@article {375, title = {KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {179-186}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health as a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health. Literature searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 06 December 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, meta-analyses, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general occupational safety and health in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, occupational safety specialists, Crisis and Disaster Management, and fire safety experts. The self-assessment is based on guidelines based on occupational safety and health societies{\textquoteright} regulations. In addition to Institution Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) criteria and KSA-Self assessment of pain management drug safety. The policy draft by one member by the second member was reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the occupational safety specialists. The topic emphasizes self-assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health. Results: The KSA Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health consisted of nine items. That has included Characteristics of Pharmacy Services, Pharmacy and warehouse building, Fire Safety, Crises and Disaster Management. Besides the Medication Information, Pharmacy Safety Practice, Patient/Family Education, Pharmacy staff competency and training, and Total Quality and Risk Management. Each element had various closedended questions scored using the 5-point Likert response scale system. Conclusion: The KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy is a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. The KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy improves the Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health system foundations. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to adhere to Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health regulations in different places in the public and healthcare organizations. Therefore, the KSA-Self Assessments of Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health policy is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Occupational health, Pharmacy, Safety, Saudi Arabia, Self-assessment}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.24}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Badriya Mufflih Alrasheedi and Mohannad Ali Abu-Sabah and Naif Saleh Alamri and Abdulah Khalid Al-Otaibi and Mohammed Hakami and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Rola AL Kenani and Huda Juhaim Alruwaili} } @article {336, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {82-91}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the knowledge of pharmacists about CPR medications services in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) drugs, assessment of primary and advanced knowledge, and the resources used for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were carried out with the study. The data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16 were implemented. Results: A total number of 439 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than onethird responded from the Central region (122 (31.69\%)), one Quarter responded from the Eastern region (91 (23.64\%)), and one-fifth responded from the southern part (79 (20.52\%)). Males responded more than females (203 (53.14\%)) versus 179 (46.86\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between all levels (p=0.219). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (152 (39.48\%)) and 46-55 years (134 (34.81\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of pharmacists had training courses in Basic Life Support (BLS) (293 ((77.11\%)), Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) (289 ((76.05\%)), Pediatric Cardiac Life Support (PCLS) (287((75.53\%)), and Neonatal Cardiac Life Support (NCLS) (203 ((53.42\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications was (1.67). The element {\textquotedblleft}know how to prepare and dispense ACLS medications list{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.04). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}there is an official standardized NCLS medications list{\textquotedblright} (1.94), and The element {\textquotedblleft}there is an official standardized PCLS medications list{\textquotedblright} (1.93). The average score of advanced knowledge of pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications was (1.86). The element {\textquotedblleft}know the compatibility of ACLS medications{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.31). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}know the drug - interactions with NCLS medications{\textquotedblright} (2.27), and The element {\textquotedblleft}know the drug - interactions with PCLS medications{\textquotedblright} (2.17). The resources used most about the CPR medications were Medical association literature/guidelines/recommendations 307 (76.56\%), Peer discussions 298 (74.31\%), and Scientific literature 293 (73.07\%). Conclusion: The pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of CPR medication was inappropriate. Therefore, undergraduate education and training of CPR medication is high recommended. Besides, involvement training for postgraduate studies is required to improve pharmacy staff knowledge of CPR services and patient outcomes in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Knowledge, Medications, Pharmacists}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rola AL Kenani and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Wafa Hussain Alshehre and Khawlah Ibrahim Alshahrani} } @article {335, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Health Insurance in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {72-81}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {72}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the knowledge of pharmacists about health insurance in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed Pharmacist knowledge of health insurance in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, The health insurance assessment of primary and advanced knowledge, and The Resources used about the health insurance drug therapy. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Knowledge of Pharmacists about Health Insurance is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 398 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (137 (34.51\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western part (109 (27.46\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (239 (60.35\%)) versus 157 (39.