@article {341, title = {The Home Care Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {122-131}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {122}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the clinical pharmacy in home health care services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing home care clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the workforce{\textquoteright}s pharmacists, Pharmacotherapy classes utilization for home healthcare patients, and therapeutic guidelines implemented in Home Healthcare Pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the home care clinical pharmacy practice is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most responders stated that pharmacy home healthcare workforces were five or more clinical pharmacists (35.14-41.89\%) and full-time pharmacy staff providing home health pharmacy services. Besides, five or more pharmacists (30.89-52.57\%) and five or more pharmacy technicians (31.25-51.09\%) with statistically significant differences between all workforce numbers (p=0.000). Most medications reviewed or dispensed for home healthcare patients include Nutrition support (4.50) and Vitamins and mineral supplements (4.49). They were followed by NSAIDs or Pain killers (4.46) and Antibiotics (4.45), with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of therapeutic guidelines implemented in Home healthcare Pharmacy services was (4.29). The element {\textquotedblleft}The standard considerations of urology disease therapy guidelines{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.44). The element {\textquotedblleft}The standard considerations of acute and chronic kidney disease therapy among geriatric patients{\textquotedblright} was (4.41), and the aspect {\textquotedblleft}The concerns and management of Gastrointestinal therapeutic guidelines{\textquotedblright} was (4.38). Conclusion: Nutrition support and vitamin were most used as pharmacotherapy classes for home healthcare services. The urology and nephrology therapeutic guidelines were most implemented. Future research is needed to determine most home care clinical pharmacy services and identify the role of clinical practitioners in home health care services in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Clinical, Home Healthcare, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghorm Allah Abdullah Aghamdi and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maha Hussein Almadany and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {41, title = {Healthcare Professional{\textquoteright}s Perception and Attitude toward Pharmacist during Pharmacy Visit in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {21-25}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception and attitude toward pharmacist during pharmacy visit in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception toward pharmacist. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part has 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) the first domain captures information regarding healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} general perception of the pharmacist; (2) the second domain is regarding healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} perception of pharmaceutical care services; (3) the third domain is about healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} perception of visiting ambulatory care pharmacy; and (4) the fourth domain is regarding healthcare professionals perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. All type of healthcare professionals included in the study. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media, namely, WhatsApp to more than one thousand healthcare professionals throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was distributed in an electronic format and this study analyzes and presents data regarding domain three, that is, healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} perception of visiting ambulatory care pharmacy through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 170 healthcare professionals responded to the survey. Of them, 150 (93.8\%) were Saudi and 10 (6.25\%) were non-Saudi professionals. There were 129 (75.9\%) female and 41 (24.1\%) male responders. Most of the healthcare providers were pharmacists (81 (47.65\%)), others (33 (19.41\%)), nurses (27 (15.88\%)) and physician (23 (13.53\%)). Most of the healthcare professional visited the pharmacy in the past 12 months (53 (31.36\%)) for more than 10 times, whereas the others 40 (23.67\%) visited at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients (143 (87.2\%)) spent less than 16 min waiting for the medication from the pharmacy. The average score of healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s general perception toward a pharmacist during pharmacy visit was 3.51. The statement {\textquotedblleft}received all medications prescribed to me{\textquotedblright} received the highest score (4.05), whereas the statement {\textquotedblleft}pharmacy{\textquoteright}s waiting area is located at the convenient place{\textquotedblright} received the lowest score (3.07). The average score of healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception toward a drug monitoring pharmacist during the pharmacy visit was 2.58. The statement with the highest score was {\textquotedblleft}the patient revived a copy of prescription contained medications{\textquotedblright} (2.99), whereas the statement with the lowest score was {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist gives follow-up call to the patient as prescribed{\textquotedblright} (1.86). The score for general evaluation of pharmacy visit was (3.31) with preference to visit the pharmacy or recommend it to patient{\textquoteright}s bothers or friends was (3.26). Conclusion: The healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of a pharmacist during the pharmacy visit was good. Pharmacy{\textquoteright}s waiting area, medications reconciliation and adherences missed. Improving of healthcare providers{\textquoteright} needs will augment healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perceptions and raise healthcare provider{\textquoteright}s satisfaction during pharmacy visit.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Healthcare professional, Ministry of Health, Perception, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia, Visit}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {223, title = {Hospital Pharmacy Technician Workforce over 12 Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {163-170}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {163}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the workforce of pharmacy technician at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals over the past 12 years (2006{\textendash}2017) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 12 years (2006{\textendash}2017) of MOH pharmacy technician workforce at hospital practice. All data were derived from MOH{\textquoteright}s Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information of pharmacy technician workforce was estimated through allied healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s data at each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and excluded all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforces at MOH hospital setting. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals. All calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel version 10. Results: A total of 8373 pharmacy technicians were employed with 6620 (79.06 \%) and 1623 (19.38\%) pharmacy technicians employed at various hospitals and primary healthcare centers, respectively; while in the medical administration sectors was 130 (1.55 \%). The total number of pharmacy technicians were 4578 (range: 2899{\textendash}6620). The average number of pharmacy technicians working per bed per region of the hospital was 0.25 (range: 0.08{\textendash}1.66). The average number of pharmacy technicians per pharmacist per region was 3.04 (range: 2.00{\textendash}5.57) annually. The average number of male pharmacy technicians was 195 (85.15\%) (range: 114{\textendash}285), whereas the number of female technicians was 34 (14.84\%) (range: 21{\textendash}46). An estimated average number of 211 (92.14\%) were Saudi nationals per region (range: 104{\textendash}319), whereas an average of 18 (7.86\%) were non-Saudi individuals (range: 10{\textendash}41). Conclusion: There are more number of pharmacy technicians working at MOH hospitals. The majority of them were Saudi nationals and there were more males than that of female technicians. The ratio of pharmacist to technician was acceptable. The annual assessment of pharmacy technician workforce in the MOH healthcare institutions is required in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hospital, Ministry of Health, Pharmacy technician, Saudi Arabia, Workforce}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.27}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {26, title = {Healthcare Professional{\textquoteright}s Perception of Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Relationship and Counseling Skills in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {11-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the healthcare provider{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship, communication, and counseling skills in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month crosssectional survey of the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist. The survey consisted of two parts: first part gathers demographic information and the second part contains 49 questions divided into four domains. (1) the first domain captures data regarding the healthcare provider{\textquoteright}s general perception about the pharmacist; (2) the second domain captures data regarding the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmaceutical services; (3) the third domain was regarding the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of visiting ambulatory care; and (4) the fourth domain captures the data regarding the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. All healthcare professionals responded to the 5-point Likert response scale system. The survey was distributed through social media to more than 1000 healthcare professionals across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Because the survey was in an electronic format, we were able to analyze and discuss the four domains with respect to the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 170 healthcare providers responded to our survey. Of all the responders, 129 (75.9\%) were females and 41 (24.1\%) were males. Most of the healthcare providers were pharmacists (81 (47.65\%)), others (33 (19.41\%)), nurses (27 (15.88\%)), and physicians (23 (13.53\%)). Most of the healthcare providers (143 (87.2\%)) spent less than 16 minutes waiting for the medication from the pharmacy. The average score of the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s communication and relationship skills was around (3.41). The highest score with respect to the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s and patient{\textquoteright}s relationship was obtained for the following statements: {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist politely delivers the medication{\textquotedblright} (3.96) and {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist answers questions in an excellent manner{\textquotedblright} (3.67). The average score of healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perceptions of pharmacists with medication counseling skills was around (3.42). Highest scores were obtained for the following statements: {\textquotedblleft}All the medications received were packed{\textquotedblright} (4.28) and {\textquotedblleft}The patient understands what the pharmacist was saying{\textquotedblright} (4.14). The highest score with respect to the patient{\textquoteright}s relationship with the drug information center was obtained for the statement: {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist answers patient{\textquoteright}s questions through drug information center of the hospital over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.44) and {\textquotedblleft}Poisonous cases first contact the national drug information center or any other hospital drug information center any time through MOH hotline 937 service over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.37). Conclusion: The results of this survey revealed that healthcare professionals had an acceptable perception of the pharmacist with respect to communication and patient counseling skills. The healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s privacy, easy contact with the pharmacist, and drug-related problems information improve the p

