@article {330, title = {Research Policy: Narrative Review in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {41-47}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study illustrates the Research policy of narrative review design in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are English and encompass systemic reviews, meta-analyses, narrative reviews, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital and pharmacy practice. The committee of narrative review pharmacy research committee was formed. It consisted of numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of the narrative review model. Results: Pharmacy Research{\textquoteright}s policy on the narrative review model in pharmaceutical care services covered various topics, including the advantages and disadvantages of narrative review, the steps involved in conducting a drug review model, the steps involved in conducting disease drug therapy, and the steps involved in operating a new project in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The narrative review policy for pharmacy research is a new initiative within pharmacy research. The narrative review pharmacy policy facilitates communication between healthcare professionals regarding recent drug reviews and disease-specific drug therapy. Besides, the pharmacy is embarking on a new endeavor with a healthcare organization. Therefore, all narrative review models in pharmacy research policy are highly recommended for the careers of Saudi Arabian pharmaceutical professionals.

}, keywords = {Disease drug therapy, Drug review, Narrative review, New project, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {329, title = {Research Policy of Case Report and Case Series Design}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {36-40}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {36}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to declare the Research policy of case reports and case series design in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur looked up specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice in databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The time frame for the search was from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice was revised. The pharmacy research committee was formed and consisted of expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists who specialise in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of case reports and case series design. Results: The Pharmacy Research policy regarding the design of case reports and case series in pharmaceutical care services included several items. This included the advantages and disadvantages of case reports and case series, the steps involved in conducting case report research, and the steps involved in implementing the case series model in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The case report and case series policy in pharmacy is a new initiative that is part of the pharmacy research services and the pharmacy strategic plan. The case report and case series pharmacy policies help a healthcare organisation address its unique drug related issues. Additionally, the efficacy of the particular drug in treating the particular disease condition. Therefore, in Saudi Arabia, the case report and case series in pharmacy research policy are highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Case report, Case series, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Esraa S. Altawil and Maha Hussein Almadany and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {323, title = {Research Policy of the Institutional Review Board in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {15-19}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to declare the Research policy of the Institutional Review Board at pharmaceutical care services as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the research policy of the Institutional Review Board in pharmacy practice. Results: The Institutional Review Board{\textquoteright}s definition and functions were examined. The policies and procedures have been established. In pharmacy research, there were three distinct categories of actions. That includes Exempted Research, in which no risks to patients are involved. For example, a review of a new program or service, a cost analysis, therapeutic guidelines, review articles, a systematic review, a meta-analysis, or a cross-sectional study. Expedited Research posed little risk to patients. The Complete revision Research has a high risk of adverse effects on patients, such as clinical trials. Conclusion: The Institutional Review Board for research policies in pharmaceutical care services is a new initiative within pharmacy departments{\textquoteright} research and development efforts. The Institutional Review Board for research policies in pharmaceutical care services may enhance pharmacy research and the benefits of investments in pharmacy practice within a healthcare organization. Besides, prevent any adverse events associated with the investigational drug and improve patient clinical outcomes.

}, keywords = {Institutional Review Board, Pharmacy, Policy, Practice, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {321, title = {Research Policy of the Investigational Drugs in the Clinical Trial}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {03-08}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {03}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to explore the research policy of investigational drugs in the clinical trial as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term encompasses all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the research policy for investigational drugs in the clinical trial. Results: A general policy was established for investigational drugs in clinical trials, which included defining clinical trials and addressing related issues. Clinical trial approval policy, the role of the Institutional Review Board, the clinical responsibilities of the research team, and patient informed consent. Apart from that, clinical trials require patient records and auditing. Conclusion: The research policy for investigational drugs in a clinical trial is a novel initiative within pharmaceutical care research and development. The research policy for investigational drug in clinical trials protects patient rights and safety. Additionally, encourage pharmacy services to implement and conduct clinical trials in pharmacy practice at healthcare institutions of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical trial, Drug, Investigational, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha HusseinAlmadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {324, title = {Research Policy of the Research Data Management in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {20-24}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to declare the research policy of Data management in pharmaceutical care services as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the Research policy of Data management in pharmaceutical care services. Results: The data management policy for research at pharmaceutical care services was established. That includes the design of the data collection, the data resources, and the data collector. Additionally, the data preparation for analysis, the data{\textquoteright}s reliability and validity, and storage data. Conclusion: The Data management policy for research in pharmacy practice is a new initiative as part of pharmacy departments{\textquoteright} research and development efforts. Data management in pharmacy care services may increase the documentation of pharmacist research and activities. The basic foundation of pharmacy analytics is the new vision of pharmacy career professionals.

