@article {336, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {82-91}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the knowledge of pharmacists about CPR medications services in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) drugs, assessment of primary and advanced knowledge, and the resources used for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were carried out with the study. The data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16 were implemented. Results: A total number of 439 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than onethird responded from the Central region (122 (31.69\%)), one Quarter responded from the Eastern region (91 (23.64\%)), and one-fifth responded from the southern part (79 (20.52\%)). Males responded more than females (203 (53.14\%)) versus 179 (46.86\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between all levels (p=0.219). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (152 (39.48\%)) and 46-55 years (134 (34.81\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of pharmacists had training courses in Basic Life Support (BLS) (293 ((77.11\%)), Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) (289 ((76.05\%)), Pediatric Cardiac Life Support (PCLS) (287((75.53\%)), and Neonatal Cardiac Life Support (NCLS) (203 ((53.42\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications was (1.67). The element {\textquotedblleft}know how to prepare and dispense ACLS medications list{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.04). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}there is an official standardized NCLS medications list{\textquotedblright} (1.94), and The element {\textquotedblleft}there is an official standardized PCLS medications list{\textquotedblright} (1.93). The average score of advanced knowledge of pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications was (1.86). The element {\textquotedblleft}know the compatibility of ACLS medications{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.31). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}know the drug - interactions with NCLS medications{\textquotedblright} (2.27), and The element {\textquotedblleft}know the drug - interactions with PCLS medications{\textquotedblright} (2.17). The resources used most about the CPR medications were Medical association literature/guidelines/recommendations 307 (76.56\%), Peer discussions 298 (74.31\%), and Scientific literature 293 (73.07\%). Conclusion: The pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of CPR medication was inappropriate. Therefore, undergraduate education and training of CPR medication is high recommended. Besides, involvement training for postgraduate studies is required to improve pharmacy staff knowledge of CPR services and patient outcomes in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Knowledge, Medications, Pharmacists}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rola AL Kenani and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Wafa Hussain Alshehre and Khawlah Ibrahim Alshahrani} } @article {344, title = {Perception of Pharmacists About the High-Risk/Alert Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {151-160}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {151}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the perception of pharmacists about the High-Risk/ Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the perception of pharmacists about High-Risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and The Perception of High-Risk/Alert Medications, barriers, which factors may Discourage you from implementing High-Risk/Alert medications, and recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of High-Risk/Alert medicines. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6, were done with the study. In addition, the data analysis of the Perception of Pharmacists About the High-Risk/Alert Medications in Saudi Arabia is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about High-Risk/Alert medications was (3.88). The element {\textquotedblleft}Staff compliance with protocols, guidelines and order sets related to high-alert medications is required{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.38). The pharmacists believe that Standard protocols, order sets, and orders express IV and neuraxial high-alert medication infusions/doses are highly recommended (4.36). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Factors Discourage you to implement High-Risk/Alert medications{\textquotedblright} was (3.36). The highest score from the component {\textquotedblleft}The High-Risk/Alert medications are of a serious nature{\textquotedblright} was (3.92). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Lack of Periodic training of pharmacy staff about High-Risk/Alert medications {\textquotedblright} was (3.83), and {\textquotedblleft}Low level of clinical knowledge of High-Risk/Alert medications {\textquotedblleft}was (3.70). The most recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of High-Risk/ Alert medications were the Implementation of an electronic high-alert medications system 385(88.30\%), setup up the therapeutic protocol or guidelines for High-Risk/ Alert medications 347 (79.59\%), and standardizing the prescribing, preparation, dispensing and administration of High-Risk/Alert drugs 345 (79.13\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist attributed High-Risk/Alert medications as appropriate. Therefore, targeting periodic education and training. Besides, improving clinical knowledge and implementing an electronic High-Risk/Alert medications system are highly suggested to improve patient outcomes and avoid drug-related disorders at healthcare facilities in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Medications, Perception, Pharmacist}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohammad Abdulaziz AL-Tuwaijri and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Faisal Safouq Alanazi} } @article {334, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of High-risk/Alert Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {65-71}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {65}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing pharmacist knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, the High-risk/Alert medications assessment of basic knowledge, and The Resources used about the High risk or high-alert medications. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/ Alert medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of knowledge of pharmacists about High-risk/ Alert medications was (3.71). The pharmacists familiar with prohibited abbreviations during High-risk/Alert prescribing medications obtained the highest score (4.42). The element {\textquotedblleft}heard about the concept of High-risk/Alert medications{\textquotedblright} got the second highest score (4.39), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). Followed by the pharmacists familiar with look-alike sound-alike of Highrisk/ Alert medications (4.30) and know the narcotics and controlled medications (4.27) ), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). The most used resources for High-risk/Alert or high-alert medication information were Drug information resources (Lexi comp-drug information, Micromedex, Epocrates etc. 345 (78.05\%), and Scientific literature 222 (50.23\%). They were followed by Health practitioners 206 (46.61\%) SFDA website 157 (35.52\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications is adequate in Saudi Arabia. However, an expanded basic and advanced understanding of High-risk/Alert areas is needed to improve pharmacy performance, patient safety, and quality of life in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Knowledge, Medications, Pharmacist}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Randa Jaroudi and Faisal Safouq Alanazi and Musleh Samil Reshidi} } @article {337, title = {Practice of High-Risk/Alert Medications by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {92-103}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the pharmacist practice of High-Risk/Alertmedications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of High-Risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and practices, Basic and advanced High-Risk/Alertmedications practice implementation, the High- Risk/Alertdrugs implemented in the following medication stages, and medications considered high alert or high risk at your institution. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of High-Risk/ Alert medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of the practice of pharmacists{\textquoteright} basic of High-Risk/Alertmedications was (3.81). The element {\textquotedblleft}The risk medications is a part of medications safety vision{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.18), and the element {\textquotedblleft}Policy and procedure of High-Risk/ Alertmedications {\textquotedblleft} was (4.18). Followed the {\textquotedblleft}The High-Risk/Alertmedications is a part of medications safety Mission{\textquotedblright} (4.12). The average advanced High-Risk/Alertmedications practice implementation score was (3.62). The element {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist share in medications safety committee for High-Risk/Alertmedications discussion{\textquotedblright} (4.12) and the element {\textquotedblleft}There is documentation of potential impact and outcomes with High- Risk/Alertmedications {\textquotedblleft} was (3.85). The average score of High-Risk/Alertmedications implemented in the medications stages was (3.99). The dispensing stage obtained the highest score (4.21), and the administration stage (4.12). Most drugs considered high alert or high risk at the institutions were antithrombotic agents 332 (77.39\%) and adrenergic agonists 330 (76.92\%). They were followed by insulin 285 (66.43\%) and inotropic medications 284 (65.97\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s practice of High- Risk/Alertmedication is sufficient in Saudi Arabia. However, more expanded training in anesthesia and operation rooms has been successfully implemented. That leads to many preventive drug-related problems and avoids unnecessary economic burdens on the healthcare system.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Medications, Pharmacist, Practice}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Randa Jaroudi and Hussain Mohammed Ibrahim Aareji and Faisal Safouq Alanazi and Maha Hussein Almadany} } @article {248, title = {Adult Standardized Concentration of Chemotherapy Intravenous Infusion: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {35-44}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the adult standardized concentration of chemotherapy agent intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of chemotherapy agent services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of chemotherapy medications intravenous infusion services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients as explored in the review. The continuous of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project though closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of chemotherapy agent intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of chemotherapy medications will reduce medication misadventures, decrease healthcare professional workload and avoid economic burden on healthcare system; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Chemotherapy, Concentration, Intravenous, Medications, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah. Bahadig and Hani Alhamdan} } @article {244, title = {Chronic Diseases Therapeutic Interchanges Drug Therapy: A Narrative Reviews}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {98-102}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {98}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the chronic diseases (gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatic arthritis etc.) therapeutic interchanges drug therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases included the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication based on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to alternative based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future evaluation. After evaluation, there were 19 studies about therapeutic interchange of chronic medications (Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or Gastrointestinal disorder (GIT). Of those 19 studies, eight studies included for evaluation. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal and rheumatic arthritis medications, therapeutic interchange more practical and prevent the economic burden on healthcare systems. The implementation of therapeutic interchange of those medications is highly recommended at healthcare institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Chronic diseases, Gastrointestinal, Literature, Medications, Review, Rheumatic arthritis, Therapeutic interchanges}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {247, title = {Therapeutic Interchange: New Initiative System in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {10-13}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Objective: To validate the therapeutic interchange system at healthcare institutions as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national therapeutic interchange system programs. The projects drove the therapeutic interchange system guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The therapeutic interchange services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various aids, including clinical and economical, on patients and the healthcare system, as exemplified in the assessment. The continuation was of the project assured by the risk management model description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project, though closing the project stage, explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The therapeutic interchange system is a new initiative, part of the formulary management. There are various therapeutic interchange system classes of medications can be started though antibiotics, gastrointestinal medications and anti-psychiatric medications; it is highly recommended to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug Therapy, Initiative, Medications, Saudi Arabia, System, Therapeutic Interchange}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {210, title = {Emergency Medications Order for Adults: Standardized Concentration System in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {204-205}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

