@article {331, title = {Education and Training Research Policy in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {48-55}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study explores the Research policy of Research Education and Training in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The current topic is a narrative review of education and training procedures in pharmacy research. Litterateur was searched in various databases. That includes PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and academic Microsoft. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompass narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search keyword includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Moreover, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in research in pharmacy practice. The committee of pharmacy research was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of Research Education and Training. Results: Pharmacy Research{\textquoteright}s policy on Research Education and Training covered various topics, including the program objectives, admission requirements, teaching, educational methodology, and steps in pharmacy practice involving research, education, and training. Five models were used in research education and training. For instance, skills in searching for and reviewing the literature, research design and methodology, survey design, biostatistics, and research proposal writing. In addition, each model included a description of the module and Learning Objectives, Module Outlines, and Competency Items. Conclusion: The pharmacy research policy is a new initiative and a component of the pharmacy strategic plan. The Research Education and Training pharmacy policy aims to enhance pharmacists{\textquoteright} research abilities and encourage pharmacists to conduct various types of research in multiple settings within the public and healthcare sectors. Therefore, the Research Education and Training policy are critical for the pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Education, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {273, title = {ENT Medications Therapeutic Interchanges: A Narrative Review}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {128-130}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Objective: To analysis the ENT medications therapeutic interchanges therapy. Methods: It is an extensive search, or fifty databases comprised the following through the Saudi Digital Library (SDL) searching engine. It included the various types of studies (meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies) in the English language with human study only for the update May 2017. The search in terms of therapeutic interchange, medication, therapy and type of disease or medication base on therapeutics class of anti-psychiatric. The medication list and switch from one drug to another based on the literature found the search that has included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of the type of medication for each disease and national or international evidence-based guidelines. Results: The total number of studies after an extensive search with a specific term search was 487 studies. Of those, there were 107 duplicated studies, and 380 studies included for future assessment. After assessment, 375 Records were excluded due to non-ENT therapeutics interchange. Of the previous search, there were 5 review studies that had been found discussed the ENT medications therapeutic interchanges. Conclusion: There are no randomized controlled or observational studies about ear, nose, throat therapeutic interchange. The ENT therapeutic guidelines as evidence sources of therapeutic interchange in this subject.

}, keywords = {Ear, ENT, Literature, Nose, Review, Therapeutic interchanges, Throat}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.26}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah. Bahadig} } @article {210, title = {Emergency Medications Order for Adults: Standardized Concentration System in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {204-205}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

The general administration of pharmaceutical care released several publications related to the administration of intravenous medications, which mention about the concentration of intravenous medications for adults, pediatrics and neonatal patients. The publications also include several emergency medications with their concentrations. This new initiative was started in order to guide physicians to select the primary emergency medications in intravenous drip administration. The medications were selected based on common evidence-based standardized concentration for adults. This project required to control high-alert medications and prevent drug-related errors. The list of medications may be covered as computerized physician order entry and this project may be implemented as pharmacy project management.

}, keywords = {Adults, Emergency, Medications, Saudi Arabia, Standardized Concentration}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.44}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal Mansour Al Nemari and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nouf Alaza and Malika Alshamari} } @article {209, title = {Emergency Medications Order for Neonates and Pediatrics: A Standardized Concentration System in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {206-207}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {206}, abstract = {

The national pediatric pharmacy program was founded in 2014. It is a part of the pharmacy strategic plan. This program has implemented several projects including preparation and administration of intravenous medication to neonates and pediatric patients. The complementary new initiatives program is the neonates and pediatrics standardized concentration of emergency medications with an emphasis on medications used to treat critically ill patients and in emergency department. This new project has physician order form with selected dilutions, concentrations and route of administration. The form may be converted to a computerized order form. The new initiatives of the project may be implemented through project management tools. The project prevents drug-related problem and decrease economic burden on healthcare system for neonates and pediatrics hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Concentration, Emergency, Medications, Neonates, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Standardized}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.45}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nouf Alaza and Malika Alshamari} } @article {102, title = {Efficacy of Second Line Anti-retroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS Patients in South India: A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Because of treatment failure with first line ART, Roughly 4\% of total patients on ART are on second line therapy. Second line ART is being instituted in 10 Centers of excellence in India, Gandhi hospital being one of them in south India. Objective: To detect efficacy of second line Anti-Retroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: This prospective and observational study of 20 months was done in south Indian tertiary hospital. HIV/AIDS patients receiving second line Anti-Retroviral therapy (ART) due to failure of first line drugs were assessed for viral load and CD4 count before and after therapy and analyzed the same by Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis by Dunnet{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test, respectively. Results: Total One hundred and sixteen patients received second line ART. Mean viral load was 2, 31280 {\textpm} 50913 copies per milliliter and mean CD4 count was 75.03 {\textpm} 10.69 cells per cubic millimeter before treatment. After initiation of second line ART, Viral load reduced significantly to 1846 {\textpm} 621.4 (p\<0.001) and 260.4 {\textpm} 183.7 (p\<0.001) after six and twelve months of treatment, respectively and CD4 count increased significantly 181.8 {\textpm} 14.34 (p\<0.001) and 235.7 {\textpm} 14.56 (p\<0.001) after six and twelve months of treatment, respectively. Conclusion: Second line ART regimens are efficacious regimens as they improved CD4 counts and reduced viral load significantly.