}, keywords = {Data management, Pharmaceutical Care, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {325, title = {Research Policy on Case-control and Cohort Study Design in Pharmaceutical Care}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {25-30}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study explores the Research Policy of Case-Control and Cohort Study Design in Pharmacy Practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the Pharmacy Research Policy for the Case-Control and Cohort Study Model. Results: The Pharmacy Research policy for the Case-Control and Cohort Study Design in pharmaceutical care services consisted of several components, including the advantages and disadvantages of Case-Control and Cohort Study Design and the steps involved in conducting Case-Control research, and the steps involved in conducting Cohort Study research in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The pharmacy research policy for the Case-Control and Cohort Study Design is a new initiative as part of the pharmaceutical care services. The pharmacy policy on Case-Control and Cohort Studies aims to improve pharmacists{\textquoteright} research abilities in healthcare institutions. Additionally, the new tools for documenting and validating adverse drug reactions. Therefore, the Case-Control and Cohort Study research policies in pharmacy are recommended for implementation in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Case-Control, Cohort Study, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Fakhar Al-Ayoubi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {327, title = {Research Policy on Cross-Sectional Studies in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {31-35}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study illustrates the Research policy of Cross-Sectional Studies in Pharmaceutical Care Services as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists who specialise in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasises the Pharmacy Research policy of crosssectional studies design. Results: Pharmacy Research{\textquoteright}s policy on cross-sectional studies design in pharmacy practice covered a variety of topics. This includes an examination of the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional studies design, as well as the procedures for conducting cross-sectional research in pharmaceutical care services. Conclusion: A novel initiative in pharmacy practice is the development of a pharmacy research strategy that governs the design of cross-sectional studies. The cross-sectional studies used to develop pharmacy policies increased the number and quality of pharmacy research at public and private healthcare organisations. Thus, the cross-sectional design in pharmacy research policy is a basic foundation to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cross-sectional, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {322, title = {Research Policy on Pharmacy Investigational Medication}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {09-14}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {09}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to demonstrate the Research Policy of Pharmacy Investigational Medication as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The time period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital settings. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes Pharmacy Research{\textquoteright}s policy on Investigational Medication. Results: The Pharmacy Research policy for Investigational Medication consisted of a number of components, including the administration of pharmacies, the procurement of investigational drugs, and the storage of investigational drugs. Additionally, the investigative drug prescription, the preparation of investigative drugs, the dispensing of investigative drugs, the administration of investigative drugs, and the monitoring of investigative drugs. There were a number of essential policy items, including the safety of investigational medications, the cost of investigational drugs, and the sponsors of investigational drug research. Conclusion: The Pharmacy Research policy for Investigational Medication is a new initiative as part of pharmacy practice research and development. Investigational Medication Pharmacy Research policy helps healthcare organizations improve patient safety and prevent drug-related morbidity and mortality. It is a component of Saudi Arabia{\textquoteright}s pharmacy strategic plan for Vision 2030 and pharmacy reimbursement initiatives.

