@article {371, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Software and Applications}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {152-163}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {152}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the software and applications of accounting and financial policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the software and applications of accounting and financial policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles,Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject.subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes accounting and financial software and applications of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The software and applications of accounting and financial policy and procedures in pharmacy practice are continuous, accessible, and fast to retrieve information. Several factors might affect choosing accounting and financial software and applications, including services coverage, cost, and applicable and friendly usage. Conclusion: The software and applications policy is a new pharmacy accounting and financial initiative. The software and applications policy improves the accounting and financial retrieving and documentation system. In addition, it helps pharmacists to adhere to accounting and financial regulations in different places at healthcare organizations. Therefore, the accounting and financial software and applications policy is highly recommended for digital hospital and community pharmacy systems in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Applications, Financial, Policy, Saudi Arabia, Software}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {350, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Accounting Cycle}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {3-13}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {3}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the accounting cycle policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of pharmacy practice accounting cycle policy and procedures. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes the accounting cycle of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The accounting cycle policy and procedures in pharmacy practice consisted of various items. That has included Transaction identification, Journal entry, Posting to the general ledger, and Trial balance preparation. Besides, adjusted trial balance, financial statement preparation, Closing entries, and Post-closing trial balance. Conclusion: The accounting cycle policy and procedures are a new pharmacy initiative project. The accounting cycle policy and procedures in pharmacy practice provide accurate accounting and Financial Records, Improved Financial Management, Better tax compliance, and Improved Cash Flow Management and Decision Making. Therefore, the accounting cycle policy and procedures in pharmacy practice are highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Cycle, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {363, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Competency}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {115-126}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {115}, keywords = {Accounting, Competency, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {362, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Education and Training}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {101-114}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {101}, keywords = {Accounting, Education, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia., Training}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Riyadh M Alashban and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {361, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Feasibility Studies}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {92-100}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the Feasibility studies of policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of Feasibility studies policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles,Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes visibility studies policy and procedures in the Pharmacy policy. Results: The Feasibility studies of policy and procedures in pharmacy practice consisted of various angles, including general analysis of new ideas or projects, marketing analysis, operation studies, regulations analysis, and economic studies. In addition to SWOT Analysis and business model generations in pharmacy. Conclusion: The Feasibility studies policy is a new pharmacy financial initiative project in pharmaceutical care services. The Feasibility studies policy and procedures in pharmacy practice improve the economic analysis of any new program or project. In addition, it encourages hospital and community pharmacists to implement successful new pharmacy projects with scientific and financial regulations at healthcare organizations. Therefore, the Feasibility studies policy and procedures in pharmacy practice are highly suggested to implement further projects or programs for pharmacy businesses and professionals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Feasibility, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Riyadh M Alashban and Nujud Ibrahim Aldhewayan} } @article {352, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Financial Position Statement (Balance Sheet)}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {17-28}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Objectives: To the financial position statement (balance sheet) policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the Financial position statement (balance sheet) policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes the Financial position statement of the Pharmacy policy. Results: the financial position statement in pharmacy practice indicates its financial position at a particular time, indicating its assets, liabilities, and equity. The financial position statement showed the relationship between these three elements of the pharmacy{\textquoteright}s total assets, liabilities, and equity and how these items have changed over time. As illustrated in the review, various analyses are required for the financial position statement, including general analytics, profitability, liquidity, liabilities, efficiency, and price or market analysis or investment analysis policy and procedures. Conclusion: The financial position statement in pharmacy practice policy and procedures is a new initiative project for non-professional accountants. The financial position statement in pharmacy practice improves business and financial decisions. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to adhere to accounting and financial regulations at various places at healthcare institutions. Therefore, the financial position statement in pharmacy practice policy and procedures policy is highly recommended for implementation in the pharmacy business in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Accounting, Financial, Financial Position, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Riyadh M Alashban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Basmah Suliman AlHamdan and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi} } @article {354, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Income and Cash Flow Statements}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {36-48}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {36}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the income and cash flow statements policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the pharmacy practice{\textquoteright}s income and cash flow statements policy and procedures. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guideline, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes income and cash flow statements of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The income and cash flow statements policy and procedures in pharmacy practice had various benefits, such as Financial management, business and tax plan, and assessing the pharmacy profitability and expenditure management. Besides, the pharmacy business{\textquoteright}s liquidity and solvency. The income and cash flow statements suggested policy and procedures and related analysis in the pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The income and cash flow statements policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. They will improve the pharmacy business and better financial management. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to adhere to local and international financial and accounting standards and regulations. Therefore, in pharmacy practice, income and cash flow statements policy and procedures are highly suggested for pharmacy business in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Accounting, Cash Flow, Financial, Income Statement, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Basmah Suliman AlHamdan and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi} } @article {357, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Managerial Accounting}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {56-66}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the pharmacy practice{\textquoteright}s managerial accounting policy and procedures. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes managerial accounting of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice calculate the costs of products sold, working fees, labor costs, and other costs related to running a pharmacy. Managerial accounting in pharmacy practice can analyze the prices of various products and services, track sales revenue and profit margins, and improve pharmacy operations{\textquoteright} efficiency, effectiveness, and profitability. The steps of cost calculation policy and procedures were illustrated in the review. Conclusion: The managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice is a new pharmacy management initiative. The managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice can help pharmacy managers and administrators make effective financial decisions and plan pharmacy budgets and product pricing. Therefore, pharmacy career professionals in Saudi Arabia must implement the administrative-accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Financial, Managerial Accounting, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Riyadh M Alashban} } @article {359, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Quality Perspective}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {77-89}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {77}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the accounting system quality management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of accounting system quality management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guideline, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes accounting system quality management of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The quality management of accounting system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice has consisted of accounting auditing and financial performance indicators. The review declares accounting system quality indicators and financial indicators. Besides, the techniques of conducting quality management systems for accounting programs in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The quality management of accounting system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice demands keeping inventory products at an appropriate level, with cost control. Besides, monitor financial indicators and adhere to an accounting auditing system. Thus, quality management of accounting system policy and procedures is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals worldwide.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Quality management, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Riyadh M Alashban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Basmah Suliman AlHamdan and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Hussain Mohammed Ibrahim Aareji} } @article {358, title = {Advance knowledge of Physician about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {67-76}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {67}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s advanced knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge of some items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabian. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about Physician knowledge of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) calculations. Besides, the physician{\textquoteright}s understanding of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) adjusts based on diseases, Physician knowledge of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) components for various populations. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost onehalf responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of knowledge calculation of Total Parenteral Nutrition services components was (3.41). The element {\textquotedblleft}Total daily requirement of the protein{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.81). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Total daily requirement of the electrolytes{\textquotedblright} was (3.77). The average score of knowledge the Total Parental Nutrition services (TPNs) adjust with various diseases was (3.70). The element {\textquotedblleft}Hepatic Failure{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.30). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Renal failure{\textquotedblright} was (4.22). Conclusion: The advanced knowledge of physicians about parenteral nutrition calculations or adjusting parenteral nutrition based on the current disease was inadequate. Therefore, targeting undergraduates and postgraduate education and training is highly in the medical care.

