@article {371, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Software and Applications}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {152-163}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {152}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the software and applications of accounting and financial policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the software and applications of accounting and financial policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles,Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject.subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes accounting and financial software and applications of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The software and applications of accounting and financial policy and procedures in pharmacy practice are continuous, accessible, and fast to retrieve information. Several factors might affect choosing accounting and financial software and applications, including services coverage, cost, and applicable and friendly usage. Conclusion: The software and applications policy is a new pharmacy accounting and financial initiative. The software and applications policy improves the accounting and financial retrieving and documentation system. In addition, it helps pharmacists to adhere to accounting and financial regulations in different places at healthcare organizations. Therefore, the accounting and financial software and applications policy is highly recommended for digital hospital and community pharmacy systems in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Applications, Financial, Policy, Saudi Arabia, Software}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {331, title = {Education and Training Research Policy in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {48-55}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study explores the Research policy of Research Education and Training in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The current topic is a narrative review of education and training procedures in pharmacy research. Litterateur was searched in various databases. That includes PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and academic Microsoft. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompass narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search keyword includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Moreover, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in research in pharmacy practice. The committee of pharmacy research was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of Research Education and Training. Results: Pharmacy Research{\textquoteright}s policy on Research Education and Training covered various topics, including the program objectives, admission requirements, teaching, educational methodology, and steps in pharmacy practice involving research, education, and training. Five models were used in research education and training. For instance, skills in searching for and reviewing the literature, research design and methodology, survey design, biostatistics, and research proposal writing. In addition, each model included a description of the module and Learning Objectives, Module Outlines, and Competency Items. Conclusion: The pharmacy research policy is a new initiative and a component of the pharmacy strategic plan. The Research Education and Training pharmacy policy aims to enhance pharmacists{\textquoteright} research abilities and encourage pharmacists to conduct various types of research in multiple settings within the public and healthcare sectors. Therefore, the Research Education and Training policy are critical for the pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Education, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {341, title = {The Home Care Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {122-131}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {122}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the clinical pharmacy in home health care services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing home care clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the workforce{\textquoteright}s pharmacists, Pharmacotherapy classes utilization for home healthcare patients, and therapeutic guidelines implemented in Home Healthcare Pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the home care clinical pharmacy practice is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most responders stated that pharmacy home healthcare workforces were five or more clinical pharmacists (35.14-41.89\%) and full-time pharmacy staff providing home health pharmacy services. Besides, five or more pharmacists (30.89-52.57\%) and five or more pharmacy technicians (31.25-51.09\%) with statistically significant differences between all workforce numbers (p=0.000). Most medications reviewed or dispensed for home healthcare patients include Nutrition support (4.50) and Vitamins and mineral supplements (4.49). They were followed by NSAIDs or Pain killers (4.46) and Antibiotics (4.45), with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of therapeutic guidelines implemented in Home healthcare Pharmacy services was (4.29). The element {\textquotedblleft}The standard considerations of urology disease therapy guidelines{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.44). The element {\textquotedblleft}The standard considerations of acute and chronic kidney disease therapy among geriatric patients{\textquotedblright} was (4.41), and the aspect {\textquotedblleft}The concerns and management of Gastrointestinal therapeutic guidelines{\textquotedblright} was (4.38). Conclusion: Nutrition support and vitamin were most used as pharmacotherapy classes for home healthcare services. The urology and nephrology therapeutic guidelines were most implemented. Future research is needed to determine most home care clinical pharmacy services and identify the role of clinical practitioners in home health care services in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Clinical, Home Healthcare, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghorm Allah Abdullah Aghamdi and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maha Hussein Almadany and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {335, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Health Insurance in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {72-81}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {72}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the knowledge of pharmacists about health insurance in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed Pharmacist knowledge of health insurance in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, The health insurance assessment of primary and advanced knowledge, and The Resources used about the health insurance drug therapy. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Knowledge of Pharmacists about Health Insurance is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 398 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (137 (34.51\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western part (109 (27.46\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (239 (60.35\%)) versus 157 (39.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (271 (68.26\%)) and 31-35 years (56 (14.11\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (300 (75.76\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (43 (10.86\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Almost one-half of pharmacists currently have health insurance coverage (239 ((60.05\%)) with equal or less than one year (108 ((42.52\%)), or 2-3 years (81 ((31.89\%)), have you been associated with your current insurance provider with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of pharmacists about health insurance was (1.91). The element {\textquotedblleft}the ethics used in health insurance pharmacist{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.19). