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.53). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The Heath insurance pharmacist had an active role in health insurance departments {\textquotedblright} was (3.53). Conclusion: The pharmacist practice of health insurance was inadequate. The health insurance system highly demands pharmaceutical care. Therefore, implementing health insurance pharmacists at healthcare organizations and other health insurance companies is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Health Insurance, Pharmacist, Practice, Saudi Arabia., Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.21}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohammad Abdulaziz AL-Tuwaijri and Mohammad Abdullah Alghamdi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Shaimaa O Ahmadeen and Atheer Fahad Al-Aqile} } @article {337, title = {Practice of High-Risk/Alert Medications by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {92-103}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the pharmacist practice of High-Risk/Alertmedications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of High-Risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and practices, Basic and advanced High-Risk/Alertmedications practice implementation, the High- Risk/Alertdrugs implemented in the following medication stages, and medications considered high alert or high risk at your institution. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of High-Risk/ Alert medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of the practice of pharmacists{\textquoteright} basic of High-Risk/Alertmedications was (3.81). The element {\textquotedblleft}The risk medications is a part of medications safety vision{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.18), and the element {\textquotedblleft}Policy and procedure of High-Risk/ Alertmedications {\textquotedblleft} was (4.18). Followed the {\textquotedblleft}The High-Risk/Alertmedications is a part of medications safety Mission{\textquotedblright} (4.12). The average advanced High-Risk/Alertmedications practice implementation score was (3.62). The element {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist share in medications safety committee for High-Risk/Alertmedications discussion{\textquotedblright} (4.12) and the element {\textquotedblleft}There is documentation of potential impact and outcomes with High- Risk/Alertmedications {\textquotedblleft} was (3.85). The average score of High-Risk/Alertmedications implemented in the medications stages was (3.99). The dispensing stage obtained the highest score (4.21), and the administration stage (4.12). Most drugs considered high alert or high risk at the institutions were antithrombotic agents 332 (77.39\%) and adrenergic agonists 330 (76.92\%). They were followed by insulin 285 (66.43\%) and inotropic medications 284 (65.97\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s practice of High- Risk/Alertmedication is sufficient in Saudi Arabia. However, more expanded training in anesthesia and operation rooms has been successfully implemented. That leads to many preventive drug-related problems and avoids unnecessary economic burdens on the healthcare system.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Medications, Pharmacist, Practice}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Randa Jaroudi and Hussain Mohammed Ibrahim Aareji and Faisal Safouq Alanazi and Maha Hussein Almadany} } @article {291, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Nuclear Pharmacy Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {51-59}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Goal: The knowledge of nuclear pharmacy is essential in pharmacy practice. In addition, the nuclear pharmacy services demand various diagnoses and drug therapy management. In this study, we aimed to explore pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about nuclear pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a crosssectional qualitative study. In this study, we distributed an electronic validated reliability questionnaire to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. Students were excluded from this study. The survey collected demographic data of the responders and the knowledge of pharmacists about nuclear pharmacy, radioactive drugs, and resources of nuclear pharmacy. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, and Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 235 pharmacists responded to the survey questionnaire. Of them, 142 (63.96\%) were male, and 80 (36.04\%) were female, with a statistically significant difference between them (p\<0.001). About two-thirds of the pharmacists had earned a Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree (149 (63.40\%)) and Diploma in Pharmacy (75 (31.91\%)), with statistically significant differences among all qualifications (p\<0.001). The average score for pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of nuclear pharmacy services was 1.61, with high scores obtained for the elements{\textemdash}knowledge of the nuclear pharmacist has additional salary in Saudi Arabia (1.76) and radiation safety considerations (1.73). The average score was obtained for knowledge of radiopharmaceutical products (1.63), and the highest score on knowledge was obtained for 131I-Sodium Iodide capsule five mCi (for thyroid therapy) (1.8) and 201Tl-Thallium solution five mCi (for cardiac imaging) (1.8). The resources used to access information about nuclear pharmacy services were drug information resources (93 (40.09\%)), scientific literature (83 (35.78\%)), and the internet (83 (34.48\%)). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of nuclear pharmacy services and radiopharmaceutical products was poor. Therefore, to expand nuclear medicine, including pharmacy-related nuclear services, we recommend implementing the education and training program on nuclear pharmacy in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Nuclear, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ali Taer Al-Asmri and Mohammed Abdulaziz Ayoub Asiri and Abdulaziz Saleh Alnabbah} } @article {313, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Pharmacy Infection Control in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {129-137}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This crosssectional survey study was conducted to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists, including dentists from interns to consultants and pharmacy specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their knowledge regarding some of the selected pharmacy infection control elements in dental care. We also collected information regarding the resources they use to obtain knowledge of pharmacy infection control. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain their responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire, with one-quarter of them coming from the central region (97 (22.35\%)), and northern region (92 (21.2\%)), with non-statistically significant differences between regions (p=0.637). Of the total responders, 212 (48.96\%) were female, and 221 (51.04\%) were male responders, with non-statistically significant differences between them (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The total average score of pharmacy infection control assessment for basic knowledge was 3.34, with high scores obtained for the elements knowledge of hand hygiene (3.86) and personal protective equipment (3.83). In comparison, the lowest scores were obtained for the elements knowledge of the accidental sharp devices immunization system (2.80), and the infection control pharmacist gets more salary than regular pharmacist (2.91). The total average score of knowledge of frequently used disinfection and antiseptics products at your healthcare institution (3.60) and the high scores were obtained for the elements knowledge of peroxygens (hydrogen peroxide) (4.63) and alcohol (isopropyl alcohol 70\%) (4.63). In comparison, the lowest scores were obtained for the element knowledge of phenolics (ortho-benzyl-parachlorophenol) (2.76) and the iodophors (povidone-iodine ointment 10\%) (2.99). The score for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 0.927, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s αwas 0.924, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.933, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.973, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.989. Conclusion: Pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control was inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, targeting to provide the necessary education and training for undergraduate and postgraduate students to improve patient infection control within pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Infection Control, Knowledge, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {292, title = {Perception of Pharmacists about Nuclear Pharmacy Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {80-88}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Goal: In this study, we aimed to explore the nuclear pharmacy perception in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional study including all pharmacists and pharmacy interns in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Students were excluded from this study. We distributed the electronic survey to the participants which consisted of two parts. The first part collected demographic information, and the second part collected information of perception of pharmacists about nuclear pharmacy services and reasons preventing nuclear pharmacy services. The responses were obtained through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed via Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software. Results: A total of 235 pharmacists responded to this survey. Of them, 142 (63.96\%) were male and 80 (36.04\%) were female responders, with statistically significant differences between them (p\<0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (115 (48.94\%)) followed by those in the age group of 31{\textendash}35 years (57 (24.26\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p\<0.001). About two-thirds of the pharmacists had obtained Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree (149 (63.40\%)) and Diploma in Pharmacy (75 (31.91\%)), with statistically significant differences between the degrees (p\<0.001). The total average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}pharmacist perception of nuclear pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} was 3.54. We obtained high scores for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy required to complete the drug therapy for cancer patients{\textquotedblright} (3.77) followed by the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy should be mandatory{\textquotedblright} (3.75). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}under-working in nuclear pharmacy in the healthcare institutions{\textquotedblright} (3.74). The total average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}barriers prevent the implementation of nuclear pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} was 3.54 with high score obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}lack of periodic training of pharmacy staff about nuclear pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (3.81). The most recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of nuclear pharmacy was implemented nuclear pharmacy residency program (170 (72.65\%)). Moreover, set up the therapeutic protocol or guidelines for nuclear pharmacy (147 (62.82\%)). Conclusion: The perception of pharmacists about nuclear pharmacy services was acceptable. The nuclear pharmacy system demands workforces, nuclear management guidelines, and implementation of nuclear pharmacy residency program. We highly recommend to resolve all nuclear pharmacy challenges in order to improve healthcare services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Nuclear, Perception, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ali Taer Al-Asmri and Mohammed Abdulaziz Ayoub Asiri and Abdulaziz Saleh Alnabbah} } @article {302, title = {Pharmacist Practice of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {111-119}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {111}, abstract = {

