@article {349, title = {Do we need Accounting and Financial Services for Pharmacy Practice?}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {1-2}, type = {Editorial }, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The pharmacist provides pharmaceutical care through various channels and services, including distributing medication, dispensing medicine information for patient counseling, and drug monitoring to prevent drug-related illnesses.[1-6] Distributive pharmacists and clinical pharmacists provide those essential performances and activities. Besides, the pharmacy technician supports the pharmacy teams.[5,7] Pharmaceutical care services expanded nationally and internationally.[8-22] The pharmacy strategic plan was established several years back and eventually updated and evaluated thoroughly.[23,35] Various pharmacy programs were founded, for instance, drug information services, total parenteral nutrition, medication safety, intravenous medicine preparation, and administration. Most of those services were inpatient services.[25-29] However, the pharmaceutical care services vision changed by Saudi Vision 2030 towards unique and advanced inpatient services, ambulatory care, and community services.[30,31] Additional new services, such as Saudi managed care services (Wasfaty), pharmacy research services, and pharmacy infection control, were planned before and recently founded[32-35] However, various ambulatory care pharmacy programs will be implemented soon.[23,24] One of the critical new facilities required in pharmaceutical care is financial and accounting services.\  Read more...

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {351, title = {Drug Review: Abrocitinib}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {14-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Registrations: Abrocitinib had been registered in the following countries United States of America (USA), United Kingdom (U.K.), Canada, and Saudi Arabia (SA). Trade name (USA.); CIBINQO{\textregistered} Registration number (S.A.); Not Available. Insurance Drug Formulary (S.A.); Not covered (28.1.2023). General Information: Registered Company: By Pfizer company. Regulatory Status: R.X. Mechanism of Action: It is an oral small-molecule inhibitor of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1). Indication Approved (Labeled) indication Atopic dermatitis (Moderate to Severe), Refractory to other systemic drug products, including biologics, or when the use of such therapies is inadvisable.[3]Read more..

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.3}, author = {Juman Alsaab} } @article {360, title = {Drug Review: Daridorexant}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {90-91}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {90}, abstract = {

Registrations: had been registered in the following countries United States of America (USA), United Kingdom (U.K.), Canada, and Saudi Arabia (SA). Trade name (USA.); QUVIVIQ{\textregistered} Registration number (S.A.); Not Available. Insurance Drug Formulary (S.A.); Not covered (28.1.2023). General Information: Registered Company: Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. Regulatory Status: R.X. Mechanism of Action: The treatment of insomnia is presumed to be through the antagonism of orexin receptors. In addition, the orexin neuropeptide signaling system plays a role in wakefulness. Blocking the binding of wake-promoting neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B to receptors OX1R and OX2R is thought to suppress wake drive. Read more...

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.11}, author = {Juman Alsaab} } @article {376, title = {Drug Review: Oteseconazole}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {187-188}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {187}, abstract = {

Registrations: It had been registered in the following countries: United Kingdom (U.K.), United States of America (USA), Canada, and Saudi Arabia (SA). Trade name (USA.); VIVJOA {\textregistered} Registration number (S.A.): Not available Insurance Drug Formulary (S.A.): Not available General Information: Registered Company: Mycovia Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Regulatory Status: R.X. Mechanism of Action: Inhibitor targeting the fungal sterol by inhibition of CYP51 results accumulation of 14-methylated sterols, which are toxic to fungi. Read more...

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.25}, author = {Juman Alsaab} } @article {369, title = {Drug Review: Terlipressin}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {138-139}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {138}, abstract = {

Registrations: It had been registered in the following countries: United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), Canada, and Saudi Arabia (SA). Trade name (USA.); TERLIVAZ {\textregistered} Registration number (SA); 11-367-07. Insurance Drug Formulary (SA); Covered. General Information: Registered Company: Mallinckrodt hospital products inc. Regulatory Status: RX. Mechanism of Action: Prodrug The active form is lysine vasopressin, the non-selective agonist of both V1 (smooth muscles of the arterial vasculature in the splanchnic region) and V2 receptors (collecting ducts of renal tubules). Read more...