}, keywords = {Advance, Knowledge, Physicians, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Riyadh M Alashban and Anwar Ghudair Alanazi and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {368, title = {Advanced Practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition by Physicians in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {140-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s advanced practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed advanced physician practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about physicians and Advanced Practice Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by Physicians, the types of prescribing, preparations, and administrations of the Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) system, The responsibility of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs). The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. In addition, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost one-half responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of items for advanced practicing Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) was (3.48). The {\textquotedblleft}Patient safety system for TPN{\textquotedblright} item scored the highest (3.74). Followed by The element {\textquotedblleft}Pediatrics TPN forms{\textquotedblright} (3.73) and The element {\textquotedblleft}Clean room for TPN preparation{\textquotedblright} (3.73). Most physicians had Customized Total Parenteral nutrition for geriatrics 228 (55.75\%) and Pediatric 225 (55.01\%). In using Standardized Total Parenteral nutrition, most physicians used for geriatrics, 283 (69.19\%) and 189 (46.21\%), do not know how to use it. In Pre-mixed Total Parenteral nutrition, most physicians used geriatrics 211 (51.59\%) and adolescents 209 (51.10\%). Conclusion: The advanced practice of parenteral nutrition by physicians was adequate. One-half of physicians practice the New model of parenteral nutrition. The physician had negative perceptions of the parenteral nutrition responsibilities of the pharmacist. The advanced practice of TPN should be considered for further evaluation and accountability in medical care.