Goal: The current study expected to demonstrate the forensic pharmacy practice in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is an analysis of a cross-sectional study. An electronic survey was dispersed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. All students were omitted from the existing study. The survey consisted of demographic data about responders and practice aspects and implementations of forensic pharmacy. All analysis was completed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), and Survey monkey. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost threequarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically significant among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacist feature elements of forensic pharmacy services were 2.5. The high scores element was forensic pharmacy and potential drug-drug interactions (1.42). On the contrary, the lowest score aspect of nuclear pharmacy was forensic pharmacy, education and training program (1.26). The average score of forensic pharmacy practice implementation was 3.15. With high scores was the pharmacist always parts in crimes medicine committee (3.74), while the lowest forensic pharmacy practice implementation scores were attendance several courses or workshops about forensic pharmacy (2.41). Conclusion: The pharmacist part elements or the practice applications of forensic pharmacy were insufficient. The pharmacist plays an active role in the forensic pharmacy practice. Recognized forensic pharmacy with a clear job description of pharmacy staff with the relationship with forensic medicine and forensic strategic planning is mandatory to improve forensic pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi} } @article {301, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {92-101}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Goal: The knowledge of forensic pharmacy is a grave issue in practice. For example, forensic pharmacy services are obligatory for crime and drug-related death investigations. The current study purposes to affirm Pharmacist knowledge of forensic pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a qualitative examination with a cross-section design. An electronic validated and reliability survey was dispersed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. All students were omitted from the study. The questionnaire checked demographic data about the responders and pharmacist{\textquoteright}s basic and advanced knowledge of forensic pharmacy and resources of forensic pharmacy. Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, and survey monkey did all analysis. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost three-quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically significant among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of forensic pharmacy services were (2.0) with high scores element was the valuation of basic knowledge of the forensic pharmacy was the medications induced addiction (2.74). In contrast, the lowest scores were the job description of forensic pharmacist (1.5). The average score advances knowledge of forensic pharmacy (1.92). The highest score knowledge was the cardiovascular medications (3.00), while the lowest score knowledge of advanced knowledge of forensic pharmacy was the resources of forensic pharmacy (1.37). The most resources applied for Forensic pharmacy services were internet 224 (56.71\%) and healthcare practitioners 222 (56.20\%). Conclusion: The pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of forensic pharmacy services was insufficient. Therefore, the preventing of crimes problems and drug-related death are obligatory to improve patient outcomes. The undergraduate and postgraduate education and training of forensic pharmacy services in highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Knowledge, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi} } @article {300, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Perception of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {120-128}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {120}, abstract = {

Goal: To illuminate the pharmacist perception of forensic pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is cross-sectional of convenient sampling and planned number of the subject with power eighty. An electronic survey was dispersed to the pharmacist and pharmacy intern, excluding pharmacy students and other healthcare professionals. The survey entailed of demographic data, pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of forensic pharmacy, and barriers preventing implementation of forensic pharmacy. Survey monkey, Microsoft Excel, and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) were used in this study. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost three-quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically momentous among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacist perception of forensic pharmacy services were (3.93). The high scores element was under-working in forensic pharmacy in the healthcare institutions (4.15). On the contrary, the lowest score medical staff feel like their mistakes are held against them when an event is stated (3.35). The total average scores of barriers prevent the implementation of forensic pharmacy services were (3.41) with high scores element was lack of periodic training of pharmacy staff about forensic pharmacy (4.13). At the same time, the lowest score aspect of forensic pharmacy was the pharmacist shred in forensic sciences is too trivial to work (1.88). The most suggestions for facilitating forensic pharmacy implementation were implementing an electronic forensic pharmacy 306 (77.86\%) and raise the number of forensic pharmacist staff by 319 (81.17\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist had a positive insight of forensic pharmacy. However, various barriers are requisite to eliminate to start the implementation of forensic pharmacy services. Therefore, education and training are indispensable elements for establishing forensic pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Perception, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Rehab Sultan Najmi} } @article {293, title = {The Practice of Nuclear Pharmacy Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {70-79}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {70}, abstract = {

Goal: In this study, we aimed to illustrate the practice of nuclear pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. An electronic survey was distributed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. Students were excluded from this study. The survey consisted of demographic data about responders and pharmacy practice aspects of nuclear pharmacy. The data were collected using the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS). Results: A total of 235 pharmacists responded to the survey, with most of them coming from the southern region (82 (34.89\%)), central region (49 (20.85\%)), and western region (47 (20.00\%)), with statistically significant differences between the regions (p\<0.001). Almost two-thirds of the pharmacists had obtained Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree (149 (63.40\%)) and Diploma in Pharmacy (75 (31.91\%)), with statistically significant differences between all the pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). Most pharmacists were staff pharmacists (119 (51.29\%)) and interns (43 (18.53\%)). The total average score of elements of the practice of nuclear pharmacy services was 1.69. The highest score was recorded for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy and facilities, equipment, and place for preparation are available{\textquotedblright} (1.79), followed by the elements {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy and drug monitoring system{\textquotedblright} (1.78) and {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy and radiation safety{\textquotedblright} (1.77). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy practice implementation{\textquotedblright} was 3.39. High scores were obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy should be covered by health insurance{\textquotedblright} (3.79) and {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy outsourcing is highly recommended{\textquotedblright} (3.67). The highest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy currently is the responsibility was a nuclear pharmacist{\textquotedblright} (4.28) and {\textquotedblleft}toxicologist laboratory{\textquotedblright} (3.55). Conclusion: The various aspects of pharmacists based on the elements of the practice implementation of nuclear pharmacy were insufficient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pharmacists play an active role in the nuclear pharmacy practice. Further studies on nuclear pharmacy services should be conducted thoroughly and setup strategic plan to improve nuclear pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Nuclear, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ali Taer Al-Asmri and Mohammed Abdulaziz Ayoub Asiri and Abdulaziz Saleh Alnabbah} } @article {280, title = {Role of Pharmacist in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health with an emphasis on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Scie}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the role of Pharmacist in an epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health with an emphasis on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Methods: It is a new initiative services drove by national and international infection control, epidemic, pandemic, and medicine disaster guidelines. The projects formulated the latest project from pharmacy project guidelines, the international business model, and project management institution guidelines. Project management professionals steps write the initiative project. It consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The Role of Pharmacists in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health emphasizes COVID-19 with a defined vision, mission, and aims. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on patients, as illustrated in the review. The continuity of the project is assured by the risk management model description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project through the closing project stage is explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The Role of Pharmacists in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health emphasizing COVID-19 is essential and beneficial. The Pharmacist might contribute to the infection control at the pharmacy and healthcare system, provide enough supply from medications, and be involved in public health education about epidemic or pandemic management; it is highly suggested to implement other counties in Saudi Arabia the world.