}, keywords = {CD4 counts, HIV/AIDS, Second line anti-retroviral, Viral load}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.3.2}, author = {Naveen Pokala and Maulik Patel} } @article {93, title = {Evaluation of Changes in Bleeding Time in Hypertensive Patients on Amlodipine - A Prospective Observational Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {45-48}, type = {Research Articles}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Background: Platelet hyperactivity is a risk factor in hypertensive patients that paves the way to atherothrombosis causing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Counteracting platelet aggregation is an established step in preventing thrombotic events. Calcium channel blockers are one among the recommended antihypertensive agents according to 2013 ESH/ESC (European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology) guidelines. In addition to lowering blood pressure they are known to have antiplatelet activity. Dihydropyridine class of L-type calcium channel blockers are the most potent group and shares this activity. Anti-platelet aggregatory effect of these agents could supplement its anti-hypertensive property and could prove to be desirable in the treatment of hypertensives with high risk of atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk. So the present study aims to explore the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine. Objectives: To evaluate the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine in hypertensive patients. Methods and Materials: Sixty subjects were enrolled in the study. Test group comprised of thirty patients with essential hypertension, who were prescribed Tab Amlodipine at doses 5 mg or 10 mg once daily orally. Patients included in study group were regularly on Amlodipine for at least one month. 30 normotensive subjects, who are not on any drug affecting platelet function like Aspirin, dipyridamole, statins etc. acted as control group.Duke method of Bleeding time estimation was used to assess changes in Bleeding time. Statistical analysis: Student{\textquoteright}s unpaired t-test was used to compare Amlodipine test group with the normotensive control group. Results were expressed as Mean bleeding time {\textpm} SEM. SPSS software version 20 was used for statistical calculations. Results: The mean bleeding time of Amlodipine group was 2.214 minutes {\textpm} 0.028 SEM. The control group had a mean bleeding time of 1.998 minutes {\textpm} 0.036 SEM. The result gave a statistically significant p value of \<0.001. Average duration of treatment was 3.683 years. Conclusion: The statistically significant bleeding time observed in Amlodipine group suggest that it has anti-platelet activity.

