@article {370, title = {Summary of Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern: Pharmacy Staff Knowledge about Antibiotics at Primary Health Care Centers}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {150-151}, type = {Pharmacy Infographics}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Deep learning in the new century is expanding pharmacy knowledge and practice. One of the latest tools used in the healthcare practice is an infographic. That can simplify scientific information into accessible, understandable knowledge. Using infographics in pharmacy practice has became critical for facilitating and understanding data and therapeutic guidelines, improving patient counseling, assisting healthcare professionals, and enhancing patient safety. It is the power of converting visual aid future of pharmacy practice.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.19}, author = {ZainabIbrahim Albahouth and Samiazaben Almurshadi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {374, title = {Safety and Occupational Health in Pharmacy Practice: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {175-178}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {175}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health services were created to align with pharmacy strategies in the future. The topic aims to declare Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health services as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This new project is driven by local and international Safety and Occupational Health regulations and standards of care. It was formulated from guidelines of pharmacy projects, the international business model, and management institution guidelines for the new project. Project management professionals draft this initiative in various stages, from initial planning to execution, monitoring, and control. Results: Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health services include fundamental elements such as a defined vision, mission, and goals, besides the pharmacy security, pharmacy fire safety, medication safety datasheet, hazard materials, pharmacy disaster, and safety equipment maintenance. Furthermore, the risk management model description ensures the project{\textquoteright}s continuation. Besides, the monitoring and control of the services were declared. Finally, the analysis investigates the transition to the operation project until the project is in the closed stage. Conclusion: Pharmacy Safety and Occupational Health services are a new initiative in the pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi Vision 2030. Pharmaceutical firms require a clear vision, policy, and long-term partnership. Pharmaceutical care and manufacturer gatherings may be essential in developing appropriate pharmacy professional services zooming on patient care to reach optimal drug therapy management, prevent drug-related misadventures, and avoid unnecessary costs.

}, keywords = {Health, Initiative, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Naif Saleh Alamri} } @article {378, title = {Summary of Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern; Errors Perspective in Primary Health Care Centers}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {195-196}, type = {Pharmacy Infographics}, chapter = {195}, abstract = {

Deep learning in the new century is expanding pharmacy knowledge and practice. One of the latest tools used in the healthcare practice is an infographic. That can simplify scientific information into accessible, understandable knowledge. Using infographics in pharmacy practice has became critical for facilitating and understanding data and therapeutic guidelines, improving patient counseling, assisting healthcare professionals, and enhancing patient safety. It is the power of converting visual aid future of pharmacy practice.

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.27}, author = {ZainabIbrahim Albahouth and Samiazaben Almurshadi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {318, title = {A Strategic Plan for Pharmaceutical Companies: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {169-175}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {169}, abstract = {

Objectives: The manufactures pharmaceutical care strategic plan was created to align with Saudi Vision 2030. The purpose of this topic is to declare the strategic plan of pharmaceutical companies{\textquoteright} services as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This new project is driven by local and international pharmaceutical care strategic plan. It was formulated from the international business model, guidelines of pharmacy projects, and management institution guidelines for the new project. This initiative is drafted by project management professionals and consists of several stages from the initial to planning phases, execution, monitoring and controlling stages. Results: Pharmaceutical manufacturers{\textquoteright} strategic plans included several fundamental elements of a pharmaceutical company{\textquoteright}s strategic plan, such as a defined vision, mission, and goals. The strategic plan had five goals, twelve initiatives, and 75 objectives. Furthermore, the risk management model description ensures the project{\textquoteright}s continuation. Besides, the monitoring and control of the services were declared. Finally, the analysis investigates the transition to operation project through the closing project stage. Conclusion: The pharmaceutical companies{\textquoteright} strategic plan is a new initiative that is part of the pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi Vision 2030. Pharmaceutical firms require a clear vision and policy, as well as a long-term partnership. Pharmaceutical care and manufacturer gatherings may play an important role in developing an appropriate pharmacy career plan focusing on patient care to achieve optimal drug therapy management and prevent drug-related misadventures and also avoid unnecessary costs.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Pharmaceutical Companies, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Abdaziz Almana and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah} } @article {31, title = {Schizophrenia Treatment Physician Order: New Initiatives at the Mental Hospital of Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {2-3}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {2}, abstract = {