}, keywords = {Disaster, Emergency, Epidemic, Pandemic, Pharmacist, Public health, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah} } @article {260, title = {Pharmacist Prescribing System: A New Initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {90-93}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {90}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the pharmacist prescribing system as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national Pharmacist prescribing system services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pharmacist prescribing system services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients as illustrated in the review. The continuation of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The pharmacist prescribing system services is new initiative, part of the clinical pharmacy program. The Pharmacist prescribing system will reduce drug-related problems, improve clinical and economic outcomes of patients and the healthcare system and create patient{\textquoteright}s safety culture at healthcare organization; it is highly recommended to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Pharmacist, Prescribing, Saudi Arabia, Services, System}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saleh Ibrahim ALdakheel and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {68, title = {The Clinical Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions in Total Parenteral Nutrition services in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {135-140}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Objectives: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is the perilous component of nutritional care for neonatal, pediatric and adult patients. TPN is designated for someone who cannot or should not consume nutrients through their regular oral pathway. In this study, we explored the clinical outcomes of pharmacist intervention in Parenteral Nutrition at the public hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: In prospective cohort studies, we simulated the data of 12 months of 2015 related to TPN services for neonatal, pediatric and adult patients. Most of the TPN units at hospitals works eight hours per day and seven days per a week. The hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia has 300 beds. The pharmacist intervention consisted of an International Study Model, measure level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation, and patient with outcome impact. The data were analyzed through Survey Monkey system. Results: The total number of pharmacist interventions were 402 of recognized TPN-related problems. The total number of TPN orders was 394 prescribed to 82 patients. The majority of patients were neonates 303 (75.56\%) followed by Pediatrics 97 (24.19\%). The highest number of critical care interventions were found to be potentially serious 108 (28.8\%) and potentially significant 174 (46.4\%). The documented rationale of clinical intervention activities was inappropriate dose 93 (24.8\%) drug therapy omission 50 (13.3\%) and inappropriate route of administration 41 (10.9\%). Most of the patient outcomes were laboratory value improved 170 (45.33\%) and patient condition improved 137 (36.53\%). Conclusion: TPN clinical pharmacist had an essential vital role of preventing a TPN-related problem, improve patient outcome, and avoid the unnecessary supplementary cost. Increasing TPN clinical pharmacist assigned for all TPN services at all health care system in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Assessment, Clinical outcomes, Interventions, Pharmacist, Total Parenteral Nutrition program}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Aisha Omar Fallatah and Nisreen Al-Shubaar and Abdulaziz Abdullah Qohal and Lila Yahya Alameer} } @article {41, title = {Healthcare Professional{\textquoteright}s Perception and Attitude toward Pharmacist during Pharmacy Visit in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {21-25}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception and attitude toward pharmacist during pharmacy visit in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception toward pharmacist. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part has 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) the first domain captures information regarding healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} general perception of the pharmacist; (2) the second domain is regarding healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} perception of pharmaceutical care services; (3) the third domain is about healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} perception of visiting ambulatory care pharmacy; and (4) the fourth domain is regarding healthcare professionals perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. All type of healthcare professionals included in the study. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media, namely, WhatsApp to more than one thousand healthcare professionals throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was distributed in an electronic format and this study analyzes and presents data regarding domain three, that is, healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} perception of visiting ambulatory care pharmacy through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 170 healthcare professionals responded to the survey. Of them, 150 (93.8\%) were Saudi and 10 (6.25\%) were non-Saudi professionals. There were 129 (75.9\%) female and 41 (24.1\%) male responders. Most of the healthcare providers were pharmacists (81 (47.65\%)), others (33 (19.41\%)), nurses (27 (15.88\%)) and physician (23 (13.53\%)). Most of the healthcare professional visited the pharmacy in the past 12 months (53 (31.36\%)) for more than 10 times, whereas the others 40 (23.67\%) visited at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients (143 (87.2\%)) spent less than 16 min waiting for the medication from the pharmacy. The average score of healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s general perception toward a pharmacist during pharmacy visit was 3.51. The statement {\textquotedblleft}received all medications prescribed to me{\textquotedblright} received the highest score (4.05), whereas the statement {\textquotedblleft}pharmacy{\textquoteright}s waiting area is located at the convenient place{\textquotedblright} received the lowest score (3.07). The average score of healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception toward a drug monitoring pharmacist during the pharmacy visit was 2.58. The statement with the highest score was {\textquotedblleft}the patient revived a copy of prescription contained medications{\textquotedblright} (2.99), whereas the statement with the lowest score was {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist gives follow-up call to the patient as prescribed{\textquotedblright} (1.86). The score for general evaluation of pharmacy visit was (3.31) with preference to visit the pharmacy or recommend it to patient{\textquoteright}s bothers or friends was (3.26). Conclusion: The healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of a pharmacist during the pharmacy visit was good. Pharmacy{\textquoteright}s waiting area, medications reconciliation and adherences missed. Improving of healthcare providers{\textquoteright} needs will augment healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perceptions and raise healthcare provider{\textquoteright}s satisfaction during pharmacy visit.