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (271 (68.26\%)) and 31-35 years (56 (14.11\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (300 (75.76\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (43 (10.86\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Almost one-half of pharmacists currently have health insurance coverage (239 ((60.05\%)) with equal or less than one year (108 ((42.52\%)), or 2-3 years (81 ((31.89\%)), have you been associated with your current insurance provider with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of pharmacists about health insurance was (1.91). The element {\textquotedblleft}the ethics used in health insurance pharmacist{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.19). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}the health insurance system covered the medications errors sentinel event{\textquotedblright} (2.05). The average score of advanced knowledge of pharmacists about health insurance was (1.95). The element {\textquotedblleft}the knowledge of medications covered by health insurance{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.38). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}the knowledge of the medications devices and health insurance{\textquotedblright} was (2.17). The most resources used for Pharmacist and health insurance information were health practitioners 179 (46.25\%) SFDA website 128 (33.07\%). They were followed by Scientific literature 117 (30.23\%) and Drug information resources ( Lexi comp-drug information, Micromedex, Epocrates 101 (26.10\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of health insurance was insufficient in Saudi Arabia. The Heath insurance pharmacy is in high demand for transformation plans with vision. Therefore, Targeting education and training during undergraduate and postgraduate studies is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Health, Insurance, Knowledge, Pharmacists, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abdulaziz Saad Ali Alrobiea and Shaimaa O Ahmadeen and Mohammad Abdullah Alghamdi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Atheer Fahad Al-Aqile} } @article {284, title = {Knowledge of Medication Safety among Dentists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study aimed to affirm the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is an analysis of a cross-sectional survey that conferred dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge of medication safety in Saudi Arabia. Selfreported an electronic survey of dentists, comprising dentists from internship to the consultant, dental specialisms in Saudi Arabia. The survey contained respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about dentists and knowledge information of designated medication safety elements, and the resources of knowledge of medication safety elements in dental care. The 5-point Likert response scale system was employed with closed-ended questions. The data analysis of the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety is completed through the survey monkey system. The statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft excel sheet (version 16) were used in the study. Results: The total number of responding dentists was 242, with the mainstream of them coming from the central region 95 (39.26\%) with statistically substantial among the areas (p\<0.05). Of those, 144 (59.75\%) were male, while 97 (40.25\%) were female, with statistically significant between them (p\<0.05). The total average scores of dentist knowledge of medication safety in dental care were 2.78 with high scores element, knowledge of the high alert medication in dental care was 3.48, consider the Medication Errors (MEs) as a sentinel event (3.25), and familiar with medications reconciliation in dental care (3.23). The most resources employed for medication safety for dental care were health practitioners [129 (54.20\%)] and scientific literature [118 (49.58\%)]. The reliability test was evaluated in McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω (0.955) and Cronbach alpha (0.955). Conclusion: The dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety was insufficient in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Targeting training and education of dental medication safety during undergraduate and postgraduates school of dentistry is highly suggested to improve patient{\textquoteright}s safety in dental care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Dentists, Experiences, Knowledge, Medication safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fouzia Abdul Karim Bukhary and Tawfik A. M. Khoja and Rahmah Abdulilah Alsinan} } @article {291, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Nuclear Pharmacy Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {51-59}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Goal: The knowledge of nuclear pharmacy is essential in pharmacy practice. In addition, the nuclear pharmacy services demand various diagnoses and drug therapy management. In this study, we aimed to explore pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about nuclear pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a crosssectional qualitative study. In this study, we distributed an electronic validated reliability questionnaire to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. Students were excluded from this study. The survey collected demographic data of the responders and the knowledge of pharmacists about nuclear pharmacy, radioactive drugs, and resources of nuclear pharmacy. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, and Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 235 pharmacists responded to the survey questionnaire. Of them, 142 (63.96\%) were male, and 80 (36.04\%) were female, with a statistically significant difference between them (p\<0.001). About two-thirds of the pharmacists had earned a Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree (149 (63.40\%)) and Diploma in Pharmacy (75 (31.91\%)), with statistically significant differences among all qualifications (p\<0.001). The average score for pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of nuclear pharmacy services was 1.61, with high scores obtained for the elements{\textemdash}knowledge of the nuclear pharmacist has additional salary in Saudi Arabia (1.76) and radiation safety considerations (1.73). The average score was obtained for knowledge of radiopharmaceutical products (1.63), and the highest score on knowledge was obtained for 131I-Sodium Iodide capsule five mCi (for thyroid therapy) (1.8) and 201Tl-Thallium solution five mCi (for cardiac imaging) (1.8). The resources used to access information about nuclear pharmacy services were drug information resources (93 (40.09\%)), scientific literature (83 (35.78\%)), and the internet (83 (34.48\%)). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of nuclear pharmacy services and radiopharmaceutical products was poor. Therefore, to expand nuclear medicine, including pharmacy-related nuclear services, we recommend implementing the education and training program on nuclear pharmacy in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Nuclear, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ali Taer Al-Asmri and Mohammed Abdulaziz Ayoub Asiri and Abdulaziz Saleh Alnabbah} } @article {313, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Pharmacy Infection Control in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {129-137}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This crosssectional survey study was conducted to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists, including dentists from interns to consultants and pharmacy specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their knowledge regarding some of the selected pharmacy infection control elements in dental care. We also collected information regarding the resources they use to obtain knowledge of pharmacy infection control. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain their responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire, with one-quarter of them coming from the central region (97 (22.35\%)), and northern region (92 (21.2\%)), with non-statistically significant differences between regions (p=0.637). Of the total responders, 212 (48.96\%) were female, and 221 (51.04\%) were male responders, with non-statistically significant differences between them (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The total average score of pharmacy infection control assessment for basic knowledge was 3.34, with high scores obtained for the elements knowledge of hand hygiene (3.86) and personal protective equipment (3.83). In comparison, the lowest scores were obtained for the elements knowledge of the accidental sharp devices immunization system (2.80), and the infection control pharmacist gets more salary than regular pharmacist (2.91). The total average score of knowledge of frequently used disinfection and antiseptics products at your healthcare institution (3.60) and the high scores were obtained for the elements knowledge of peroxygens (hydrogen peroxide) (4.63) and alcohol (isopropyl alcohol 70\%) (4.63). In comparison, the lowest scores were obtained for the element knowledge of phenolics (ortho-benzyl-parachlorophenol) (2.76) and the iodophors (povidone-iodine ointment 10\%) (2.99). The score for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 0.927, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s αwas 0.924, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.933, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.973, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.989. Conclusion: Pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control was inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, targeting to provide the necessary education and training for undergraduate and postgraduate students to improve patient infection control within pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Infection Control, Knowledge, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {173, title = {Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Among Doctors in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in South India}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {September 2013}, pages = {82-88}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Background: A fundamental determinant to medical drug safety surveillance is voluntary adverse drug reaction [ADR] reporting ; but there exists substantial under-reporting which is the main drawback of the system. The objective of the study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of ADR reporting among doctors in a tertiary health care center. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted on doctors in a tertiary health care center. Participants were selected randomly and those not willing to participate were excluded from the study. Collected data was assessed by frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 13.0. Results: 75\% (45) of respondents were aware of the existence of ADR reporting system in India; on the contrary only (11.7\%) of respondents were aware of regional center for ADR reporting. All respondents (100\%) felt that seriousness of the ADR event, unusual reaction (95\%), reaction to new drug (98.33\%), and the certainty of ADR reaction (91.66\%) would encourage them to report an ADR event. However, only 15 out of 60 respondents (25\%) have reported ADRs. Conclusion: Though the level of knowledge about ADR reporting and the attitude towards ADR reporting were adequate, our study has shown that the actual practice of ADR reporting is unsatisfactory. This indicates that there is a need to create an awareness of the importance of ADR reporting through continuous medical education and training of ADR reporting among doctors.

}, keywords = {ADR reporting, Adverse drug reaction}, author = {Tanya Mary Thomas and Padmaja Udaykumar and Scandashree K} } @article {187, title = {Knowledge and Awareness of Food and Drug Interactions (FDI): a Survey Among Health Care Professionals}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {105}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Background:\ Most of the food and drug interactions (FDI) remain unnoticed and under reported due to either lack of proper history, follow up or unawareness. Certain foods and specific nutrients in foods, may affect the overall bioa-vailability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and therapeutic efficacy of medications. FDI occur due to extension of drug action or due to interaction between the drug and herbal medicines as well as dietary supplements and food products.\ Objectives:\ To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and awareness regarding the common FDI among the doctors in their day to day practice.\ Materials and Methods:\ Survey included randomly selected 200 doctors divided into 3 groups [65 Professors, 83 Post Graduates (PGs) and 52 Interns] from JSS Tertiary care hospital, Mysore, India. Assessment was through FDI Questionnaire which consisted of 32 questions (included dichotomous, multiple choice and open ended ques-tions). The differences between groups were compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s post-hoc test. The level of significance was set at p \< 0.05.\ Results:\ The mean scores (mean {\textpm} SD) on the overall test were 26 {\textpm} 4.08, 22.89 {\textpm} 3.72, 21.35 {\textpm} 4.2 for professors, PGs and interns respectively, with 31 being a perfect score. Professors had good knowledge about FDI compared to others (p \< 0.001). Only 33\% participants have noticed FDI during their practice. A majority of doctors had heard, felt necessary to report and update their knowledge about FDI along with adequate patient counseling.\ Conclusion:\ The study showed professors had better expertise compared to others. Intensive FDI training and integration of knowledge among healthcare professionals, especially in the younger health care professionals, is a requisite.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Drug interactions, Food and Drug Interactions, Questionnaire}, author = {Jyoti M. Benni and Jayanthi MK and Basavaraj R and Tubaki and Renuka M} }