}, keywords = {Nutrition, Parenteral, Physicians, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatma Al Raisi and Riyadh M Alashban and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {345, title = {Attitudes and Perceptions of Pharmacists About Home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {161-172}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of home healthcare pharmacy services, barriers, which factors may discourage the implementation of home care pharmacy services, and recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of home healthcare pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about home healthcare pharmacy services was (4.33). The element {\textquotedblleft}Electronic prescribing in home healthcare pharmacy has a positive outcome to patients{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.45). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The off-labeling system in home healthcare pharmacy should be implemented to protect the healthcare providers from any liability{\textquotedblright} (4.44). The responders who agreed that they should be authorized and responsible for providing home healthcare pharmacy services to the patient was a pharmacist (4.30), clinical pharmacist (4.27), and Pharmacy technician (4.26), with statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). The average score for {\textquotedblleft}barriers might prevent home healthcare pharmacy services implementation{\textquotedblright} was (4.33). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Fear of legal liability{\textquotedblright} was (4.52), the aspect {\textquotedblleft}Limited number of pharmacists who are specialized in geriatric patients when needed {\textquotedblleft}was (4.46), and the element {\textquotedblleft}Unaware of the need and importance of home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} was (4.46). Conclusion: The attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services are acceptable. All obstacles preventing home care pharmacy services should be removed. Standardized home care pharmacy services are highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitudes, Home care, Perceptions, Pharmacists, pharmacy services, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saad Mashahen Alblawi and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maha Hussein Almadany and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {283, title = {Attitude and Perception of Physicians towards Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {20-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objectives: Spontaneous reporting systems are indispensable as they aid perceive serious unknown adverse drug reaction (ADR). To assess the physician{\textquoteright}s perceptions and attitudes of adverse drug reaction reporting in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study with an authenticated survey distributed to different physicians and dentists in Saudi Arabia. A self-administered electronic survey involved of demographic data and perception of the ADR reporting system and factor facilitated or prevented reporting system. Results: The total number of participants was 151. Of those, 111 (73.5\%) were physicians, while dentists were 39 (26.5\%). The average score physician{\textquoteright}s perception about the prominence of the ADR reporting system was 4.46, with a statistically noteworthy difference within answers of each component (p\<0.05). The average score of the physician{\textquoteright}s perception of factors that enabled the ADR reporting system was 4.13 with a statistically momentous difference within answers of each component (p\<0.05). The average scores of perception physicians were 3.13, with a statistically significant difference between the responses of each facet (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The physicians{\textquoteright} perception of ADR and related issues was optimistic. The physicians request periodic training of ADR identification and reporting program. The pharmacist plays a perilous responsibility to improve the ADR system with healthcare providers.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Attitude, Perception, Physician, Reporting, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Hassan Alamoudi and Sabah Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {250, title = {Adult Standardized Concentration of Antibiotics Intravenous Infusion: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {20-26}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the adult standardized concentration of Antibiotics intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of Antibiotics services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of Antibiotics intravenous infusion services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients as exemplified in the review. The continuous of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project though closing project stage was explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of Antibiotics intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of Antibiotics will lessening drug-related problems and improve patient safety at hospital practice; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Antibiotics, Concentration, Intravenous, Saudi Arabia, Services, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hani Alhamdan and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {251, title = {Adult Standardized Concentration of Cardiovascular Medications Intravenous infusion: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {64-69}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the adult standardized concentration of cardiovascular intravenous infusion as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of cardiovascular services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of cardiovascular medications intravenous infusion services defined as vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients, the continuous of the project assured by risk management model description and the monitoring and controlling of the services as illustrated in the review. The transition to operation project though closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of cardiovascular intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of cardiovascular will diminish healthcare professional workload and avoid economic burden on healthcare system; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Cardiovascular, Concentration, Intravenous, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Afnan Owedah Alshomrani and Faiz Abdullah. Bahadig and Hani Alhamdan} } @article {252, title = {Adult Standardized Concentration of Central Nervous System Medications Intravenous Infusion: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {103-107}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the adult standardized concentration of central nervous system medications intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of central nervous system medications services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of central nervous system medications intravenous infusion services defined as a vision, mission and goals. The services had various profits including clinical and economic on patients, the continuous of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services and the transition to operation project though closing project stage explored in the analysis as illustrated in the review. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of central nervous system medications intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of central nervous system medications maybe leads to reduction of medication errors and improve patient safety culture at healthcare organization; it is highly suggested to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Central nervous system medications, Concentration, Intravenous, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hani Alhamdan and Faiz A Bahadig} } @article {248, title = {Adult Standardized Concentration of Chemotherapy Intravenous Infusion: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {35-44}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the adult standardized concentration of chemotherapy agent intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of chemotherapy agent services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of chemotherapy medications intravenous infusion services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients as explored in the review. The continuous of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project though closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of chemotherapy agent intravenous infusion services is a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of chemotherapy medications will reduce medication misadventures, decrease healthcare professional workload and avoid economic burden on healthcare system; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Chemotherapy, Concentration, Intravenous, Medications, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah. Bahadig and Hani Alhamdan} } @article {253, title = {Adult Standardized Concentration of Miscellaneous Medications Intravenous Infusion: A New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {131-136}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {131}, abstract = {

Objectives: To establish the adult standardized concentration of miscellaneous medications intravenous infusion as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national standardized concentration of miscellaneous medications services. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The adult standardized concentration of miscellaneous medications intravenous infusion services defined as a vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients, the continuous of the project assured by risk management model description and the monitoring and controlling of the services as explored in the review. The transition to operation project though closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The adult standardized concentration of miscellaneous medications intravenous infusion services are a new initiative part of the intravenous admixture program. The standardized concentration of miscellaneous medications might diminution drug related problems, reduction of healthcare professional workload and avoid additional redundant cost; it is highly recommended to implement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Concentration, Intravenous, Miscellaneous medications, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.27}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hani Alhamdan and Faiz A Bahadig} } @article {242, title = {Antibiotics Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Reviews}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {14-19}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the antibiotics therapeutic interchanges. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases included the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various type of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to substitute based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future evaluation. After evaluation, there were 27 studies discussed the therapeutic interchange of antibiotics. Of those 27 studies, eight studies included for evaluation. Conclusion: Antibiotics therapeutic interchange system properly applicable implementation in practice. Further studies mandate to validate antibiotic therapeutic interchange. Antibiotic therapeutic interchange is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Drug, Literature, Review, Therapeutic interchanges, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {266, title = {Anti-psychiatric Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Reviews}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {59-63}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {59}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the anti-psychiatric therapeutic interchanges drug therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases comprised the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to alternative based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 repeated studies, and 380 studies included for future assessment. After assessment, there were 20 studies discussed the therapeutic interchange of anti- Psychiatry. Of those 20 studies, three studies included for evaluation. Conclusion: Anti-psychiatric therapeutic interchange is seldom finding in the kinds of literature. Few observational studies discussed this matter. Further studies claim to standardized Anti-psychiatric therapeutic interchange in practice.