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Healthcare professional, Ministry of Health, Perception, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia, Visit}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {42, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s Perception of a Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Relationship and Counseling Skills in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {26-31}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of a pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist. The survey consisted of two part: the first part gathers demographic information and the second part contains 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) the first domain captures data regarding the patient{\textquoteright}s general perception about the pharmacist; (2) the second domain captures data regarding the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmaceutical services; (3) the third domain was regarding the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of visiting ambulatory care; and (4) the fourth domain captures the data regarding the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media at a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, at an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors interviewed the patients with an electronic survey documentation. The survey was distributed in an electronic format. In this study, we analyzed domain four, that is, about the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 617 patients responded to the survey. Of them, 536 (87.7\%) were Saudi and 75 (12.3\%) were non-Saudi nationals. There were 457 (74.1\%) female and 160 (25.9\%) male responders. Most of the patients (222 (36\%)) visited the pharmacy more than 10 times in the past 12 months, whereas the others (122 (19.8\%)) visited the pharmacy at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients (481 (83.5\%)) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The average score of patient perception of a pharmacist with communication and relationship skills was 3.66. The following statements received highest scores: {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist politely delivers the medication{\textquotedblright} (4.09) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist answers the questions in an excellent way{\textquotedblright} (3.87). The statement with lowest score was {\textquotedblleft}communication with pharmacy by phone at any time{\textquotedblright} (3.04) (Table 2). The average score of patient{\textquoteright}s perceptions of pharmacists with medications counseling skills was 3.6. The statement with highest score was {\textquotedblleft}all the medications received were packed{\textquotedblright} (4.35) and {\textquotedblleft}the patient understands what the pharmacist was saying{\textquotedblright} (4.1). The statement with lowest score was {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist provides you information about the proper storage of your medication{\textquotedblright} (3.04) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist explains all the possible side effects{\textquotedblright} (3.12). The statements with highest scores of patient relationship with drug information centers were {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist answers patient{\textquoteright}s question through drug information center{\textquoteright}s hospital over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.44) and {\textquotedblleft}poisonous cases first contact the national drug information center or any hospital drug information center any time through MOH hotline 937 over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.37). Conclusion: Patient{\textquoteright}s perception toward pharmacist{\textquoteright}s communication and counseling skills need to improve with an emphasis on patient{\textquoteright}s privacy, contacting facilities and instructions to drug-related problems. Improvement of patient demand will raise patient{\textquoteright}s perceptions and avoid the unnecessary additional cost.

}, keywords = {Counselling, Ministry of Health, Perception, Pharmacist, Relationship, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {65, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Intervention and Medication Errors Prevention at Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {122-128}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {122}, abstract = {

Objectives: Medication errors have a large impact on patient safety and on healthcare cost. Errors occur due to a combination of human and system-related failure. The pharmacist prevents all drug related problems. The objective of this study was to explore pharmacist intervention and prevented medication errors in Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology at a Tertiary Hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article describes 12 months retrospective cohort study of pharmacist intervention and prevented medication errors in year of 2015. This was a retrospective study conducted at 500-bed Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology in a Tertiary Hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia. This system was a part of medication safety program. A tertiary hospital had medication safety officer with medication safety committee. All errors or unexpected events related with the medication system or a step in the medication process shall be reported using the medication error from/sheet. The form consisted of patient information, the sources of medication errors and qualification of committing errors. The type of medication errors, description of errors, causes of errors, approval to prevent the errors and the consequence of medication errors by using National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCCMERP) system. Results: The total number of prevented medication errors were 1654 within 827 patients{\textquoteright} prescriptions. The medication errors had been made by physicians followed by nurses. The sources of errors were general practitioner 631 (38.15 \%) followed by consultant 554 (33.5\%). The most common error was made in Pediatrics (1-month to 6 years) followed by young adults (18-40 years). An occurred error, most of the time was afternoon 872 (52.72\%) errors followed by morning duty 685 (41.4\%) errors. The majority kind of mistakes were prescriber-related 1216 (73.52\%) followed by patient-related errors 426 (25.75\%). The outcome of medication error was 1651 (99.82\%) occurred which did not reach the patient. The most common medications involved in errors were Paracetamol syrup, iron tablet, folic acid tablet and calcium tablet. There were three errors for high-risk medication prohibited for instant: insulin, enoxaparin and heparin. Conclusion: This article presented the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s role in preventing medication errors, especially with pediatrics populations. Pharmacists have a crucial system-level role in planning and important medication safety programs and enhancement initiatives within health care organizations. The expanded role of pharmacists in preventing medication errors associated with patient safety programs and avoid the needless cost

}, keywords = {East Province, Errors, Gynecology, Intervention, Obstetrics, Pediatrics, Pharmacist, Prevention, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.21}, author = {Amal Ahmad Alanazi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohammed Mohsen Almaznai and Marzook Aldwihi and Ibrahim Abdul Karim Aloraifi and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {55, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Perception of Pharmacovigilance and Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {73-78}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Pharmacists{\textquoteright} perception toward their role in reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) and their understanding of the importance of reporting ADRs are essential keys to be assessed and studied in order to determine the factors that may predispose to underreporting of ADRs in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to asses and compare the perception of community and hospital pharmacists toward reporting of ADRs in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Method: A structured, validated questionnaire was used to conduct a cross-sectional study. A total of 263 pharmacists were enrolled. The questionnaire included the demographic data of the pharmacists and 11 questions to measure pharmacists{\textquoteright} perceptions of ADRs reporting of reporting ADRs. All statistical analysis done by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 and Survey Monkey system. Result: the result shows that community and hospital pharmacists strongly agree about that reporting of ADRs allow to measure the incidence of ADRs 29 (55.77\%), 121 (58.45) and to identify previously unrecognized ADRs 30 (57.69\%), 116 (56.59\%) and enable safe drugs to be identified 39 (70.91\%), 129 (62.32\%), respectively with no significant difference (p\>0.05). Besides, both hospital pharmacists 116 (55.77\%) and community pharmacists 31 (60.78\%) strongly agree about their important role in the pharmacovigilance system. However, only 67 (32.52\%) of hospital pharmacists strongly agreed about the physician{\textquoteright}s responsibility in reporting ADRs compared to community pharmacists 29 (52.73\%) with a significant difference between groups (p\<0.05). However, 37 (17.87\%) of hospital pharmacists were uncertain about drug companies{\textquoteright} role in pharmacovigilance system with a significant difference between community pharmacists with (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The result of this study demonstrated that both community and hospital pharmacists among Saudi Arabia had a very goods of perception about the importance of ADRs reporting and their role in reporting ADRs.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Community, Hospital, Perception, Pharmacist, Pharmacovigilance, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.13}, author = {Fatima Fouad Al Doughan and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mais Hasan Iflaifel} } @article {56, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Practice of Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {86-93}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

Objectives: To assess and compare the practice of reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) and related factors between community and hospital pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. We used a structured, validated questionnaire to collect the data. A total of 263 pharmacists participated in the survey. The questionnaire captures demographic data of the participants and had 26 questions related to the practice of reporting ADRs and factors that encourage and discourage pharmacists from reporting ADRs. Results: Community pharmacists did not know the location of the ADR form, but hospital pharmacists did know about it, which was significantly different (P\<0.05). Despite the increased awareness of ADR form among the hospital pharmacists{\textquoteright}, the overall reporting rate was found to be meager among both the group of pharmacists. We found that several reasons led to the low reporting rate of ADR, for example, community pharmacists were unaware of how to report ADR and they considered that the ADR is too trivial to be reported compared to hospital pharmacists (P\<0.05). in addition, community pharmacists were not know whom to report the ADRs compared to the hospital pharmacists, which was significantly different (P\<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that pharmacists who work at hospitals had a higher awareness of practicing system of reporting ADRs than that of community pharmacists. Increasing awareness among community pharmacists regarding the pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting systems is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Community, Hospital, Pharmacist, Pharmacovigilance, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.15}, author = {Fatima Fouad Al Doughan and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mais Hasan Iflaifel} } @article {26, title = {Healthcare Professional{\textquoteright}s Perception of Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Relationship and Counseling Skills