}, keywords = {Amlodipine, Antiplatelet activity, Bleeding time, Hypertension}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.2}, author = {Pallavi Mahadeva Kamath and Suresh Surappla Rudrappa and Arun Suresh and Narendranath Sanji and Shashikala Gowdara Hanumanthareddy and Imran Maniyar} } @article {115, title = {Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Extract of Andrographis paniculata in Wistar Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {113-11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Background: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into six groups with six rats in each group. First group was taken as control, and received 0.9\% normal saline 10 ml/kg body weight orally. Second group was taken as CCl4 control group and treated with normal saline (10 ml/ kg, p.o.) and CCl4: olive oil (1:1, 2 ml/ kg, i.p. on 2, 5 and 8th day) daily for 20 day. The third group rats was treated with Liv 52- 100 mg/kg orally and CCl4: olive oil (1:1, 2 ml/ kg, i.p. on 2, 5 and 8th day) for 20 days .The fourth and fifth groups were taken as test groups and they received crude extract of Andrographis paniculata orally once daily for 20 days at the dosage of 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. CCl4: olive oil was given i.p on 2, 5 and 8th day. On the 21st day, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture method. The blood samples were used to estimate biochemical parameters like serum SGOT,SGPT, ALT, bilirubin and cholisterol and the liver was preserved for histopathological examination. Results: It was found that the Andrographis paniculata exhibited moderate protective effect by lowering the serum levels of SGOT,SGPT,ALT, bilirubin and cholisterol (P\<0.001). Histology of liver section of animal treated with the extracts showed the hepatic cell regeneration. Conclusion: Andrographis paniculata has dose dependant hepatoprotective activity.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Carbon Tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective Activity, Herbals, Liver disease}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.4}, author = {Naveen Alasyam and Venkatanarayana Narapogu and Premendran John and Shaik Ubedulla and Naveen Pokala} } @article {110, title = {Effect of Kungiliya Vennai and Kalchunna Thailam on Excision Wound Healing in Albino Wistar Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Background: Kungiliya vennai and Kalchunna thailam are the two indigenous herbal formulation being used for healing of wounds in siddha medicine. Objectives: The objective of our study was to evaluate the wound healing property of topical application of kungiliya vennai (KV) and kalchunna thailam (KT) on excision wound in Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: Four groups of eight Sprague dawley female rats in each group were used for the study. Under anesthesia, excision wound of 300mm2 size was created using scissors. Group 1 served as control with no drugs applied. Group 2, 3 and 4 were applied with mupirocin, KV and KT respectively daily until wound was completely healed. Parameters observed were \% wound contraction rate and epithelialization period. Biopsy of wound for histology was taken on day 12 as well as the healed wound was taken after the wound was healed. Results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey{\textquoteright}s test by keeping p\<0.05 as statistically significant. Results: Kalchunna thailam has increased wound contraction rate only during initial days, but not statistically significant. Kungiliya vennai treatment has increased vascularity with presence of tissue eosinophils when compared to control rats. There was a regeneration of adnexal skin structures in the Kungiliya vennai treated rats, which is not seen in other groups. The epithelialization period was significantly (p\<0.001) hastened in Group 3 (15.83 days) and 4 (15.17 days) compared to control group (21.33 days). Conclusion: The topical application of kungiliya vennai and kalchunna thailam promoted wound healing in rats. Kungiliya vennai has the additional property of regenerating adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands.

}, keywords = {Calcium, Kungiliya Vennai, Shorea Robusta, Siddha Medicine, Wound}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.4}, author = {Vishal Bhat and Arul Amuthan and Barizah Binti Mohamed Rosli and Nur Amirah Binti Khairuddin and Fatin Shahira Binti Md. Isa} } @article {120, title = {Effect of Notchi kudineer (Vitex negundo Aqueous Extract) on Surgically Induced Endometriosis in Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences |}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {35-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Background: Endometriosis is the growth of endometrial tissue in ectopic places outside the uterus. Siddha physicians claim that Vitex negundo leaf decoction reduces the symptoms of endometriosis in clinical practice. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Vitex negundo aqueous extract on surgically induced endometriosis in Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Endometriosis was surgically induced in nulliparous female Sprague Dawley rats with regular estrus cycle by autografting endometrium tissue on posterior abdominal wall. After 30 days of implantation, rats were allocated into two groups (n=6). Control group did not receive any drug, whereas test group received an oral dose of Vitex negundo aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) for 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, the endometriosis cyst size and adhesion were measured and blood was collected for hematology. Malondialdehyde (MDA, an oxidant) and thiol (antioxidant) levels were estimated in blood as well as in cyst. Endometriosis cyst was studied for histopathological grading. Statistical analysis was done using independent t test by keeping p\<0.05. Results: Test drug reduced the adhesion and cyst size compared to control, but the difference was not statistically significant. Histological grade was reduced from 3 to 0 in test group. The test drug significantly increased thiol in blood (p=0.016), and also reduced the blood MDA level (p=0.001) compared to control. Test drug increased the red blood cell distribution width (RDW_CV: p=0.009 and RDW_SD: p=0.003), platelet (p=0.03) and plateletcrit (p=0.026) compared to control group. Conclusion: Our study has created the scientific evidence for the siddha physician{\textquoteright}s claim on Vitex negundo by demonstrating reduction in endometriosis cyst size, adhesion, histological grading and oxidant levels as well as elevation in antioxidant level.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Endometriosis, Sprague Dawley Rats, Vitex Negundo}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.1}, author = {Arul Amuthan and Shabari Anandh and Syed Musharraf and Nupur Agarwal and Vasudha Devi and Revathi P Shenoy and Bhavna Nayal} } @article {100, title = {Ethno-veterinary Practices Adopted during an Epidemic Outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease among Cattle in Sirkazhi and Adjoining Villages of Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu, India}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {23-34}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Background: Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak occurs annually among cattle in Tamilnadu, however increased morbidity and mortality was reported in the year 2013 despite preventive measure by the Department of Animal husbandry. Siddha System of medicine is popular and extensively practiced in Tamilnadu. Objective: To understand the Ethno-veterinary practices adopted during an epidemic outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease among cattle in several villages of Nagapattinam district in the month of December 2013. Methodology: Cattle farmers were interviewed using a semi{\textendash}structured questionnaire to capture details on number of cows owned, number affected, presenting signs and symptoms, interventions done, details of person who treated, details of medicines administered including external medicines, dose and duration, outcome of treatment and economic impact during the second fortnight of December 2013 along with photo documentation wherever required. Results: Institutional Ethno-Veterinarian{\textquoteright}s herbal intervention had a marginal edge over the traditional healers intervention both in adult cattle and in calves. The time of commencement of treatment was critical, the failures mainly attributed to late intervention, especially when the cattle were severely affected. Average mortality rate due to the outbreak stood at around 9\% among adults and 27\% among calves and average loss in productivity stood at Rs. 690/- per cow. Ethno veterinary intervention was found to be significantly associated with good prognosis and survival (P value is 0.00001 significant at P\<0.05). Conclusion: Early intervention with herbal drugs may be preventive of mortality and may also be protective from development of disease.