The general administration of pharmaceutical care at the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia has released several pharmacy practice programs. The national pharmacy psychiatric program was one among them. This program has been established for the psychiatric management with an emphasis on schizophrenia. The guidelines inthis program have been implemented in the form of a physician order form. This form consists of the best therapeutic choice for the conventional type of schizophrenia, or schizophrenia with comorbid disease. The schizophrenia guidelines have been approved by the medical staff and have been implemented at the hospital. This type of management of schizophrenia will prevent drug-related problems and improve clinical outcome of the patients. It is the first new initiative project at the Ministry of Health and in the Middle Eastern countries.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, Physician Oder, Saudi Arabia, Schizophrenia treatment}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nora Alsolami and Nada Alqahtani and Dalal Alqahtani and Saeed Alqahtani} } @article {73, title = {Self-Medication Practices with Antibiotics among Second Year Medical Students of Government Medical College, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {15-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background: Self medication practice especially using antibiotics has tremendously increased in the society that leads to unwanted consequences such as drug resistance. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the self-medication practices with antibiotics among the second year medical students of Government Medical College, Raigarh. Materials and Methods: It was a questionnaire based descriptive study. A prevalidated questionnaire, which contained both open and close ended questions were given to the second year medical students. Data were analyzed using Excel sheet and results were expressed as counts and percentages. Results: Females outnumber males in this study, 27 versus 20. The most common indication for which self-medication was opted was fever with cough and cold. The information about the antibiotic was obtained from a past prescription from a physician. The most common antibiotic that was used by most of students was azithromycin. Conclusion: There was a high level of self-medication with antibiotics in our study, but this high level of self-prescription seen is also having some disadvantages, as improper duration of use might lead to development of resistance.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Azithromycin, Co-Prescription, Drug Resistance, Self-medication}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.6.1.3}, author = {Pramood Kumar Gupta and Presenjit Raut} } @article {72, title = {A Study on Siddha Urinary Diagnostic Methodology Neerkkuri and Neikkuri in Adhiratha Azhutham (Hypertension)}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {6-14}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Background: In Siddha system of medicine, diagnosis of the disease is based on Ennvagai thervukal (Eight fold examination), in which Neerkkuri Neikkuri (Urine examination) is one among them. It is an effective and sensitive measure for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Objectives: This study was conducted to establish the validity of prognostic and diagnostic patterns of Neikkuri (Oil on urine sign)in hypertension patients and to assess the association between the Neikkuri patterns with respect to pH and specific gravity of urine. Methods and Material: Urine samples of 40 diagnosed patients of hypertension aged between 30 to 60 years were collected. Ten healthy volunteers were also selected as control group for comparison. Biochemical analysis was done in the urine samples with urine reagent strip to confirm health status of the subjects. A drop of sesame oil was dropped over 50 ml of each urine sample and behaviour (shape of the oil spread, direction and spread time) was observed. Results: Half of the samples of urine of hypertension patients showed circular shape initially and then vacuolating to turn out into a sieve pattern and in remaining others at least a single vacuolation amounting to ring pattern indicative of Pitham were shown. Also, the urine of the hypertension patients were characterised by straw colour and aromatic odour, absence of froth and specific gravity 1.003-1.010.Volume of urine voided ranged from 1-1.5 lit and pH between 5.1-6.In most of the cases the dissemination dynamics of oil drop observed were of slow spreading nature which indicates good prognosis. Conclusion: It is concluded that hypertension has got mixed prognosis which may indicate the variation in the amenability of hypertension to the treatment. The study explored the veracity of the investigative procedure in diagnosis and prognosis of hypertension with Neikkuri examination.