in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {11-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the healthcare provider{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship, communication, and counseling skills in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month crosssectional survey of the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist. The survey consisted of two parts: first part gathers demographic information and the second part contains 49 questions divided into four domains. (1) the first domain captures data regarding the healthcare provider{\textquoteright}s general perception about the pharmacist; (2) the second domain captures data regarding the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmaceutical services; (3) the third domain was regarding the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of visiting ambulatory care; and (4) the fourth domain captures the data regarding the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. All healthcare professionals responded to the 5-point Likert response scale system. The survey was distributed through social media to more than 1000 healthcare professionals across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Because the survey was in an electronic format, we were able to analyze and discuss the four domains with respect to the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 170 healthcare providers responded to our survey. Of all the responders, 129 (75.9\%) were females and 41 (24.1\%) were males. Most of the healthcare providers were pharmacists (81 (47.65\%)), others (33 (19.41\%)), nurses (27 (15.88\%)), and physicians (23 (13.53\%)). Most of the healthcare providers (143 (87.2\%)) spent less than 16 minutes waiting for the medication from the pharmacy. The average score of the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s communication and relationship skills was around (3.41). The highest score with respect to the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s and patient{\textquoteright}s relationship was obtained for the following statements: {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist politely delivers the medication{\textquotedblright} (3.96) and {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist answers questions in an excellent manner{\textquotedblright} (3.67). The average score of healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perceptions of pharmacists with medication counseling skills was around (3.42). Highest scores were obtained for the following statements: {\textquotedblleft}All the medications received were packed{\textquotedblright} (4.28) and {\textquotedblleft}The patient understands what the pharmacist was saying{\textquotedblright} (4.14). The highest score with respect to the patient{\textquoteright}s relationship with the drug information center was obtained for the statement: {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist answers patient{\textquoteright}s questions through drug information center of the hospital over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.44) and {\textquotedblleft}Poisonous cases first contact the national drug information center or any other hospital drug information center any time through MOH hotline 937 service over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.37). Conclusion: The results of this survey revealed that healthcare professionals had an acceptable perception of the pharmacist with respect to communication and patient counseling skills. The healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s privacy, easy contact with the pharmacist, and drug-related problems information improve the p

}, keywords = {Counseling skills, Healthcare professional, Ministry of Health, Perception, Pharmacist, Relationship, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {29, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s General Perception and Attitude toward Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {31-37}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient{\textquoteright}s perception and attitude toward pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient perception of pharmacists. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part gathers demographic information and the second part has 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) the first domain captures patient{\textquoteright}s general perception of the pharmacist; (2) the second domain is regarding patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmaceutical care services; (3) the third domain is about patient perception of visiting ambulatory care; and (4) the fourth domain is regarding patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media to a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors interviewed the patients with an electronic survey documentation. The survey analyzed domain one, which is the primary or necessary general perceptions about pharmacists and the data were analyzed through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 617 patients responded to the survey. Of them, 536 (87.7\%) were Saudi and 75 (12.3\%) were non-Saudi nationals. There were 457 (74.1\%) female and 160 (25.9\%) male responders. In the past 12 months, most patients (222 (36.04 \%)) visited the pharmacy more than 10 times, followed by 122 (19.81\%)) visited the pharmacy at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients (481 (83.5\%)) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The statements with highest scores were related to the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perceptions such as pharmacy job is vital in our society (4.63); the pharmacist has a very significant role in preventing medications errors (4.4); the necessity of present pharmacist schools (4.09); and the pharmacist is the first person ask about drugs (4.01). More than 60\% of the responders chose pharmacy as the professional specialty or suggest their family members or friend to select a professional pharmacy. The majority of pharmacists shared information in public education through the television and media (3.7) and newspaper (3.65) followed by schools (3.56) and public education exhibitors (3.48). Most of the patients (429 (73.1\%)) visited the pharmacist to seek help, and due to the pharmacists knew more about medication doses and their adverse effects (224 (38.16\%), and free consultation 166 (28.28\%) Conclusion: Majority of the patients had a good perception about the pharmacist and his role with patients and the public. The pharmacists should expand their services across all healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Patient, Perception, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} }