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.17}, author = {Juman Alsaab} } @article {287, title = {Dentist{\textquoteright}s Perception of Medication Safety in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {41-46}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Objectives: The study aims to discover the dentist{\textquoteright}s perceptions of medication safety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is an analysis of a cross-sectional survey that reconnoitered the dentist{\textquoteright}s medication safety perceptions in Saudi Arabia. It selfreported an electronic survey of dentists, comprising dentists from internship to the consultant, dental specialties in Saudi Arabia. The survey contained respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about dentists and perception of medication safety in dental care. Also, the perception of barriers averts off employment of the medication safety system in dental care. The 5-point Likert response scale system was employed with closed-ended questions. The data analysis of the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety is finished through the survey monkey system. The statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft excel sheet version 16 were used in the study. Results: The total number of responding dentists was 242, with the majority of them coming from the central region 95 (39.26\%) with statistically momentous among the areas (p\<0.05). Of those, 144 (59.75\%) were male, while 97 (40.25\%) were female, with statistically significant between them (p\<0.05). The average scores of dentist{\textquoteright}s perceptions of medication safety in dental care were 3.99; the dentist{\textquoteright}s high scores component was relaxed to ask for assistance support from colleagues or peers concerning medication safety (4.27). Medications storage with labeling is a vital element of medication safety in dental care (4.26). The average scores of perception of barriers prevent you from instigating medication safety in dental care (3.52). The high scores element was level of clinical knowledge about dental medications safety services (3.98) and lack of periodic training of dental staff dental medications safety services (3.94). The reliability test includes Cronbach alpha (0.933) and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω (0.920). Conclusion: The dentist{\textquoteright}s perceptions of medication safety were flawless in Saudi Arabia. Periodic education and training medication safety in dental care is obligatory to improve the dental medication safety system and patient outcomes in dental care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Dentist, Medication, Perception, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fouzia Abdul Karim Bukhary and Rahmah Abdulilah Alsinan} } @article {288, title = {Dentist{\textquoteright}s Practice of Medication Safety in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {34-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

Objectives: The study aimed to exemplify the dentist{\textquoteright}s practice of medication safety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It examines a cross-sectional survey that deliberated the dentist{\textquoteright}s medication safety practice in Saudi Arabia. It self-reported an electronic survey of dentists, including dentists from internship to consultant, dental specialties in Saudi Arabia. The survey entailed respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about dentists and the implemented medication safety in dental care, the medication{\textquoteright}s safety items stated in dental care, and dental medications implemented the medication{\textquoteright}s safety. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closedended questions. The data analysis of the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety is completed through the survey monkey system. The statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft excel sheet version 16 were employed in the study. Results: The total number of responding dentists was 242, with the mainstream of them coming from the central region 95 (39.26\%) with statistically noteworthy among the areas (p\<0.05). Of those, 144 (59.75\%) were male, while 97 (40.25\%) were female, with statistically significant between them (p\<0.05). The average scores of the executed items for medication safety in dental care were 3.12 with high scores element was adverse drug reactions documentation system (3.26), and the vision of medication safety in dental care was 3.23. The average scores of frequently of the medications safety items reported in dental care was 3.17 with high scores element was pregnancy and lactation altering system (3.88) and patient{\textquoteright}s education of dental medications (3.60). The highest scores of medication Safety (to authorities) the responsibility of types of healthcare professionals was a pharmacist (4.34) and dentist (4.23). The reliability test includes McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω (0.980) and Cronbach alpha (0.979). Conclusion: The dentist{\textquoteright}s practice of medication safety was inadequate in Saudi Arabia. Implementation of medication safety in dental care is obligatory to prevent dental mistakes and drug-related problems. Also, the study aimed to improve the patient safety culture among dental practices in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Care, Dentist, Medication, Practice, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fouzia Abdul Karim Bukhary and Rahmah Abdulilah Alsinan} } @article {272, title = {Dermatology Medications Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Reviews}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {124-127}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the dermatology medications therapeutic interchanges therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases comprised the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to substitute based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future assessment. After assessment, 375 Records were excluded due to Non dermatology therapeutics interchange. Of the previous search, there were 5 studies that had been found discussed the dermatology medications therapeutic interchanges. Conclusion: There were few studies about medications used in skin disorder therapeutic interchange. It is better to start for generic substitutes and based on the international Therapeutic dermatology guidelines.

}, keywords = {Dermatology Medications, Initiative, Saudi Arabia, System, Therapeutic Interchange}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.25}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah. Bahadig} } @article {226, title = {Demand for Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Primary Healthcare Centers during the Past 12 Years (2006-2017) and in the Future (2018-2030) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {182-185}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {182}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the demand of pharmacy technician workforce at Ministry of Health{\textquoteright}s (MOH) Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) over the past 12 years (2006{\textendash}2017) and in the future (2018{\textendash}2030) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of the demand of MOH{\textquoteright}s pharmacy technician workforce during the past 12 years (2006-2017) and in the future (2018-2030). All data were derived from the MOH{\textquoteright}s Statistical Year Books and any missing information regarding the pharmacy technician workforce will be estimated through allied healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} data from each region including data on gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and excluded all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforces at MOH hospital setting. All calculations were based on MOH{\textquoteright}s workforce standards of PHCs and updated literature. All calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel version 10. Results: The demand for number pharmacy technicians based on the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:3) was (4{\textendash}1,392) with an average number of (608.92) pharmacy technicians required. The demand for number of pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:4) was (37,453{\textendash}46,058) with an average number of (41,611.17) pharmacy technicians required. While the demand for pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:2) was (18,281{\textendash}22,218) with an average of (20,159.67). The number of pharmacist: pharmacy technicians required in the future based on the ratio standard (1:3) was 27,867{\textendash}34,138 with an average number of (30,885.42) pharmacy technicians required. In the future (2018{\textendash}2030), the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians based on the ratio standard (1:4) was (47,600{\textendash}64,317) with an average of (54,895.23) pharmacy technicians required. However, the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians based on the ratio standard of (1:2) was (23,154{\textendash}31,286) with an average number of (26,689.30) pharmacy technicians required. The number of pharmacist: pharmacy technician required based on the ratio standard (1:3) was (35,377{\textendash}47,802) with an average number of (40,792.27) pharmacy technicians required. Conclusion: In this study, the demands and future forecasting of pharmacy technician workforces was determined. The pharmacist to pharmacy technician ratio should be standardized. Pharmacy technicians may be utilized at community pharmacies in the future. Periodic analysis of demand and forecasting at PHCs is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.30}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {114, title = {Does Pre-Test Accelerate Learning Pattern In Undergraduate Medical Students? A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {109-112}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {109}, abstract = {