}, keywords = {Counseling skills, Healthcare professional, Ministry of Health, Perception, Pharmacist, Relationship, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {145, title = {Hemobilia - A Sporadic Cause of Hematemesis}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {79-82}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

A multitude of reasons contribute to gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hemobilia being less frequent. Here we present a case of hematemesis who was later found to have bleeding from the biliary tract that was due to pseudo-aneurysm arising from the hepatic artery. The diagnosis was supported by angiogram. He underwent coil embolization post which bleeding stopped. We present this case since hemobilia is a rare event and classical finding of blood clot on the ampulla on endoscopy is rare as seen in our case.

}, keywords = {Coil embolization, Hemobilia, Pseudoaneurysm, Right hepatic artery}, author = {Nagesh Kamath and Venkatakrishnan Leelakrishnan and Rajendiran Gopalan and Shiran Shetty} } @article {159, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Plectranthus Amnoinicus Against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {June 2012}, pages = {32-38}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Background:Plectranthus amboinicus, belonging to the genus Plectranthus, is widely used for medicinal purposes. Its leaves have been used traditionally as a heatoprotective.\ Objectives:\ The present study was aimed at evaluating the heapatotective activity of ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus against paracetamol induced heapatotoxicity in rats.\ Materials and Methos:\ Sic groups wistar rats were used in the study. The two control groups received gum acacia and paracetamol orally respectively. The three test groups were treated orally with paracetamol followed by 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of pletranthus amboinicus respectively. The sixth group (standard hepatoprotective) received paracetamol followed by N-aceltylcysteine 100 mg/kg orally. The hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by estimating serum alanine aminotransferase, asparatate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, tissue malondialdehyde levels and by histopathological analysis of the liver tissue. Results were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test.\ Results:\ Plectranthus amboinicus in doses of 600 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg siginificantly (p\<0.05) altered paracetamol induced changes in the serum and tissue enzyme levels to near normal values. It also improved the liver histopathology profile.\ Conclusion:\ The results of the study indicate that the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus, possesses hepathoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

}, keywords = {Hepatoprotective, N-acetylcysteine, Paracetamol, Plectranthus Amboinicus}, author = {Smita Shenoy and Hemanth Kumar and Thashma and Veena Nayak and Krishnananda Prabhu and Priya Pai and Indu Warrier and Somayaji and Venu Madhav and KL Bairy and Anoop Kishore} }