}, keywords = {Drug, Investigational, Medication, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {332, title = {Research Policy on Research Pharmacist Competency}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {61-64}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study explores the Research policy of Research Pharmacist Competency as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacist competency in research practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The English language uses the terms and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of pharmacist competencies in Research. Results: The Pharmacist Competency on Pharmacy Research included several items, such as five modules of clinical pharmacist competencies. That consists of Patient care, research skills, communications, Professionalism, and continuing professional development. In addition, each model included a description of the module of various activities, pre-training and post-training exams, type of assessment, and assessment scores. Conclusion: The pharmacy research policy of Research pharmacist competency is a new initiative and a component of the pharmacy strategic plan. The pharmacy policy{\textquoteright}s research pharmacist competency aims to enhance pharmacists{\textquoteright} research abilities and encourage pharmacists to conduct various types of research in multiple settings within the public and healthcare sectors. Therefore, the Research pharmacist competency policy is critical for the pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Competency, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {328, title = {Research Quality Management Policy}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {56-60}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study illustrates the Research policy of quality management in pharmacy research practice as a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a narrative review of pharmacy research{\textquoteright}s quality management policy and procedures. Litterateur researched specific quality management research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The time covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The keyword used is in the English language and encompasses systemic reviews, meta-analyses, narrative reviews, and guidelines or regulations. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, the national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital and pharmacy practice. The committee of quality management policy of pharmacy research formulated and consisted of numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy and procedures, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the quality management of Pharmacy Research policy as the narrative review model. Results: Pharmacy research policy quality management is a new topic in pharmaceutical care services. It covered various topics, the steps involved in conducting quality management, and indicator policies and procedures. Besides, quality management pharmacy research can be implemented into various sections. That included patient care, research skills, communication, Professionalism, cautious development. Each part had a key performance indicator and related optimal level. Conclusion: The quality management policy for pharmacy research is a new initiative within pharmacy research. The quality management pharmacy policy assists the pharmacy research performance and keeps up-to-date development with key performance indicators. Therefore, all quality management models in pharmacy research policy are highly suggested for the pharmacy research practice in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Key performance indicator, Pharmacy, Policy, Quality management, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {280, title = {Role of Pharmacist in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health with an emphasis on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Scie}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the role of Pharmacist in an epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health with an emphasis on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Methods: It is a new initiative services drove by national and international infection control, epidemic, pandemic, and medicine disaster guidelines. The projects formulated the latest project from pharmacy project guidelines, the international business model, and project management institution guidelines. Project management professionals steps write the initiative project. It consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The Role of Pharmacists in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health emphasizes COVID-19 with a defined vision, mission, and aims. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on patients, as illustrated in the review. The continuity of the project is assured by the risk management model description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project through the closing project stage is explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The Role of Pharmacists in the epidemic, pandemic, and emergency public health emphasizing COVID-19 is essential and beneficial. The Pharmacist might contribute to the infection control at the pharmacy and healthcare system, provide enough supply from medications, and be involved in public health education about epidemic or pandemic management; it is highly suggested to implement other counties in Saudi Arabia the world.

}, keywords = {Disaster, Emergency, Epidemic, Pandemic, Pharmacist, Public health, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah} } @article {103, title = {A Retrospective Study of Drugs Prescribed During Conservative Management of Isolated closed Fracture of Upper Limb in a Tertiary care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {48-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Background: Fractures are common presentation in the emergency department. Patient related factors and site of fracture play an important role in planning the management of fracture pain. This study was done to assess drugs prescribed during conservative management of closed isolated upper limb fractures. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. The case records of patients who visited the tertiary care hospital with closed isolated fracture of upper limb following trauma and were managed conservatively was analysed. The results were expressed as percentage. Results: Out of the 100 patients, 79 were adults and 21 children. Pain score was recorded in 83\% of the patients. All patients received analgesics. The commonly prescribed oral analgesic in children and adults were ibuprofen (85.71\%) and aceclofenac (60.75\%), respectively. The commonly used opioid was tramadol, orally as well as parenterally, in both adults and children. Analgesic combinations accounted for 62.8\% of the total analgesics prescribed. Propofol-fentanyl was commonly used during fracture reduction. Conclusion: Initial assessment of pain contributes to adequate management of acute pain. Use of analgesics and early reduction significantly reduce pain and improve outcome.