}, keywords = {Cattle Farmers, Epidemic, Foot and Mouth Disease, Herbs, Morbidity, Mortality and Economic impact, Traditional Intervention}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.2.3}, author = {Srividya Visvesvaran and Thirunarayanan Thirumalaiswamy2} } @article {156, title = {Effect of Flunarizine on Blood Glucose Levels in Normal Albino Rats Through Oral Glucose Tolerance Test}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {19-24}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Background: Flunarizine is commonly used for migraine prophylaxis. It is a calcium channel blocker which blocks the L-type, T-type and N-type of calcium channels of pancreatic beta cells and other cells. It is believed to cause alterations in blood glucose levels secondary to its effect on calcium channel dependent insulin secretion. Objective: To evaluate the effect of flunarizine on blood glucose levels in normal albino rats through oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) Materials and Methods: Flunarizine and distilled water were given orally for 5 days to the test (T) and control (C) groups of 6 normal albino rats respectively (N = 6). OGTT was conducted on both the groups on the 5th day and blood glucose levels were analyzed at 0, 60 and 150 minutes. Data was analyzed with one way ANOVA and independent samples t -test. Results: Flunarizine caused hyperglycemia at all durations of the OGTT with a maximum difference of 26\% at 0 hour. The extent of worsening was maximum at 60 - 0 minute interval in both the instances i.e. test group value compared with control (T-C) and control values compared with itself (C-C). The comparison of extent of hyperglycemia revealed that T-C showed 17\% (47mg/dl) more hyperglycemia than the C-C (40 mg/dl). Conclusion: Flunarizine has hyperglycemic effects in normal albino rats when given for 5 consecutive days orally even at the dose used for prophylaxis of migraine in human beings. A word of caution is thus advised when using flunarizine in impaired glucose tolerance or diabetic subjects.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose level, Flunarizine, Hyperglycemic, Oral glucose tolerance test}, author = {Suresha RN and Ashwini V and Pragathi B and Kalabharathi HL and Satish AM and Pushpa VH} } @article {151, title = {Efficacy and Safety of Levofloxacin and Cefuroxime axetil in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis: A Comparative Study}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {1-8}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB) is a commonly encountered clinical problem and those suspected to be due to bacterial infections require antibiotic therapy. Objective: The study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two commonly used antibiotics levofloxacin, a second generation fluoroquinolone, versus cefuroxime axetil, an oral second-generation cephalosporin, for the treatment of mild to moderately severe cases of AECB. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective, open labeled randomized study involving a total of 60 adult subjects diagnosed with chronic bronchitis with clinical symptoms suggestive of an Anthonisen type II acute exacerbation (any two of the following criteria - increased dyspnea, cough, sputum purulence). Forty eight patients who fulfilled the selection criteria were randomized to receive either levofloxacin 500 mg once daily or cefuroxime axetil 250 mg twice daily orally for 7 days. The primary outcome measure was clinical success rate at day 14 visit and the secondary out-come measures were changes in Clinical Global impression (CGI) scales and incidence of adverse events (AEs). Results: The clinical success rates were comparable (82.6\% in levofloxacin group versus 77.3\% in cefuroxime group) and no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. AEs were mild, self-limiting and few (two in levofloxacin and three in cefuroxime arm) and tolerability was also good. Conclusion: A 7-day course of levofloxacin was convenient with once daily dose, was found to be economical and therapeutically comparable to cefuroxime in terms of both clinical effectiveness and safety for the treatment of AECB patients

