@article {372, title = {Total Quality Management Tools and Techniques: Flowchart}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {164-166}, type = {Flowchart}, chapter = {164}, abstract = {

The flow chart is a new tool used in the healthcare system. It can convert all processes into clear steps. The flow chart is used for pharmacy practice for problem analysis and solving, simplifying the pharmacy policy and procedures, enhancing understanding of pharmacy work flow, improving healthcare support pharmacy quality management, and Improving education and training. The pharmacy future to make life easy.

}, keywords = {Flowchart, Management, Quality, Techniques, Tools, Total}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.21}, author = {Maha Hussein Almadany} } @article {380, title = {Total Quality Management Tools and Techniques: Brainstorming}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {207}, type = {Flowchart}, chapter = {207}, abstract = {

The flow chart is a new tool used in the healthcare system. It can convert all processes into clear steps. The flow chart is used for pharmacy practice for problem analysis and solving, simplifying the pharmacy policy and procedures, enhancing understanding of pharmacy work flow, improving healthcare support pharmacy quality management, and Improving education and training. The pharmacy future to make life easy.

}, keywords = {Brainstorming, Management, Quality, Techniques, Tools, Total}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.29}, author = {Maha Hussein Almadany} } @article {247, title = {Therapeutic Interchange: New Initiative System in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {10-13}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Objective: To validate the therapeutic interchange system at healthcare institutions as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national therapeutic interchange system programs. The projects drove the therapeutic interchange system guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The therapeutic interchange services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various aids, including clinical and economical, on patients and the healthcare system, as exemplified in the assessment. The continuation was of the project assured by the risk management model description. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project, though closing the project stage, explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The therapeutic interchange system is a new initiative, part of the formulary management. There are various therapeutic interchange system classes of medications can be started though antibiotics, gastrointestinal medications and anti-psychiatric medications; it is highly recommended to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug Therapy, Initiative, Medications, Saudi Arabia, System, Therapeutic Interchange}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig} } @article {234, title = {The Top Influence Pioneer Pharmacy Leaders in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {213-221}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the top influence, pioneer pharmacy leaders (1970-2015) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of the history of most influencing pharmacy leaders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; in the past fortyfive years. It revised the top twenty pharmacists in the date period included from 1970-2015. The letter had been sent to some experts{\textquoteright} pharmacist to nominate the top influence pharmacy in the same period. The updated resumes had been revised. The interview had been done with all pharmacy leaders. The analysis consisted of twopart. The first section about a brief history of demographic data. The second section about most achievements during pharmacy career life. Results: There are almost 15 pioneer pharmacy leaders in Saudi Arabia. They changed the face of pharmacy practice through achievement projects, published research and consultations. They worked at several governmental and private sectors. The governmental sections included the Ministry of Health institution, University or National Guard and Military organization. Besides, the pharmaceutical companies. Conclusion: There were excellent pioneer pharmacy leaders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They changed the image of pharmacy practice at all healthcare institutions. Further studies demand to explore more different of pharmacy field in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Pharmacy, Pioneer, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.48}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {126, title = {Towards Standardization{\textendash}A New Protocol for Oil drop test (Neikuri) in Healthy Subjects}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences |}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {83-89}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Background: Oil drop test (Neikuri), a method of urine examination used in Siddha Medicine, an Indian system of medicine. In this test, patient urine is collected in a vessel, over which a drop of sesame oil is placed and the behavior of the oil drop on the urine surface is noted. However, due to lack of a standardized protocol for this test and advancement of modern diagnostic facilities, the utility value of this test has decreased to a greater extent. Objectives: To develop a new protocol for oil drop test in healthy subjects, so that it can be used as a standard reference to compare with other pathological conditions. Methods and Material: Urine samples of 12 healthy volunteers aged between 18 to 25 years were collected. Biochemical analysis was done in the urine samples with urine reagent strip to confirm health status of the subjects. 12 μl of sesame oil was dropped over 30 ml of each urine sample and behavior (shape of the oil spread, direction and spread time) was observed. Results: Majority of the samples showed circular shape and the most appropriate time to record it after 15 min of the test procedure. Conclusion: This test protocol can be taken as a standard technique for Oil drop test. However, further studies must be done in larger population so that it can be used as a non invasive and cost effective diagnostic/prognostic tool.