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}the health insurance system covered the medications errors sentinel event{\textquotedblright} (2.05). The average score of advanced knowledge of pharmacists about health insurance was (1.95). The element {\textquotedblleft}the knowledge of medications covered by health insurance{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.38). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}the knowledge of the medications devices and health insurance{\textquotedblright} was (2.17). The most resources used for Pharmacist and health insurance information were health practitioners 179 (46.25\%) SFDA website 128 (33.07\%). They were followed by Scientific literature 117 (30.23\%) and Drug information resources ( Lexi comp-drug information, Micromedex, Epocrates 101 (26.10\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of health insurance was insufficient in Saudi Arabia. The Heath insurance pharmacy is in high demand for transformation plans with vision. Therefore, Targeting education and training during undergraduate and postgraduate studies is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Health, Insurance, Knowledge, Pharmacists, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abdulaziz Saad Ali Alrobiea and Shaimaa O Ahmadeen and Mohammad Abdullah Alghamdi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Atheer Fahad Al-Aqile} } @article {330, title = {Research Policy: Narrative Review in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {41-47}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study illustrates the Research policy of narrative review design in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are English and encompass systemic reviews, meta-analyses, narrative reviews, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital and pharmacy practice. The committee of narrative review pharmacy research committee was formed. It consisted of numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of the narrative review model. Results: Pharmacy Research{\textquoteright}s policy on the narrative review model in pharmaceutical care services covered various topics, including the advantages and disadvantages of narrative review, the steps involved in conducting a drug review model, the steps involved in conducting disease drug therapy, and the steps involved in operating a new project in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The narrative review policy for pharmacy research is a new initiative within pharmacy research. The narrative review pharmacy policy facilitates communication between healthcare professionals regarding recent drug reviews and disease-specific drug therapy. Besides, the pharmacy is embarking on a new endeavor with a healthcare organization. Therefore, all narrative review models in pharmacy research policy are highly recommended for the careers of Saudi Arabian pharmaceutical professionals.

}, keywords = {Disease drug therapy, Drug review, Narrative review, New project, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {329, title = {Research Policy of Case Report and Case Series Design}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {36-40}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {36}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to declare the Research policy of case reports and case series design in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur looked up specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice in databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The time frame for the search was from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice was revised. The pharmacy research committee was formed and consisted of expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists who specialise in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of case reports and case series design. Results: The Pharmacy Research policy regarding the design of case reports and case series in pharmaceutical care services included several items. This included the advantages and disadvantages of case reports and case series, the steps involved in conducting case report research, and the steps involved in implementing the case series model in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The case report and case series policy in pharmacy is a new initiative that is part of the pharmacy research services and the pharmacy strategic plan. The case report and case series pharmacy policies help a healthcare organisation address its unique drug related issues. Additionally, the efficacy of the particular drug in treating the particular disease condition. Therefore, in Saudi Arabia, the case report and case series in pharmacy research policy are highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Case report, Case series, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Esraa S. Altawil and Maha Hussein Almadany and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {321, title = {Research Policy of the Investigational Drugs in the Clinical Trial}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {03-08}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {03}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to explore the research policy of investigational drugs in the clinical trial as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term encompasses all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the research policy for investigational drugs in the clinical trial. Results: A general policy was established for investigational drugs in clinical trials, which included defining clinical trials and addressing related issues. Clinical trial approval policy, the role of the Institutional Review Board, the clinical responsibilities of the research team, and patient informed consent. Apart from that, clinical trials require patient records and auditing. Conclusion: The research policy for investigational drugs in a clinical trial is a novel initiative within pharmaceutical care research and development. The research policy for investigational drug in clinical trials protects patient rights and safety. Additionally, encourage pharmacy services to implement and conduct clinical trials in pharmacy practice at healthcare institutions of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical trial, Drug, Investigational, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha HusseinAlmadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {324, title = {Research Policy of the Research Data Management in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {20-24}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to declare the research policy of Data management in pharmaceutical care services as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the Research policy of Data management in pharmaceutical care services. Results: The data management policy for research at pharmaceutical care services was established. That includes the design of the data collection, the data resources, and the data collector. Additionally, the data preparation for analysis, the data{\textquoteright}s reliability and validity, and storage data. Conclusion: The Data management policy for research in pharmacy practice is a new initiative as part of pharmacy departments{\textquoteright} research and development efforts. Data management in pharmacy care services may increase the documentation of pharmacist research and activities. The basic foundation of pharmacy analytics is the new vision of pharmacy career professionals.