}, keywords = {Anti-psychiatric, Drug Therapy, Literature, Review, Therapeutic interchanges}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah. Bahadig} } @article {243, title = {Asthma Disorders Therapeutic Interchanges Drug : A Narrative Reviews}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {94-97}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Objective: To analysis the anti-asthmatic medications therapeutic interchanges drug therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases comprised the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It encompassed the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of Anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to another based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future assessment. After assessment, there were 14 studies about therapeutic interchange of medicines for asthma. Of those 14 studies, one study included for evaluation. Conclusion: Anti-asthmatic therapeutic interchange studies are occasionally finding in the literature. International asthma management guidelines as an alternative interchange of this matter. Further studies claim to standardized anti-asthmatic therapeutic interchange pharmacy field.

}, keywords = {Asthma, Drug, Literature, Review, Therapeutic interchanges, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {62, title = {Adherence Assessment of Medication Errors Reporting System at the Public Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {105-109}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Objective: Medication errors have noteworthy implications in the field of patient safety. Error detection through a dynamic supervision and an efficient error reporting system unveils medication errors and boosts safe practices. The overall goal of this study is to explore the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s adherence to medication errors reporting system in adults and pediatrics at the public hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article describes 9 months retrospective cohort study in year of 2015. A retrospective study was conducted on all inpatients at a 300-bed hospital where all medication procedures in each ward were monitored by a clinical pharmacist. The study was conducted at the Public Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The hospital had medication safety officer with medication safety committee. The program led by trained pharmacist and delivered basic medication safety education programs to all health professional. The medication error report consisted of patient demographic information, qualification of committing mistakes, time of errors occurs, type of medication errors, reasons for medication errors, medications stages involved and errors outcome. Results: The total number of reports were 805. The most common adherence documentation of error involving medications were cost related information (100\%), error related information with an average (90.59\%), patient related information (50.37\%) and drug related information (49.39\%). While the action related information (0.57\%) was harmless. The most common completed of error related information were causes of medication errors 775 (96.3\%) and type of medication errors 770 (95.6\%) followed by outcome of medication errors 764 (94.9\%) and medication process stages involved 711 (88.3\%). While the patient{\textquoteright}s demographic information completed only (50\%) in reports. Conclusion: Despite the medication error reporting is consider new at the public hospital, the number of reporting was high. The system needs more determination to follow completeness medication errors reporting system and that by development of an electronic reporting system, program awareness and positive documentation system feedback changes in pharmacy practice.

}, keywords = {Adherence, Medication errors, Ministry of Health, Public, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nisreen Al-Shubaar and Nadia Lubad and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {64, title = {Assessment of Patient Satisfaction with Pharmaceutical Services in Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {116-121}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {116}, abstract = {

Objective: Patient satisfaction is considered as a measure of the quality of care in health system. Investigation of satisfaction with pharmaceutical services will disclose gaps in training and barricades of implementation. The study examined patient satisfaction of pharmaceutical services at Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-sectional self-administered survey of patient satisfaction of pharmaceutical care in Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province, Saudi Arabia. The survey comprises two parts; the first part was demographic data about the patients, the second part was several domains about various pharmaceutical care services at East Province in Saudi Arabia. The 5-point Likert response scale system used with closed and ended questions. The survey scattered through five hospitals in East Province involved a public, pediatrics, maternity and psychiatry hospitals ambulatory care patient. All data and variables analyzed by Microsoft Excel program version 10. Results: The study sample size was 892. Out of 892 patients, 815 (95.66\%) was Saudi and 37 (4.34\%) was non-SaudiSaudi. Of that 213 (25\%) was female and 639 (75\%) was male. The majority of patients were between the ages of 20-40 (61.33\%) and 41-60 years (39.44\%) old. The average score of pharmacy location and related issues was 3.69/5.00. The domain of pharmacy location was ranked highest (4.05/5.00), while the domain of pharmacy waiting area was ranked lowest (3.47/5.00). The average score of medication related issues was 4.28/5.00. The domain of the drug label stickled with all medications was ranked highest (4.43/5.00), while the domain of the medication reconciliation was ranked lowest (3.56/5.00). The average score of pharmacist related issues was 4.66/5.00. The domain of the pharmacist assure by your name before dispensing was ranked highest (4.58/5.00), while the domain of the pharmacist provides you with medication counseling and encourages you to ask questions was ranked lowest (3.91/5.00). The overall pharmacy evaluation was 4.55/5.00. Conclusion: The patient satisfaction of pharmacy services was adequate at MOH hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia. The outcomes showed a lack in pharmacists {\textquoteleft}interaction with patients and exertions should be focused towards involvement in a more patient-oriented training in Saudi hospital pharmacies.