}, keywords = {Cefuroxime, Dyspnoea, Levofloxacin, Spirometry}, author = {Bhanu Prakash Kolasani and Sudheer Diyya and Sridevi Kandavalli} } @article {161, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey on Folk Medicine in the Management of Animal Bite Poisons in the Forest Tract of Salem Region of Tamil Nadu, India}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {June 2013}, pages = {41-46}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional healers are sought after for the treatment of animal poisons in the tribal regions across the world. Centre for Traditional Medicine and Research (CTMR) documented these practices in the erstwhile Salem dis-trict. The objective of the study was to explore the ethnobotanical knowledge of the traditional healers in the treatment of animal poisons. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out over a period of two years 2009-2011 by way of structured inter-views, photo documentation of plants used and process adopted for the treatment including chanting of mantras among the folk healers of the hilly regions of Salem, Namakkal, Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri Districts of Tamil Nadu. Out of 180 healers interviewed, twenty eight healers who treated poison bites took part in the study voluntarily and shared their practices. This paper enumerates the plants used either individually or as part of a polyherbal formulation. Results: The healers treat unknown insect bites, scorpion stings, wasp, wild spider, bee stings, snake bites and aller-gy caused by centipedes. Many times allergic skin diseases- urticarial rashes are also classified as poison bites by these healers. The healer identified the poisonous nature by the ability of the patient to distinguish tastes of certain plants. 49 species of medicinal plants were used by the healers, with most commonly used being Aristolochia bracteata. Conclusion: Most of the plants used by the healers also find reference in the classical texts of the codified systems of medicine and it is worth taking up some of the most frequently used ones for pharmacological studies