}, keywords = {Data management, Pharmaceutical Care, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {325, title = {Research Policy on Case-control and Cohort Study Design in Pharmaceutical Care}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {25-30}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study explores the Research Policy of Case-Control and Cohort Study Design in Pharmacy Practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the Pharmacy Research Policy for the Case-Control and Cohort Study Model. Results: The Pharmacy Research policy for the Case-Control and Cohort Study Design in pharmaceutical care services consisted of several components, including the advantages and disadvantages of Case-Control and Cohort Study Design and the steps involved in conducting Case-Control research, and the steps involved in conducting Cohort Study research in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The pharmacy research policy for the Case-Control and Cohort Study Design is a new initiative as part of the pharmaceutical care services. The pharmacy policy on Case-Control and Cohort Studies aims to improve pharmacists{\textquoteright} research abilities in healthcare institutions. Additionally, the new tools for documenting and validating adverse drug reactions. Therefore, the Case-Control and Cohort Study research policies in pharmacy are recommended for implementation in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Case-Control, Cohort Study, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Fakhar Al-Ayoubi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {322, title = {Research Policy on Pharmacy Investigational Medication}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {09-14}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {09}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to demonstrate the Research Policy of Pharmacy Investigational Medication as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The time period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital settings. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes Pharmacy Research{\textquoteright}s policy on Investigational Medication. Results: The Pharmacy Research policy for Investigational Medication consisted of a number of components, including the administration of pharmacies, the procurement of investigational drugs, and the storage of investigational drugs. Additionally, the investigative drug prescription, the preparation of investigative drugs, the dispensing of investigative drugs, the administration of investigative drugs, and the monitoring of investigative drugs. There were a number of essential policy items, including the safety of investigational medications, the cost of investigational drugs, and the sponsors of investigational drug research. Conclusion: The Pharmacy Research policy for Investigational Medication is a new initiative as part of pharmacy practice research and development. Investigational Medication Pharmacy Research policy helps healthcare organizations improve patient safety and prevent drug-related morbidity and mortality. It is a component of Saudi Arabia{\textquoteright}s pharmacy strategic plan for Vision 2030 and pharmacy reimbursement initiatives.

}, keywords = {Drug, Investigational, Medication, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {283, title = {Attitude and Perception of Physicians towards Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {20-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objectives: Spontaneous reporting systems are indispensable as they aid perceive serious unknown adverse drug reaction (ADR). To assess the physician{\textquoteright}s perceptions and attitudes of adverse drug reaction reporting in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study with an authenticated survey distributed to different physicians and dentists in Saudi Arabia. A self-administered electronic survey involved of demographic data and perception of the ADR reporting system and factor facilitated or prevented reporting system. Results: The total number of participants was 151. Of those, 111 (73.5\%) were physicians, while dentists were 39 (26.5\%). The average score physician{\textquoteright}s perception about the prominence of the ADR reporting system was 4.46, with a statistically noteworthy difference within answers of each component (p\<0.05). The average score of the physician{\textquoteright}s perception of factors that enabled the ADR reporting system was 4.13 with a statistically momentous difference within answers of each component (p\<0.05). The average scores of perception physicians were 3.13, with a statistically significant difference between the responses of each facet (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The physicians{\textquoteright} perception of ADR and related issues was optimistic. The physicians request periodic training of ADR identification and reporting program. The pharmacist plays a perilous responsibility to improve the ADR system with healthcare providers.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Attitude, Perception, Physician, Reporting, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Hassan Alamoudi and Sabah Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {294, title = {Forensic Pharmacy Practice: New Initiatives in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {89-91}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the services provided by the forensic pharmacy as the new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a new project derived from the national and international forensic pharmacy services guidelines. The project has been formulated from the global business model, which is the pharmacy project guidelines of the new project. The initial project is written by the project management professional. It consisted of the initial and planning phase, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The scope of forensic pharmacy services was explored with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The services revealed clinical and economic benefits to the patients. The risk management model assures the continuation of the project. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the forensic services as declared. Finally, the project{\textquoteright}s transition from the operation phase to the closing phase has been explored in this study. Conclusion: The forensic pharmacy practice is a new initiative project, and it was among the pharmacy strategic plan. The forensic pharmacy services were found to meet the requirement of the forensic pharmacy workforces, overcome the requirement of pharmacy services, and improve forensic clinical pharmacy staff. Therefore, it highly suggests implementing forensic pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic pharmacy, Initiative, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {295, title = {Nuclear Pharmacy Practice: New Initiatives in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {47-50}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the nuclear pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project derived through the international nuclear pharmacy services guidelines. The project has been formulated from the global business model and pharmacy project guidelines of a new project. Various project management tools write the new project. It consists of the initial and planning phases, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The project presents nuclear pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The nuclear pharmacy services showed various benefits, including clinical and economic benefits to the patient. The risk management model description assured the continuation of the project. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the services were explored. Finally, the transition to operation project through the closing project stage is explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The nuclear pharmacy services is a new initiative project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It includes a pharmacy strategy in Saudi Vision 2030. The nuclear pharmacy services required the pharmacy workforces, all requirements of basic nuclear pharmacy services foundations. Therefore, the implementation of nuclear clinical pharmacy services is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Nuclear, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {281, title = {Physician{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Adverse Drug Reaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {6-12}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Objectives: To state the physicians and dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge and responsiveness of the adverse drug reaction (ADR) and reporting system in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a cross-sectional design of an authorized self-administered electronic survey about awareness and knowledge valuation of the ADR reporting system in Saudi Arabia. The electronic survey contained of demographic data and designated knowledge assessment of participants about the ADR reporting system. Results: The total number of participants was 151. Of those, 111 (73.5\%) were physicians, while dentists were 39 (26.5\%). Of those (93.38\%) responders who perceived of the ADR reporting system and (54.3\%) knew the diverse types of hypersensitivity reaction. Also, (45.33\%) knew the official form of ADR reporting system, (43.71\%) knew to reflect the ADR as sentinel events and (34.44\%) knew about the legal provision in the medicine act that provides pharmacovigilance activities in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion: The physicians knowledge of ADR and reporting system was insufficient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Targeting education and training is a planned goal to recover physicians{\textquoteright} ADR knowledge and all healthcare professionals and ADR{\textquoteright}s documentation system.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Knowledge, Physician, Reporting, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Hassan Alamoudi and Sabah Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {282, title = {Physician{\textquoteright}s Practice of Adverse Drug Reaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {13-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

Objectives: To discover the healthcare providers (physicians and dentists) practice of the adverse drug reaction reporting system in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a crosssectional study with a self-administered electronic authenticated survey distributed to Saudi Arabia physicians and dentists. The survey contained of demographic data and rudiments of practicing the ADR reporting system, the number of ADR reported, the method of ADR reporting systems. Results: The total number of participants was 151. Of those, 111 (73.5\%) were physicians, while dentists were 39 (26.5\%). Of those 52 (35.68\%), only those who reported the ADR despite most responders 138 (92.62\%) thought the ADR reporting system was critical. The average scores of physicians practice ADR elements were 2.59. The physicians and dentists{\textquoteright} responders had a high score of the agreement; ADR{\textquoteright}s essential tasks as a pharmacist. Conclusion: Over the past twenty years, more than theory studies and our study specified that ADR physicians{\textquoteright} reporting was terrible. The switching accountability of ADR reporting from healthcare providers to the pharmacist is highly suggested.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Physician, Practice, Reporting, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Hassan Alamoudi and Sabah Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {221, title = {National Medication Utilization Evaluation Program in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {156-157}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {156}, abstract = {

The national Medication Utilization Evaluation Program at the Ministry of health in Saudi Arabia with complimentary of physician order techniques is new system founded in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The programming part of pharmacy strategic planning and national pharmacy practice at health care services at the Ministry of health. The Medication Utilization Evaluation program started with evidence-based medicine guidelines. The new project of Medication Utilization Evaluation physician order was one the outcome of the program. The program steps development through central committee by Pharmacy department at the most prominent hospital crossover regions in Saudi Arabia. The project is complementary of pharmaceutical concept and alerting system of misuse of medications and subsequences medication-related problems and avoids the unnecessary economic burden on the healthcare system. The new national Medication Utilization Evaluation project is new in Saudi Arabia, Gulf, and Middle East counties.