The general administration of pharmaceutical care released several publications related to the administration of intravenous medications, which mention about the concentration of intravenous medications for adults, pediatrics and neonatal patients. The publications also include several emergency medications with their concentrations. This new initiative was started in order to guide physicians to select the primary emergency medications in intravenous drip administration. The medications were selected based on common evidence-based standardized concentration for adults. This project required to control high-alert medications and prevent drug-related errors. The list of medications may be covered as computerized physician order entry and this project may be implemented as pharmacy project management.

}, keywords = {Adults, Emergency, Medications, Saudi Arabia, Standardized Concentration}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.44}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal Mansour Al Nemari and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nouf Alaza and Malika Alshamari} } @article {209, title = {Emergency Medications Order for Neonates and Pediatrics: A Standardized Concentration System in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {206-207}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {206}, abstract = {

The national pediatric pharmacy program was founded in 2014. It is a part of the pharmacy strategic plan. This program has implemented several projects including preparation and administration of intravenous medication to neonates and pediatric patients. The complementary new initiatives program is the neonates and pediatrics standardized concentration of emergency medications with an emphasis on medications used to treat critically ill patients and in emergency department. This new project has physician order form with selected dilutions, concentrations and route of administration. The form may be converted to a computerized order form. The new initiatives of the project may be implemented through project management tools. The project prevents drug-related problem and decrease economic burden on healthcare system for neonates and pediatrics hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Concentration, Emergency, Medications, Neonates, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.45}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nouf Alaza and Malika Alshamari} }