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Folk treatment, Poison bites, Siddha, Tribe}, author = {T.Thirunarayanan} } @article {155, title = {Evaluation of Anti-arthritic Activity of Dazzle Ointment - A Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {14-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic multi-system disease of unknown cause. It affects people in their prime of life, predominantly between the ages of 20-50 years with unpredictable course. Dazzle ointment is a polyherbal for-mulation, used for the treatment of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Objective: The present study was planned to evaluate efficacy of Dazzle ointment using complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritic model. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into three groups of 6 animals each as CFA treated, standard drug and test drug treated groups. The animals were injected with 0.2 ml of complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant into the sub-plantar surface of left hind paw. Drugs were administered topically, once a day, commenced on the day of injection of adjuvant and continued for 21 days. The assessment of the change in the inflammatory reaction was made by measuring the paw volume plethysmographically on 0, 4th, 14th, 17th, 21st day after injection of complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant (CFA). The statistical significance was assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet{\textquoteright}s compari-son test. A p value of \< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: It was observed that Dazzle ointment produced significant anti-arthritic effect on 21st day. In CFA treated group, there was marked increase in the ESR and WBC count which was significantly decreased by test drug Dazzle ointment and standard drug diclofenac gel (Omni gel). Conclusion: The results indicate that Dazzle ointment possesses anti-arthritic activity in the experimental animal model.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic, Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant, Dazzle ointment, Plethysmometer}, author = {Hardik Soni and Ghanshyam Patel and Megha Shah and Mayank Panchal and Krishna Murti} } @article {168, title = {Evaluation of Chemical Composition of Vaalai Rasa Chendooram: A Gold Based Herbomineral Siddha Drug}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {61-66}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Background: Vaalai rasa chendooram is a Siddha herbo-mineral drug used in the treatment of several diseases such as cancer, AIDS and chronic skin diseases. Literature survey revealed that scientific study was lacking for this drug. The present study was aimed at the characterization of the physico{\textendash} chemical traits of vaalai rasa chendooram. Materials and Methods: Vaalai rasa chendooram was prepared as per Agathiyar siddhar method. The ingredients were sulphur, mercury, gold, alum, potassium nitrate and Aloe vera. The prepared drug was analyzed for chemical properties using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Zeta potential and Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis (DSC-TGA). Results: The heavy metals were absent except mercury (0.05ppm), which is below the acceptable limit. Gold (12.91\%) is the major inorganic constituent presented with other heat stable organic compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, serpentines, tannin and lignin. The particle size was 846.5nm. Conclusion: Vaalai rasa chendooram is a heat stable gold-organics complex formulation. Future studies will be focused on the isolation of each organic compounds, evaluation of their pharmacological role and toxicology profile.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Basma, Gold, Metals, Siddha, Traditional Medicine}, author = {S. Shajahan and V. Brundha} } @article {172, title = {Evaluation of Efficacy of Sedative and Analgesic Effects of Single IV Dose of Dexmedetomidine in Post-operative Patients}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {75-81}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Background: In the post-operative period, it has always been an important consideration for clinicians, to keep the patient comfortable, calm and pain free. So there is a constant need for an ideal sedative for postoperative patients. Alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists such as dexmedetomidine could provide an answer to this problem because they have several relevant physiological properties like sedation, anxiolysis, analgesia and arousability. Hence, the current study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine in post-operative patients in order to avoid polypharmacy. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients who were operated under general anesthesia electively were randomly selected . All patients received 1 μg/kg bodyweight of dexmedetomidine intravenously with normal saline making up to 10 ml over 20 minutes. If the verbal numerical scale (VNS) of pain was mild (i.e. 1 to 3) one hour after extubation. The patients were assessed for degree and duration of sedation, hemodynamic changes, episodes of side effects, requirement of analgesics at every 5 min for first 30 min, every 10 min for next 1hr, every 15 min for next 1 h, and eve-ry 30 min for next 1h, every 1 h for 3h and 6th hourly till 24h. The need for rescue analgesic was noted. Results: The mean duration of sedation was 129.6 {\textpm} 41.02 min, degree of sedation was -1 at 30 min, duration of analgesia 241.5 min, and mean degree of analgesia was 0 at 30 min, mean degree of sedation was -1. Mean time of administration of rescue analgesia was 170 min. Mean heart rate was 67.8 {\textpm} 5.24/min and mean arterial pressure was 78.0 {\textpm} 8.97mm of Hg, mean respiratory rate was 15.8 {\textpm} 2.33 breaths/min, mean partial pressure of oxygen SpO2 was 99.5 {\textpm} 0.56\%. No patient had any episode of shivering, vomiting, hypotension and respiratory depression. Conclusion: Single IV dose of dexmedetomidine could provide adequate sedative, analgesic and anxiolytic effects with no accompanying respiratory depression, thereby minimizing polypharmacy.

}, keywords = {Dexmedetomidine, Diclofenac, Post-surgical patients, Postoperative patients, RASS scale, Rescue analgesics, VNS scale}, author = {Manasa CR and Padma L and Shivshankar and Ranjani Ramanujam} } @article {180, title = {Experimental Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Leaves of Antidesma Menasu on Wistar Albino Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {December 2013}, pages = {105-112}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Background: Antidesma menasu is a folk plant of Euphorbiacae occurring in and around Udupi district in India. It is effectively used in folklore medicine for the management of arthritis, inflammatory bowel disorder and low backache. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the plant in Wistar albino rats. Aqueous extract of leaves of A. menasu were evaluated for possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods:Eddy{\textquoteright}s hot plate test and radiant heat test were used for investigation of analgesic effect. Effect of extract on the acute inflammation was investigated on Carrageenan induced paw oedema, and chronic inflammation was investigated on cotton pellet induced granuloma tissue formation test. The test extract was subjected for preliminary phytochemical examination as per standard methodology. Results: The test drug found to inhibit the carrageenan induced paw oedema significantly (p ˂ 0.05) and there was moderate increase in the latency period in the analgesic test. The results suggest that the test group has high signifi-cant anti-inflammatory potential and there is moderate analgesic activity. The histopathological examination of adrenal cortex, spleen and thymus showed a normal cytoarchitecture comparable with that of normal control group. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the plant A. menasu revealed the presence of flovanoids, saponins, steroids and phenols. Conclusion: The data obtained supports the traditional folklore therapeutic claim about its anti-inflammatory and anal-gesic activity. Further scientific investigation is required to establish its analgesic and anti-inflammatory property in other experimental models and clinical settings.