}, keywords = {Assessment, East Province, Ministry of Health, Patient, Pharmaceutical, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.20}, author = {Mohammed Mohsen Almaznai and Osama Mohammed Almadani and Ibrahim Abdul Karim Aloraifi and Saleh Ali Alsallouk and Hussain Alkabaz and Abdulaziz Saud Alotaibi and Hamdi Abdullah Alamri and Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi and Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {63, title = {Attitudes and Perceptions of Healthcare Professionals towards Pharmaceutical Care Services in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {110-115}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Objective: Pharmaceutical care is a health science discipline in which pharmacists deliver patient care that improves medication therapy and helps health, wellness and disease prevention. An important issue in this area emphases on patient oriented rather than drug product-oriented service. The aim of this study to evaluate the attitudes and perceptions of health care professionals towards Pharmaceutical care services in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A 4-months cross-sectional survey of healthcare professionals was conducted in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two-part demographic information and second part forty-nine questions divided into four domains. It included domain one: It included domain one: Primary or essential information about healthcare providers pharmacists, domain two: healthcare professionals information about the ambulatory care pharmacy, domain three: healthcare professionals information about pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling and domain four: Healthcare providers perception of Pharmaceutical care services. All type of healthcare professionals included in the study. A 5-point Likert-type scale was used. There were open and closed-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media by using what{\textquoteright}s App to more than one thousand healthcare professionals overall Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was made in an electronic format and it analyzed domain two: healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s information about Pharmaceutical care services through survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were 170 healthcare providers. Of those 150 (93.8\%) were Saudi and 10 (6.25\%) were non-Saudi. The gender distribution 129 (75.9\%) were females and 41 (24.1\%) were males. The most of the healthcare professionals were pharmacists 81 (47.65\%), followed by nurses 27 (15.88\%) and physicians 23 (13.53\%). The majority of patient had visited a pharmacy more than 10 times in the past 12-months was 53 (31.36\%), while 40 (23.67\%) of respondents visited a pharmacy more than 5 to 9 times. The most common performances of pharmaceutical care services were dispensing of prescribed medication 119 (73.91\%), medication consultation 89 (55.28\%), dispensing of over the counter medications 88 (54.66\%) and dispensing of non-medications supplements 74 (45.96\%). The highest scores of pharmaceutical care services provides to the patients were at private{\textquoteright}s hospitals (3.45) and non-MOH governmental hospitals (3.40). The most current experience of perception and challenges with high propriety scores were few pharmacist and clinical pharmacists, un-available of patient medication counseling privacy and Unclear handwriting prescription. The most Future Perception suggestion with high Propriety and Opportunity scores were Increase awareness of pharmacist role in public health and Implement patient counseling clinic operated by the pharmacy. Conclusion: Healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s insight is the dynamic tool to develop pharmacy services. Increase the number of the clinical pharmacist, expand the awareness of pharmacist to the public and implement patient counseling clinic, will change the future vision of pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitudes, Healthcare Professionals, Perceptions, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {116, title = {Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring of Antipsychotic Drugs and Mood Stabilizers in a Teaching Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {118-121}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Antipsychotics and mood stabilizers are associated with adverse effects which can affect the compliance and course of treatment in mental disorders. The present study was therefore undertaken to monitor the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of the antipsychotics and mood stabilizers in the psychiatric outpatient unit of our hospital. Methods: Study was conducted from December 2011 to November 2012, the patients on antipsychotic drugs from psychiatry outpatient department (OPD) of Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences were considered for analysis. The patients were diagnosed by consultant psychiatrist. Data was collected in standard questionnaire format. All patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorder as per ICD 10 criteria and receiving treatment with antipsychotic or mood stabilizer were included. Assessment of causality and severity of recorded adverse events was done using WHO assessment scale and modified Siegel and Hartwig Scale respectively. Results: 45 ADRs were recorded among 778 patients. Extra pyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic side effects and Weight gain were the most common ADRs. Risperidone, chlorpromazine and olanzapine were the drugs causing maximum ADRs. Assessment of causality and severity of recorded adverse events showed possible to probable and mild to moderately severe respectively. Conclusion: Extrapyramidal symptoms were most common ADRs in our study followed by anticholinergic side effects. Risperidone was most commonly prescribed drug followed by chlorpromazine. Risperidone and chlorpromazine accounted for most of ADRs. Assessment of causality of recorded adverse events showed no certain cause and Assessment of severity of recorded adverse events showed no severe cases.