}, keywords = {Athiratha Azhutham, Hypertension, Neerkkuri, Oil on Urine Sign, Siddha, Urine Examination}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.6.1.2}, author = {Sardar Hussain Fasila Banu and Padmini Parvathy and Srinivasan Venkatachalam and Murugan Ramamurthy and Selladurai Elansekaran and Gnanaraj Johnson Christian} } @article {111, title = {Short-term Toxicity Profile of Ethanol Extract of Solanum erianthum Leaf in Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {103-108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Introduction: Solanum erianthum is medicinal plant used by folklore all over the world. There is no studies conducted on the toxicological effect of the plant. The present study aims to evaluate the toxicological effect of methanol extract of the leaf of the plant. Methods: The Solanum erianthum leaf was evaluated for toxic effects in Sprague Dawley rats. The extract was given in three doses (125,250,500 mg/kg BW of rats) for 14 days and the effect of the extract on the behaviour and normal physiology was assessed. Results: There was no mortality caused in any of the dosage groups. It was observed that the extract not has affected the normal behaviour and caused no deleterious effect on normal physiology, at all the doses given. Extract has no effect on pattern of weight gain and was comparable to normal control group. Serum biochemical parameters also were not altered and were comparable to normal control group. Conclusion: The results and observations of study it can be proposed that the extract has no mortality and is completely non toxic to the animal system.

}, keywords = {14 days repeated-dose toxicity profile, Hepatic enzymes, Histopathology, Safety profile, Solanum erianthum}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.4.2}, author = {Ramya URS and Lakshmidevi N} } @article {101, title = {A Study of Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients Treated with Penicillins in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {41-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are rated as the fifth leading cause of death among all diseases. Approximately 5-8\% of all hospitalization worldwide is due to ADR. Objectives: The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the pattern of Adverse Drug Reactions occurring from penicillins, their manifestations and severity. Methods: A non interventional observational prospective study was conducted over 2 years from Jan 2014 to Dec 2015 in KIMS Narketpally. The red boxes for dropping the filled yellow adverse drug reactions forms were installed in all the wards and outpatient departments. Additional information and missing data was obtained personally by either consulting the physician or through case sheets. Results: The most common penicillin implicated in causation of adverse drug reactions was combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (54\%), followed by Piperacillin (21\%). Most of the reactions were of moderate severity. The most commonly observed adverse drug reactions were dermatological reactions (37\%). Majority of the adverse drug reactions belonged to probable category (71\%) according to WHO scale. Conclusion: Dermatological reactions are the most common adverse drug reactions occurring due to penicillin and combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was the most common causative penicillin. The health care providers should make an attempt for early detections of ADRs and be vigilant about safety profile monitoring of the prescribed medicines. This will not only decrease the morbidity and mortality but also the health care cost.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Amoxicillin, Penicillin, Pharmacovigilance}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.1}, author = {Shivaraj Basavaraj Patil and Shrinivas R Raikar and Bhaskar HN and M Janardhan and Y Venkata Rao and Vahila} } @article {92, title = {A Study of Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients Treated with Penicillins in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {41-44}, type = {Research Articles}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are rated as the fifth leading cause of death among all diseases. Approximately 5-8\% of all hospitalization worldwide is due to ADR. Objectives: The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the pattern of Adverse Drug Reactions occurring from penicillins, their manifestations and severity. Methods: A non interventional observational prospective study was conducted over 2 years from Jan 2014 to Dec 2015 in KIMS Narketpally. The red boxes for dropping the filled yellow adverse drug reactions forms were installed in all the wards and outpatient departments. Additional information and missing data was obtained personally by either consulting the physician or through case sheets. Results: The most common penicillin implicated in causation of adverse drug reactions was combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (54\%), followed by Piperacillin (21\%). Most of the reactions were of moderate severity. The most commonly observed adverse drug reactions were dermatological reactions (37\%). Majority of the adverse drug reactions belonged to probable category (71\%) according to WHO scale. Conclusion: Dermatological reactions are the most common adverse drug reactions occurring due to penicillin and combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was the most common causative penicillin. The health care providers should make an attempt for early detections of ADRs and be vigilant about safety profile monitoring of the prescribed medicines. This will not only decrease the morbidity and mortality but also the health care cost.