}, keywords = {Neikuri, Oil Drop Test, Oil Spread Direction and Time, Oil Spread Shape, Siddha Diagnostic Technique}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.3}, author = {Ahamed Basha Abdul Bari and Prince Johnson Samuel and Mathangi Damal Chandrasekar and Ramnath Shyamala and Siva Shankar Rangasamy} } @article {150, title = {Teaching P-drug Selection: Experiences from a Medical School in India}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {9-14}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {9}, abstract = {

Background: Incorporation of Personal drug (P-drug) selection exercise into medical undergraduate curriculum was recommended to reduce irrational prescribing during future practice. At Melaka Manipal Medical College (MMMC), India, P-drug selection exercise was included in pharmacology curriculum in 2010 for 2nd year MBBS students. Objective: The study was conducted to develop a module to teach P-drug selection and to investigate students{\textquoteright} perceptions regarding P-drug selection teaching and assessment. Materials and method: Module was developed to teach P-drug selection for an acute attack of angina and dry cough based on a manual called as {\textquoteleft}Guide to Good Prescribing{\textquoteright} developed by the WHO Action Program on Essential Drugs. Power point slides, handouts with drug costs and current guidelines were used during teaching learning activities. Later students were assessed on P-drug selection by asking them to derive a P-drug for an acute attack of angina. Students{\textquoteright} answers were assessed using a checklist. Later students{\textquoteright} perceptions regarding P-drug selection teaching and assessment were collected using a questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16. Students{\textquoteright} responses were expressed as median and inter quartile range. Responses to open ended questions were tabulated in the decreasing order of frequency of appearance. \% of students who scored >=4 (= pass) marks was noted. Result: 90\% (95/106) of students responded in the questionnaire. Most of the items in the questionnaire related to teaching and assessment had a median score of >=3. 94.3\% of students had scored >=4 in P-drug selection exercise. 84\% of students felt that P-drug selection teaching helped them to understand pharmacology better. They wanted more such exercises and more explanation to understand P-drug concept better. Conclusion: Study led to development of P-drug selection teaching module acceptable to students. Furthermore it also provided scope for the refinement of newly developed module based on students{\textquoteright} perceptions.

}, keywords = {Medical, P-drug, Perceptions, Pharmacology, Questionnaire, Student, Teaching, Undergraduate}, author = {Vasudha Devi} } @article {181, title = {Tetracycline induced mucosal ulceration: A Rare Drug Reaction}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {82-84}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Although the side effect of tetracycline like GIT disturbance, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity and staining of teeth are fairly common but dermatological reaction is rare. In this article, we report a case of tetracycline induced intraoral lesions as well lesions on the glans penis which subsided after the discontinuation of tetracycline.

}, keywords = {Actinobacillus, Actinomycetemcomitants, Pericoronitis, Tetracycline}, author = {Rakesh Kumar and Vivek Sharma and Sukhbir Singh and Hardeep} } @article {152, title = {Trends in Prescribing Antimicrobials in an ENT Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {15-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Background: The drug utilization study identifies the problems that arise from drug usage in healthcare delivery system and highlights the current approaches to the rational use of drugs. Objective: To study the trends in prescribing antimicrobials in an ENT outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Materials and method: An observational study was conducted in the OPD of ENT at Bapuji Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India from May to July 2011. Prescriptions of all patients were collected; relevant information entered in a preformed proforma and analyzed using the drug utilization 90\% [(DU-90\%)] method. The results were presented in percentages and analyzed using DU-90\% method. Result: A total of 300 prescriptions were analyzed. The common cases for which antimicrobials prescribed were infections like pharyngitis, acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), tonsillitis, laryngitis. It was noted that 142 patients (47.33\%) received amoxicillin alone, 52 patients (17.33\%) received combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, 43 patients (14.33\%) received cefixime, 40 patients (13.33\%) received cefuroxime and 23 patients (7.66\%) received azithromycin, levofloxacin and other antimicrobials. Conclusion: The present study showed that among the various antimicrobials used, only four antimicrobials figured in DU-90\% segment which were amoxicillin, combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and cephalosporins like cefixime and cefuroxime. Though azithromycin and levofloxacin are also frequently used drugs in upper respiratory tract infections, in this study they did not figure in the DU-90\% segment.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobials, DU-90\%, ENT, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection}, author = {K.Ramachandra and Narendranath Sanji and H.S. Somashekar3 and Abhishek Acharya and Keerthi Sagar J and Susheela Somappa Halemani} }