Objectives: Our objective was to asses if pre-test accelerates learning pattern in undergraduate medical students. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted by the Department of Pharmacology at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kancheepuram district, Tamilnadu. A total of 121 IInd year MBBS students were divided into A and B batches with 61 and 60 students respectively. Objective type questions were prepared from the chapter {\textquotedblleft}Haematinics{\textquotedblright} and were validated which contained extended match questions. B batch students were informed about the theory class topic the next day which will be preceded by a pre test and a post test at the end of the lecture. They were even given a copy of the topics from which questions were framed. A batch students were unaware about this plan of having pre and post tests the following theory class. On the day of lecture, all the students were given pre-test questions (total no: 20). The answer sheets were collected at the end of specified time period and evaluated. At the end of the lecture class, post test was conducted. Marks were tabulated with a maximum score of 20. Statistical analysis: Paired t-test was used to analyze the data obtained. Mean, Standard deviation and standard error of mean were calculated by feeding the data in SpSS software. Results: Both A and B batches have performed well in post-test than pre-test. p\<0.001.Girls have scored more than boys in pre and post test. p\<0.001. Discussion and Conclusion: Pretest and post-test way of evaluating students is an effective and feasible way of fun learning. The method of assessment using pre and post test questionnaire should be made mandatory in all medical schools/colleges after every theory class.

}, keywords = {Haematinics, Medical Education, Pharmacology, Post Test, Pre-Test}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.3}, author = {Akila Lakshmikandhan and Balaji Ramraj and Jamuna Rani Ravinder} } @article {99, title = {Dose Dependent Amitriptyline Induced Sexual Dysfunction in a Migraine Patient}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {62-64}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant. It is one of the preferred first linedrug for prophylactic treatment of migraine. Here we report a case of amitriptyline induced sexual dysfunction in a 40 year old male patient who was diagnosed with Migraine without aura.

}, keywords = {Amitriptyline, Migraine, Sexual dysfunction}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.5}, author = {Kavitha BB and Nischal Reddy and Shashank Ballur} } @article {121, title = {Design of Drug Dosage Regimen for Valproate: Exploring Modeling and Simulation Based Approach}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {June 2014}, pages = {22-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {22}, abstract = {

Background: Population pharmacokinetic studies attempt to explain the variability in pharmacokinetics among study subjects and explore the role of covariates on the pharmacokinetics. The present study was planned to evaluate by simulation, the various dosage regimens of valproate and their predicted relevance to achieve desired therapeutic ranges and to see the effect of various covariates. Materials and Methods: This study utilized the previous database of therapeutic drug monitoring data of valproate available in the department and population pharmacokinetic models developed by a group in the department. From the database, 93 patients{\textquoteright} details have been used in this study. The simulation studies were carried out for various dosage regimens such as 400mgQ12Hr, 500mgQ12Hr, 800mgQ12Hr, 1000mgQ24Hr for 100 simulated patients using NON-MEM software package. Results: 500mg BID dosage regimen was found to be more advantageous as more number of simulated patients were having the Css within the therapeutic range and the effect of covariates like sex and concomitant phenytoin use were found to be insignificant but with 1000mg OD regimen in females, the number of individuals with Css within the therapeutic range were found to be less with which we could say that the induction effect of phenytoin on valproate metabolism in females could be more than that of males. Conclusion: The present study was able to predict steady state concentrations for various dosage regimen scenarios with possible pharmacokinetic and therapeutic outcomes. This study underscores the relevance of population pharma-cokinetic based simulations in dosage regimen design.

}, keywords = {Dosage regimen, NONMEM, Population pharmacokinetics, Simulations, Valproate}, author = {Shiv sagar K and Nithya Duggirala and Chintan Y Patel and Leelavathy D Acharya and Surulivelrajan Mallayasamy} }