}, keywords = {Antipsychotics, Extrapyramidal Symptoms, Haloperidol, Lithium, Olanzapine, Risperidone}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.5}, author = {Swetha Munoli and Soumya B Patil} } @article {96, title = {ABCB1 C3435T Genetic Polymorphism and Response to Glibenclamide Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {12-15}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Background: Glibenclamide is a substrate and an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein which is coded by the gene ABCB1. Objective: To study the influence of ABCB1 C3435T gene polymorphism on the therapeutic effect of glibenclamide, its plasma levels and hypoglycemic adverse effects. Materials and Methods: The study was done in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of South India (n=80) who were on treatment with glibenclamide as a single agent or along with metformin. From a venous blood sample, ABCB1 C3435T genetic polymorphism and plasma levels of glibenclamide were determined. The parameters were compared between genotype groups. Patient characteristics across genotypes were analyzed using one way ANOVA and the association between glycemic status and genotype was studied using Chi Square test. The association between genotypes and parameters such as C/D values, hypoglycemic episodes were compared using Kruskal Wallis Test. Results:There were no significant differences in age, body mass index and duration of treatment between the genotype groups ABCB1 CC, CT and TT. There was no significant association between glycemic status of type 2 diabetes and presence of variant genotypes ABCB1 CT and TT. There were no statistically significant differences in plasma concentration of glibenclamide, number and severity of adverse effects between the genotype groups. Conclusion: ABCB1 C3435T genetic polymorphism did not produce any significant influence on the therapeutic response to glibenclamide, plasma glibenclamide levels and the occurrence of adverse events in South Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

}, keywords = {ABCB1 C3435T, Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Transporters, Glibenclamide, MDR1, Personalized Medicine, Pharmacogenetics}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.2.1}, author = {Surendiran A and Pradhan SC and Subrahmanyam DKS and Aparna Agrawal and Umamaheswaran G and Rajan S and Adithan C} } @article {124, title = {Anti-Fibrotic Effect of Irbesartan via Attenuation of Endoplasmic Reticulum stress in Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {76-82}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Background: Angiotensin receptor blockers are the new class of compounds used for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate cardioprotective effect of irbesartan in isoproterenol induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, which results in myocardial fibrosis. Materials and Methods: Thirty wistar rats were assigned to study, 6 rats in a group. Myocardial fibrosis was induced by isoproterenol (5 mg/kg, s.c. for 15 days) which can cause cardiac toxicity. Irbesartan (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered for 15 days after administration of isoproterenol. Post-treatment with irbesartan, cardiac functional measurements and the left and right ventricular weight indices were analyzed. Pathological alteration of levels of soluble collagen was determined. Results: The administration of irbesartan resulted in a significant (p\<0.01) improvement in cardiac function and reduced levels of soluble collagen. Irbesartan also showed decrease in the level of malondialdehyde and an increase in defensive antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH) thus, exerts antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Irbesartan possesses anti-fibrotic activity and offers protection against myocardial fibrosis, due to regulation of angiotensin II activity through blockade of AT1 receptors which might attenuate the endoplasmic reticulum stress and thus inhibit myocardial fibrosis via inhibition of oxidative stress. The regulation of antioxidant defensive enzymes may be involved in anti-fibrotic effect of irbesartan

}, keywords = {Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Irbesartan, Isoproterenol, Myocardial Fibrosis, Oxidative Stress, Soluble Collagen}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.2}, author = {Vandana Shamrao Nade and Pranita Pradip Dharmadhikari and Laxman Ashok Kawale} } @article {127, title = {Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Phytolacca Dodecandra Leaves Against Plasmodium berghei Infected Swiss Albino Mice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {39-45}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background: Malaria is the largest cause of death and disability globally and antimalarial drug resistances are a major public health problem, which hinders the control of malaria. Traditionally used medicinal plants have played important role in the treatment of malaria. In this study, the leaves of Phytolacca dodecandra, used in indigenous medicine to treat malaria in Ethiopia was evaluated for an in vivo antimalarial activity against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei. The objective of the study was to evaluate the antimalarial activity of methanolic leaf extract of P. dodecan-dra against Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 mice were randomly assigned into five groups with five mice per group. Three groups received the extracts at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight respectively. The other two groups (negative and positive control) were treated with 1ml/100 g body weight of Tween 80 and chloroquine at dose of 10 mg/kg respec-tively. Antimalarial activity was evaluated on day 4. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA. Results: The plant was nontoxic to mice and showed significantly improved suppression of parasitemia, prevented packed cell volume reduction (p\<0.05) dose dependently and increased the survival time of infected mice when com-pared to the negative control. Conclusion: The leaves of Phytolacca dodecandra demonstrated antimalarial activity in mice.