}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.1} } @article {94, title = {A Study on Adverse Drug Reactions to first line Antitubercular Drugs in DOTS Therapy}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {March 2015}, pages = {7-11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Background: Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the second leading infectious cause of death in the world. The objective was to study the demographic details of the tuberculosis patients experiencing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and to identify the frequency of adverse drug reactions. Materials and Methods: : It was a prospective observational study conducted in pulmonology department of Institute of Chest Disease, Govt. Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India. All the TB patients admitted at the directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS) Center at Medical College Hospital were enrolled and were monitored for ADRs. The causality and severity of the reactions were determined using Naranjo algorithm and Hartwig question-naire, respectively. Results: A total of 511 tuberculosis patients who were on DOTS therapy were enrolled for the study. Out of 511 pa-tients, 93 patients (18.20\%) developed adverse drug reactions. The higher numbers of ADRs were observed in males (68.81\%) and the remaining (31.18\%) was observed in female. Diabetes mellitus (41.02\%) was the most common comorbidity. Most of the ADR occurred in the intensive phase (85.71\%) of treatment. It was observed that pulmonary TB (55.18\%) was more common than extra pulmonary TB. Majority of adverse drug reactions were gastrointestinal (GI) problems (38.09\%). The most serious ADR was hepatitis. Isoniazid was the major drug which caused 34.40\% of adverse drug reactions. Conclusion: About 17.02\% people developed different type of ADRs during the study period. As a pharmacist we have the liability to support the patients during the period of antitubercular treatment. These ADR may steer the patient to make a judgment for stopping the medications and finally the occurrence of drug resistance and an amplified healthcare cost. If a proper educational system is implemented, most of the patients may report their ADR and thereby we can improve the patient adherence and therapeutic outcome.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin, Tuberculosis}, author = {Athira B and Manju CS and Jyothi E} } @article {91, title = {A Study to Compare the Stability of Proseal Laryngeal Mask Airway and Standard Laryngeal Mask Airway in Different Head and Neck Positions}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {March 2015}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Classic (CLMA) and Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)-Proseal (PLMA) are commonly used supraglottic devices for different kind of surgeries. We compared oropharyngeal leak pressure, intracuff pressure and anatomical position for LMA-Proseal and LMA-classic in four different head and neck positions: neutral, flexion, extension and left lateral rotation. Materials and Methods: LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic were inserted randomly in 100 adult patients. Oropharyngeal leak pressure, intracuff pressure and anatomical position of the airway were recorded in four head and neck positions (neutral first, then flexion, extension and left lateral rotation). Results: Compared with neutral position, oropharyngeal leak pressure for both LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic was higher in flexion and left lateral rotation but lower in extension (all p values \<0.005). Changes in head-neck position did not alter the anatomical position of the airway. Oropharyngeal leak pressure was always higher for LMA-Proseal than for LMA-Classic (p value \< 0.001). Conclusion: The anatomical position of LMA-Proseal and LMA-Classic is stable in different head-neck positions, but head-neck flexion and left rotation are associated with an increase and head-neck extension is associated with a decrease in oropharyngeal leak pressure and intracuff pressure as compared to neutral position. LMA-Proseal forms a better seal than LMA-Classic in all the different head and neck positions.