}, keywords = {Evaluation, Medication, Ministry of Health, Ministry of health in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia, Utilization}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.25}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {214, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s General Perception and Attitude toward Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {242-245}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {242}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient{\textquoteright}s perception and attitude toward pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient perception of pharmacists. The survey consisted of 49 questions divided in two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part contains questions on 4 domains: (1) patient general perception of pharmacist, (2) patients perception of pharmaceutical care services, (3) patient perception of visiting ambulatory care, (4) patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used. The questions were open and closed-ended. The survey was distributed through social media at a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors interviewed the patients with an electronic survey documentation. The survey was in an electronic format and it analyze domain one primary or necessary information about patient medication through the survey monkey system. Results: A total of 617 patients responded to the survey. Of them, 536 (87.7\%) were Saudi and 75 (12.3\%) were non-Saudi nationals. There were 457 (74.1\%) female and 160 (25.9\%) male responders. In the past 12 months, most of the patients [222 (36\%)] visited the pharmacy more than 10 times, whereas the others [122 (19.8\%)] visited the pharmacy at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients 481 (83.5\%) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The highest score was obtained for the statements related to pharmacy job vital in our society (4.63), the pharmacist had a very significant role in preventing medication errors (4.4), the necessity of present pharmacist schools (4.09) and the pharmacist is the first person ask him about drugs (4.01). More 60\% of responders will choose the pharmacy as professional specialty or suggest the family members or friend select the pharmacy professional. The pharmacist shared in public education through the television and media (3.7) and newspaper (3.65) followed by schools (3.56) and public education exhibitors (3.48). Most of the patients visited the pharmacist to seek help in health diseases 429 (73.1\%), the pharmacist knows more about drug doses and adverse drug reaction 224 (38.16\%, followed by free consultation and 166 (28.28\%) and no need for an appointment for pharmacy visit. Also, the patient refused to utilize the pharmacy just for cosmetics 404 (67\%). Conclusion: According to our results, patient{\textquoteright}s perception during pharmacy visit was found to be acceptable. Majority of patients had a good perception of a pharmacist and his role with patients and the general public. The pharmacist should expand pharmaceutical care services overall healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitude Pharmacists, Patient, Perception, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.53}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {228, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s Perception of Pharmaceutical Care Services; Challenges and Improving in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {190-193}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {190}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of Pharmaceutical care services; challenges and developments in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-sectional survey of patient perception of pharmacists. The survey consisted of two-part demographic information and second part forty-nine questions divided into four domains. It included domain 1: Patient general perception of pharmacist domain 2: patients{\textquoteright} perception of pharmaceutical care services, domain 3: patient perception of visiting ambulatory care and domain 4: Patient{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling. The 5-point likert response scale system was used. The questions were open and closed-ended. The survey was distributed through social media and as a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors did the patients interview with electronic survey documentation. The survey was made an electronic format and it analyzed domain two about patient perception of pharmaceutical care services; challenges and developments in Saudi Arabia through the survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were 617 patients. Of those, 536 (87.7\%) was Saudi and 75 (12.3\%) was non-Saudi. The gender distribution 457 (74.1\%) were females and 160 (25.9\%) were males. The majority of patients visited the pharmacy in the past 12-months was 222 (36\%) more than ten times while 122 (19.8\%) attended (5-9 times). Most of the patient visited the pharmacy at evening 395 (64.6\%). Most of the patients{\textquoteright} 481 (83.5\%) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The most pharmaceutical care services provided to patients were dispensing of prescribed medication 390 (70.8\%), medication consultation 262 (47.5\%), dispensing of non-medications, supplements 233 (42.3\%) and dispensing of over the counter medications 229 (41.6\%). The high scores of the pharmaceutical care services provide to the patients were in private{\textquoteright}s hospitals (3.71) and community pharmacies (3.63). The most current experience of perception and challenges with high propriety scores were some pharmacy crowding, medication labels missed and patient privacy missed. The most future perception suggestion with high propriety and opportunity scores were published the pharmacy location through social media and implementation of adverse drug reaction reporting for patients. Conclusion: Patients{\textquoteright} perception is a crucial tool to improve pharmaceutical care. Monitor implementation of the patient medication education system with private places, monitoring of drug-related problems will support the future vision of patient perception and attitude towards the pharmacist.

}, keywords = {Challenges, Patient, Perception, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.32}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} }