}, keywords = {Antimalarial activity, in vivo, Phytolacca dodecandra, Plasmodium berghei}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.1}, author = {Getinet Mequanint Adinew} } @article {132, title = {Anti-ulcer Activity of Herbo-mineral Formulation (Asecure capsule) Against Experimentally Induced Acute and Chronic Gastric Ulcers in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, pages = {61-67}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Background: This study was aimed to investigate anti-ulcer activity of a herbo-mineral formulation (Asecure capsule) in ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer and acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcer. Materials and Methods: Absolute methanol (5 mL/kg, p.o.) was administered for development of acute gastric ulcer. In another model, 50\% acetic acid was exposed to serosal surface of stomach to produce chronic gastric ulcer. For each experiment, animals were divided in to three groups where each group was consisting of six animals. Group-I, II and III were considered as Normal control, Disease control and test drug treated respectively. Herbo-mineral formula-tion (Asecure Capsule) was administered at 100 mg/kg/day, orally. Ulcer index, gastric wall mucus content, lipid perox-idation level in stomach tissue and tissue anti-oxidant parameters like superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and catalase enzyme activity were carried out for both experimental studies. Histopathology of stomach tissue was also performed. Statistical calculations were done by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s test. Results: Induction of ethanol and acetic acid caused significant alteration in ulcer index, gastric wall mucus content and lipid peroxidation level in comparison to normal control group whereas treatment of Asecure capsule showed sig-nificant cyto-protection and recovery against ethanol and acetic acid induced acute and chronic ulcer respectively. Treatment with Asecure capsule) also showed significant increase in level of antioxidant enzymes in comparison of disease control groups. Histopathology of stomach showed remarkable cyto-protection. Conclusion: On the basis of present data it can be concluded that Asecure capsule) possesses significant anti-ulcer activity against exposure to a noxious agent like ethanol and acetic acid. The observed effect be due to synergistic anti-oxidant property of ingredients of the herbo-mineral formulation.

}, keywords = {Anti-ulcer activity, Ethanol and acetic acid induced gastric ulcer, Herbo-mineral}, author = {Hardik Soni and Ankur Shah and Arindam Paul and Ghanshyam Patel} } @article {178, title = {Acute and Chronic Toxicity Study of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Caralluma tuberculata in Mice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {99-104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Background: Caralluma tuberculata (Asclepiadaceae), a succulent perennial herb used as vegetable is reported to treat the diabetes and rheumatism. In the present study the safety profile of Caralluma tuberculata (CT) was evaluated by gross behavioral, acute and chronic toxicity study of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of CT in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: For acute toxicity study, mice were divided into seven groups. Normal saline was given by intraperitoneal route to control group and to other six groups, different doses of extract i.e. 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 g/kg body weight was given to the mice intraperitoneally. In chronic toxicity study, 100mg/kg body weight was given intraperitoneally route for three months. In acute toxicity mortality rate was determined, while in chronic toxicity changes in body and organ weight, biochemical, hematological parameters in both male and female mice, and spermatotoxic effects in male mice were measured by using standard procedures. Statistical analysis was carried out by student t-test. Results: Acute toxicity showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was safe up to 3g/kg body weight in mice. In gross behavioral study some signs of passivity and decreased spontaneous activity were observed. No mortality was observed in chronic toxicity study. No detectable alterations were found on weight, vital body organs, biochemical, and hematological parameters; no spermatotoxic effects in treated mice were observed when compared to vehicle control group after three months of chronic treatment. Conclusion: The results of present study therefore indicated that ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of Caralluma tuberculata was safe in test animals demonstrating no noticeable toxicity.

}, keywords = {Caralluma tuberculata, Ethyl acetate fraction, Gross behavioral, Spermatotoxic}, author = {Qazi Najam-us-Saqib and Rahila Qayyum and Abdul Waheed} } @article {158, title = {Anti Stress Effect of Centella asiatica Leaf Extract on Hippocampal CA3 Neurons {\textendash} A Quantitative Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {25-32}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Background: Centella asiatica (CeA) is a small perennial herbaceous creeper, growing in moist soil belonging to the umbelliferae family. In Ayurvedic medicine, CeA is popular as a brain tonic to promote brain growth and enhance memory. In addition to its memory enhancing and anxiolytic effects it also has anti-thrombotic activity, antibacterial effects, antinociceptive and anti inflammatory properties. However its neuroprotective effect has not been reported so far. In the present study the neuroprotective effect of CeA leaf extract on hippocampal CA3 neurons was investigated. Materials and Methods: Three months old albino mice were divided into four groups. Group (i) was normal control, Group (ii) was saline control, Group (iii) was stress group, Group (iv) was stress + CeA treated group. Group (iii) mice were stressed in a wire mesh restrainer for 6 hours/day for 6 weeks. Group (iv) mice were also stressed like group (iii) but they received orally CeA leaf extract throughout the stress period. After 6 weeks, brain was removed, hippocampus was dissected and processed for Golgi staining. Hippocampal neurons were traced using camera lucida focused at 400X magnification. The concentric circle method of Sholl was used to quantify the dendrites. Results: There was a decrease in the number of dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections in the hippocampal CA3 neurons in group (iii). However, there was a sharp contrast observation in group (iv) which was subjected to restraint and treated with CeA leaf extract. Conclusion: CeA leaf extract has neuroprotective effect against the stress induced neuronal atrophy in mice.