}, keywords = {Antidesma menasu, Arthritis, Carrageenan, Chronic inflammation, Flavonoids}, author = {Arun Prabhakar Sithara and Ravi M and Suma Mallya and Sudhakara and Sridhar Bairy and Srikanth P and Ravishankar} } @article {154, title = {Effect of Soaking of Phyllanthus Emblica Wood in Drinking-Water for Purification}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {19-23}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Background: Drinking-water is purified by various methods like UV irradiation, heat treatment, adding disinfectants like chlorine etc. Aims of purification include reducing turbidity and elements, increasing taste and removing microbes. There is no single method available which can fulfill entire expectation. Siddha literatures claim that the purification could be achieved by soaking certain herbals. Objective: The present study was done to evaluate the water purifying property of Phyllanthus emblica wood. Materials and method: 1.5 L of water was taken in two different containers. Control container water was kept as such. Phyllanthus emblica wood pieces (75 g) were soaked in test container. After 48 hrs, two groups of water were filtered and investigated for physical properties, elements and level of microorganisms. Result: The color, odor, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, calcium, iron, chloride and nitrate level were increased in the test container. pH, total hardness, sulphate and magnesium levels were decreased in the test container. Level of Escherichia coli, total coliforms and faecal coliforms were reduced in the test container. Conclusion: Soaking Phyllanthus emblica wood improves the purity of water. This beneficial property of Phyllanthus emblica may be used in the purification of drinking water.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Siddha Medicine, Traditional Method, Water Purification}, author = {Sathish and Selvaganesa Pandian and Arul Amuthan} } @article {157, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey Regarding the Management of Liver Disorders by Traditional Healers of Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {24-31}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Background:\ The present study was based upon the ethnomedico-botanical survey on health practices by the tribal and non tribal vaidyas (healers).\ Objectives:\ Present paper reports inventory of health practices on liver disorders used by vaidyas of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India.\ Materials and Methods:\ A structured interview was conducted for 64 vaidyas covering areas like understanding the disease, perception about cause, symptoms, classification of this disease, diagnostic and prognostic methods used, treatment given, sources of plant materials used, process methods adopted, dosage, dietary practices followed and referral for further treatment.\ Results:\ More than 60\% of village vaidyas had clear understanding regarding the various aspects of liver diseases. The study identified 47 species of medicinal plants, 30 formulations and various dietary practices used by the vaidyas in the management of liver disorders.\ Conclusion:\ This study documents treatment and practices followed by vaidyas. Scentific srudies done using these formulations/practices may help health practioners to practice evidence based medicine.

}, keywords = {Medicinal Plants, Siddha, Tamil Nadu/ Traditional Healers, Tribals, Vellore District}, author = {T. Thirunatayanan and S. Rajkumar} } @article {162, title = {Evaluation of Gastroprotective Role of Alpha-tocopherol in Indomethacin Induced Peptic Ulcer in Albino Rats}, journal = {nternational Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {39-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background:\ Oxidative free radicals induce gastric injury in animal models of peptic ulcer. Hence antioxidants may provide gastroprotection.\ Objectives:\ The present study was undertaken to evaluate the gastroprotective role of antioxidant alpha-tocopherol in indomethacin induced gastric ulceration in albino rats.\ Materials and methods:\ Animals were diveded into 3 groups (n=6) group 1 (control which received distilled water), group11 (alpha-tocopherol 12.5 mg/kg) and group 111 ( omeprazole 3.6 mg/kg). Each group received the corresponding 4 hours, animals were sacrificed and their stomachs were studied for ulcerationm, adherent mucin content, and ulcer index was calculated. The results of alpha-tocopherol were compared with those of control and omeprazole treated groups and data was analyzed manually using Student t test. A p Value of \< 0.05 was considered as satistically significant.\ Results:\ Alpha-tocopherol administrative reduce ulceration and ulcer index compared to control group (t cal5.2\>tab 2.23 at 5\% level of significance, p\<0.05). Omeprazole treatment also reduced ulcer index and ulceration in comparison to control group (tcal 6.2\>ttab 3.16 at 1\% level of significance, p\<0.01). Thus results of test drug were similar to omeprazole treated group.\ Conclusion:\ Alpha-tocopherol treatment provides gastroprotection in indomethacin induced gastric ulceration.

}, keywords = {Alpha-tocopherol, Antioxidant, Gastroprotection, Indomethacin}, author = {Shobha V Huligol and V. Hemanth kumar and K. Narendar} }