}, keywords = {Classic Laryngeal Mask Airway, Laryngeal Mask Airway, Oropharyngeal Leak Pressure, Proseal, Supraglottic Devices}, author = {Taxak S and Rani S and Ahlawat G and Singh K and Raghove P} } @article {118, title = {Saroglitazar: India{\textquoteright}s Answer to Diabetic Dyslipidemia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {March 2014}, pages = {7-14}, type = {New drug information}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Incidence of dyslipidemia among people suffering from diabetes is shooting up each year around the globe. A novel target to control this disorder has agonistic activity on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-α and PPAR-γ receptors simultaneously. While the α form has lipid lowering effects, γ leads to lowering in blood glucose. Saroglitazar (Lipaglyn), developed by Zydus Cadila, first new chemical entity (NCE) discovered and developed indige-nously by an Indian Pharma Company, has agonistic activity on both PPAR-α and PPAR-γ receptors. Unlike other glitazars that were discontinued during their development, saroglitazar enjoys a high benefit-to-risk ratio. It is indicated for the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia with Type 2 diabetes mellitus not controlled by conventional therapy. Dose recommended for Lipaglyn is 4mg once a day.

}, keywords = {Diabetic dyslipidemia, Glitazar, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ agonist, Saroglitazar}, author = {Akanksha Aggarwal} } @article {153, title = {A Study to Evaluate Effect of Ephedrine on Intubating Conditions and Haemodynamic Parameters using Low Dose Rocuronium with Different Induction Agents}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {March 2013}, pages = {9-13}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {9}, abstract = {

Background: There has been a search for an ideal muscle relaxant which might provide ideal intubating conditions in ultra short duration with minimal side effects. Objective: To compare the intubating conditions and haemodynamic response one minute after rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) administration, using three different induction techniques i.e. thiopentone, propofol and propofol with ephedrine. Materials and Methods: Seventy five adult patients were randomized into one of three groups: groups-A and B received thiopentone and propofol respectively and group -C received propofol with ephedrine. All groups received rocuronium 0.6mg/kg following administration of their respective drugs. Tracheal intubation was performed one minute later. An experienced anaesthesiologist assessed the intubating conditions. Haemodynamic parameters were recorded before induction of anaesthesia, post induction and one and three minutes after intubation. Results: Patient{\textquoteright}s characteristics and baseline haemodynamic parameters were comparable in all three groups. Intubating conditions were significantly better in propofol-ephedrine group as compared to other two groups. Following intubation, rise in heart rate and blood pressure was more marked in propofol-ephedrine group as compared to other groups. Conclusion: Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg provides better intubating conditions at one minute with propofol-ephedrine combination as compared to propofol alone or thiopentone.

}, keywords = {Ephedrine, Hemodynamic, Intubating conditions, Propofol, Rocuronium, Thiopentone}, author = {Karampal Singh and Suresh Singhal and Punam Raghove} } @article {205, title = {Survey of Tamil Siddha Manuscripts in Possession of Traditional Healers in Northern Tamil Nadu}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {September 2012}, pages = {68-73}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {68}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional Medicine throughout the world has been passed on to the next generation mostly by oral tradition. The two codified medical traditions of India, Ayurveda and Siddha have also been similarly promoted and the medical literature is in the poetic form for continuity and easy memorization. Subsequently they were written down in palm leaves. Not all palm manuscripts, treasure of knowledge have been converted into books. Objective: To collect and digitize the traditional Siddha medical knowledge documented in the Siddha palm manuscripts in the possession of Traditional healers. Materials and Methods: The Centre for Traditional Medicine, Tamil Nadu, India, carried out survey among different practitioners of Traditional Medicine in northern Tamil Nadu, to locate and collect palm manuscripts and followed it with preservation, cataloging and digitization using digital scanners and photographic equipment. Results: Two hundred and fifty six works were analyzed and this paper presents the age, authorship, subject content and status of the palm manuscripts. Conclusion: The traditional knowledge present in the palm manuscripts are undergoing decay and the persons with knowledge to decipher are less. Hence there is an urgent need to decipher and publish the contents as books.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, India, Palm manuscripts, Siddha, Survey, Tamil Nadu, Traditional knowledge}, author = {S Rajkumar and N Srinivasan and T Thirunarayanan and R Sangeetha} }