}, keywords = {Analgesics, Fractures, Opioids, Pain, Sedation}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.3}, author = {Shenoy Smita and Patil Navin and Ganeriwala Aditya and Chetty Shashikanth and Avinash Arivazhahan and Sushil Kiran Kunder and Shah Hitesh and Jha Anusha} } @article {133, title = {A Review on Drug-Drug and Drug-Food Interactions in Patients During the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {98-105}, type = {Review articles}, chapter = {98}, abstract = {

Drug interaction is defined as the modification of the effects of a drug (object drug) by the prior and/or the concomitant administration of another drug (precipitant drug). Drug interaction may either increase or decrease the intended effect of one or both drugs. It may transform the diagnostic, preventive or therapeutic activity of any drug. Drug-interactions can be an extremely main contributory factor for the incidence and occurrence of adverse drug reactions and adverse drug events. The rate of occurrence and incidence of drug interactions is much higher in patients receiving combinations of drugs or poly-pharmacy or suffered from co-morbidity of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcer, fungal infections and neurodegenerative disorders, which require prolong and multi treatments and the risk of drug interaction will increase as they are treated with multi-therapies. It is concluded that diabetic patients are at higher risk for drug interaction as receiving a combination of therapies for diabetic complications as well, so that the rate of occurrence of drug interaction is rapidly amplifying. Diabetes mellitus has been considered as a foremost public health challenge around the world because of its high prevalence and associated increase in morbidity and mortality. The main objective of this review study is to highlights the various drug interactions likely drug-drug and drug-food interactions as well as reports unwanted effects of other treatment associated with antidiabetic agents in the diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Interaction, Drug-drug Interaction, Drug-food Interaction, Polypharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.6}, author = {Sonu and Gopal Sharma and SL. Harikumar and Silvia Navis} } @article {188, title = {Rationality of Prophylactic Antibiotic use in Genitourinary Surgery in a Tertiary care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, pages = {106-110}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {106}, abstract = {

Antimicrobial prophylaxis is the periprocedural systemic administration of an antibiotic, used to reduce the risk of postprocedural local and systemic infections. The present retrospective study was done in 100 patients who had undergone elective genitourinary surgery in a tertiary care hospital to investigate the rationality of prophylactic use of antibiotics in genitourinary surgery according to the American Urological Association recommendations 2011. All patients undergoing genitourinary surgery had received antibiotics. Injectable antibiotic was administered within 1 hr before surgery in 95\% cases and 1-2 hrs before surgery in 5\% cases. Preoperatively single antibiotic was used in 92\%, two in 7\% and three in 1\% cases whereas postoperatively single antibiotic was used in 91\%, two in 7\% and three in 2\% cases. Most commonly administered antibiotic group preoperatively as well as postoperatively was a second generation cephalosporin, cefuroxime along with a beta lactamase inhibitor, sulbactam (90\% cases) followed by the combination of cefuroxime and an aminoglycoside, amikacin (4\% preoperatively and 5\% cases postoperatively). The number and group of antibiotic used preoperatively and postoperatively were quite identical. The average duration of antibiotic use was 3-10 days. The prophylactic use of antimicrobials in genitourinary surgeries in this hospital was rational with respect to time of administration and choice of antibiotic group. However, the duration of antimicrobial use was highly irrational which must be controlled to prevent the emergence of resistance strains and decrease the adverse effects and cost of health care to the patient.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Genitourinary, Prophylactic, Rational}, author = {Rakesh Kumar and Jagminer Kaur Bajaj and Sukhbir Singh and Megha Sood} } @article {179, title = {Retigabine (Ezogabine) for Management of Partial onset Seizures: A Mini Review}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {85-90}, type = {New Drug Information}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Epilepsy, a neurological disorder is currently the target of many drug research companies who are constantly involved in the development of new therapies with novel mechanism of actions as the current plethora of anti epileptics have not been successful in achieving full control of the seizures. Retigabine (Ezogabine) is a new paradigm in the treatment of epilepsy, as it is first of its kind of a drug that targets neuronal voltage gated potassium channels (Kv7) and facili-tates them, thus decreasing the repetitive firing of neurons. It has been approved by European Medicine Agency and USA Food and Drug Administration as an add on therapy for use in patients 18 years and above suffering from partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalization.

}, keywords = {Ezogabine, Kv7 Channels, Partial onset Seizures, Retigabine}, author = {Deepika Tikoo and Meenakshi Gupta} }