}, keywords = {Dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections, Hippocampus, Restraint stress}, author = {Hemamalini and Muddanna S. Rao} } @article {160, title = {Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Activities of Tamarindus indica Fruit Pulp in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {33-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {33}, abstract = {

Background: Tamarindus indica belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae. Fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica is believed to have antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and many other medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to investigate antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 6). Normal and diabetic control groups received normal saline and alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) respectively. Animals were made diabetic by injection of single dose of alloxan in three test groups and after that they were treated with ethanolic extract of fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica 300 and 500 mg/kg/body weight orally and metformin 150 mg/kg body weight orally respectively for 14 days. Antidiabetic activity was estimated by measuring serum glucose and lipid profile; and hepatoprotective activity was measured by estimating serum liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in liver tissues. Results were analyzed by One way ANOVA followed by Scheffe multiple comparison tests (p\<0.01). Results: The two dose levels of Tamarindus indica significantly altered alloxan induced changes in serum glucose, lipid profile and serum enzyme levels. But in liver histopathology, higher dose (500 mg/kg) of plant showed complete regeneration whereas lower dose (300 mg/kg) showed only partial improvement in liver histopathology profile. Conclusion: Present study revealed that Tamarindus indica possesses antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotection, Tamarindus indica}, author = {Narendar Koyagura and V. Hemanth kumar and M.G Jamadar and Shobha V Huilgol and Nagendra Nayak and Saeed M Yendigeri and Mohd Shamsuddin} } @article {184, title = {Antituberculosis Therapy (ATT) Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {126-128}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {126}, abstract = {

Thrombocytopenia is a rare adverse effect seen with anti-tubercular drugs. We report an 80 year old male with tuber-cular right pleural effusion, on Category I Anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) for 3 weeks who presented with melena and epistaxis. On evaluation, he had thrombocytopenia which was found to be rifampicin-induced. ATT was restarted with-out rifampicin and there were no bleeding episodes. Though, rifampicin is well tolerated, but on rare occasions it can cause thrombocytopenia.

}, keywords = {ATT, Intermittent regimen, Rifampicin, Thrombocytopenia, Tuberculosis}, author = {R. Dinesh Prabhu and G. Vikneswaran and Chultin Lepcha and N. Tombi Singh} } @article {175, title = {Antiviral Drug Discovery by Targeting the Envelope Glycoproteins of Influenza A Virus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {89-98}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Influenza A viruses are enveloped RNA viruses and composed of eight single-stranded, negative-sensed RNA segments. Among eight single strand components of influenza A virion hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, two surface glycoproteins, are interesting targets for antiviral drug discovery. Scientists are trying to discover newer antiviral compounds for the prevention of future pandemic and resistant strains of influenza A viruses targeting the surface glycoproteins. These viruses cause respiratory diseases in humans and animals with a high morbidity and mortality. In this review, various methods are described for screening of antiviral compounds of influenza A viruses by targeting the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Fusion, Hemagglutination, Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase, Sialidase}, author = {Repon Kumer Saha and Takashi Suzuki and Yasuo Suzuki} } @article {174, title = {Areca Catechu: Effect of Topical Ethanolic Extract on Burn Wound Healing in Albino Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sept 2012}, pages = {74-78}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {74}, abstract = {

Background:\ Areca nut (Areca catechu\ Linn.) is commonly used for skin ulcers in Indian traditional medicine. Areca nut oil is prepared and is applied topically for burn wound healing. However, scientific study has not been conducted so far. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate burn wound healing activity of Areca catechu.\ Objective:\ To evaluate the burn wound healing property of Areca catechu kernel in normal as well as dexamethasone treated rats.\ Materials and Methods:\ Ethanolic extract of Areca catechu kernel was prepared and an ointment was made with 2\% of this extract. Burn wound was induced by standard procedure. Rats with burn wound model received either vehicle, standard drug or test drug. Two other groups were injected with dexamethasone to delay the wound healing process. The dexamethasone treated groups received either vehicle or test drug topically. Wound contraction rate and period of epithelialization were measured. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis.\ Results:\ The wound contraction rate was significantly increased in Areca catechu treated group in all the days compared to control. Period of epithelialization was faster in the drug treated group than control group. The dexamethasone treated group showed a significant delay in wound healing process when compared to control. Test drug showed a significant reversal in wound contraction rate and epithelialization period in dexamethasone suppressed burn wound healing model.\ Conclusion:\ This study has shown the wound healing property of Areca catechu. Further study is required to know the compounds responsible for its wound healing property and to understand the mechanism of action.

}, keywords = {Areca Catechu, Ayurveda, Burn Wound, Epithelialization, Siddha, Wound Contraction}, author = {Deepak Kumar Verma and Masuram Bharat and Deepak Nayak and Tara Shanbhag and Venkatesh Shanbhag and Ravindra Singh Rajput} }